Gao1 Zu3(great great grandfather) 高祖 Liu2 Bang1
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1) Han Zhao Empire 304-329 AD (addressed separately in traditional texts as Han Empire and F. Zhao Empire) Han Empire 304-318(4) 1) Gao1 Zu3 高祖 Guang1 Wen2 Di4 光文帝Liu2 Yuan1(deep pool) 刘渊 304-310 (died 310), courtesy name Yuanhai (元海), formally Emperor Guangwen of Han (Zhao) (汉(赵)光文帝) Was an ancestor of chanyu descent from a Han princess and Modu Shanyu(the first Xiongnu to marry a Han). He was brought to Luoyang to study Chinese literature became popular with Wang Hun王浑 (Jin official who defeated Wu) and made commander of the left tribe. After Sima Ying sent him to gather forces to help at Luoyang from fear of Wang Jun 王浚 and he gathered 50,000 men and returned to find Sima Ying moved, then he declared the HanZhao state and set up base at Puyi/Pingyang(linfen, shanxi) where he attacked Luoyang 2 times unsuccessfully using generals Wang Mi and Shi le. He died having Liu He as Crown Prince. He created second wife Lady Dan Empress. 2) Liang2(roof beam/edge) Wang2 梁王 Liu He |刘和 7 days in 310 Son by first wife of Liu Yuan Empress Huyan. Liu Yuan assigned troops to Liu He’s 4 brothers, Liu Yu (刘裕) the Prince of Qi, Liu Long (刘隆) the Prince of Lu, and Liu Ai (刘刈) the Prince of Beihai with substantial troops at the capital, in addition to the large army that another son, Liu Cong the Prince of Chu had, He was studious, suspicious and miserly and used Liu He's uncle Hu1yan2(prolong) You1(distant/far) (呼延攸), Liu Cheng2(ride) (刘乘) -- who had prior grudges with Liu Cong─and Liu Rui4(sharp) (刘锐) the Prince of Xichang to attack his 4 brothers but Tian Mi (田密) and Liu Gui (刘璇) let Liu Ai escape and warn Liu Cong who then sieged the palace and killed Liu He, Liu Cheng, Liu Rui, and Huyan 3) Lie4(strong/intense) Zong1 烈宗 Zhao1(clear) Wu3 Di 昭武帝 Liu Cong1(acute hearing) 刘聪 310-318 (died 318), courtesy name Xuan2men2 (玄门), nickname Zai carry/put in writing) (载), formally Emperor Zhao1wu3 of Han (Zhao) A reasonable man but who became more and more cruel, unstable, extravagant and unable to listen to advice. Controlled S. Shanxi, Shaanxi, E. Gansu, and much of Shandong, Hebei, and Henan, but Shi Le controlled the East. Cong had a victory over Wang Kuang (王旷) in Shanxi then tried to capture Luoyang but lost because he was tricked that Huan Yan (桓延) would surrender.He again with Wang Mi (王弥) besieged Luoyang but was recalled back after Sima Yue made surpeise attacks from inside the city. He created brother Liu Ai crown prince. Liu did endogamy with daughters of official Liu Yin. Liu captured and burned Luoyang taking Emperor Huai to Pingyang and making him Duke of Kuiaiji and gave him a concubine to make duchess. Liu Cong defeated N. and central Shanxi Jin governor Liu Kun1(jade) (刘琨) in Taiyuan, Shanxi but it was recaptured with assistance from Xianbei chief Tuoba Yilu Duke of Dai. The N. Jin never posed a threat again however to Han Zhao. LATER Shi Le did defeat Liu Kun. Liu Cong exectuted Huai at a feast when the Jin officials cried. Then Cong accused falsely the Jin officials of collaborating with Liu Kun. He made 3 empresses from daughter of general Jin4(stingy)(靳) Zhun Jin Yueguang as Upper Empress, Jin Yuehua as Right Empress, and Consort Liu (might have been Liu Yin's granddaughter) Left Empress. Had 3 corrupt eunuchs govern Wang Chen (王沈), Xuan Huai (宣怀), and the servant Guo Yi (郭猗) and Jin Zhun. Liu Cong’s nephew in 316 Li Yao captured Chang’an sending the emperor to Pingyang making him the Marquis of Huai’an ending W. Jin. When Cong made Liu Can(Cong’s son by empress Huyan) prime minister Liu Ai’s assistants tried to plot to overthrow Liu Cong. Ai was not part of the plot but Cong heard of it and put Ai under house arrest. LATER Jin Zhun and Guo Yi, hating Ai, falsely showed Can that Ai planned to overthrow Cong so Can LATER tricked AI into thinking Pingyang was under attack and preparing for war then telling Cong he was going to attack him. Then Ai’s 15000 soldiers were massacred. Ai was deposed then executed by Jin. At Liu Can’s crowning banquet the last W. Jin emperor served as butler and the Jin officials cried.Li Cong executed Sima Ye after Liu Can told him about the plan to capture Liu Can as barter for Sima Ye. Cong’s son Liu Kang (刘康) the Prince of Kuaiji died in an imperial hall fire and Cong was grieved became sick and died after that. Liu Can became emperor but was murdered by Jin Zhun then Liu Yao and Shi Le defeated Jin and Liu Yao became emperor, but Shi Le and Liu Yao split ways forming two empires Han and LATER Zhao. 4) Yin3(hidden) Di4 隐帝 Liu2 Can4(bright/bearing/smile)刘粲 a month and days in 318, Liu Can (刘粲) (died 318), courtesy name Shi4guang1(bright, naked) (士光) , Posthumous name (as given by Jin Zhun) Emperor Yin of Han (Zhao) (汉(赵)隐帝)After becoming Prime minister he was described to have become arrogant and abusive of his powers. He became close to flatterers, not willing to listen to honest advice, unkind, and busy with construction of palaces. In 316 general Jin Zhun and Guo Yi falsely convinced Ai and Liu Can’s brothers Liu Fu1(apply (刘敷) and Liu Mai4(put forth effort) (刘劢) plotted to kill Liu Cong. Ai and his 15000 troops died. In 318 Liu Can became emperor. He created his wife, Crown Princess Jin, empress, and his son Liu Yuangong (刘元公) crown prince. Can had affairs with his father’s 4 empresses Jin Zhun's daughter Jin Yuehua (靳月华) and Empresses Fan, Xuan, and Wang and let Jin control state affairs. At Jin's suggestion, he arrested and executed his brothers Liu Ji4(thorough bred horse) (刘骥), Liu Cheng3(flaunt, show off, succeed in a scheme) (刘逞), Liu Mai, along with key officials Liu Jing (刘景) and Liu Yi (刘□)and he also attacked Shi Le’s domain. Then after this Jin started a coup and killed Liu Can and the imperial Liu clan. [2] Qian (F.) Zhao Empire 318-329(1) 1) Hou4 Zhu3 后主 Liu2 Yao4(sunlight,shine,illuminate) 刘曜 318-329 (died 329), courtesy name Yong3ming2 (永明) He was son of Liu Lu (刘绿) who died early, and he was raised by Liu Lu's cousin Liu Yuan. He was known for his great archery skills and readings of war books. Liu Yao’s son compared him to Guangwu of Han and CaoCao saying Le Yi of Warring States, Xiao He prime minister of Han and Han general Cao Can 曹参 are beneath him. Yao banished himself to Pyongyang Korea after commiting an act punishable by death then lived in the mtns. Then Liu Yuan recruited him. He was successful against Jin, but was repelled twice aginst Luoyang. He took Emperor Huai's sister-in-law, the deceased Emperor Hui's wife, Yang Xianrong, as his own wife after defeating LuoYang. Yao suffered a great injury while attacking N. Shanxi (Bing province) and the general Fu Hu (傅虎) sacrificed himself giving him his horse. He captured Chang’an and W. JinEmperor Min. Liu Yao lost his mother Lady Hu, brother, and (he thought at the time) his son and heir Liu Yin in the massacre pf the Liu Clan when Jin Zhun killed Liu Can. Afterwards Liu Yao worked together with Shi Le to overthrow Jin. Then the people chose Yao to be emperor. But Yao spared him until after he was assassinated then after his son Jin Ming took over Yao killed the whole Jin clan. Yao moved the capital to Chang;an because Pingyang was in ruins.Yao was brilliant at governing too, but was quick to anger and developed alcoholism. After slaughtering a delegation sent to Chang’an by Shi le when a young official showed a report that Shi was plotting an attack, Shi declared he would break from F. Zhao. Yao made Yang empress (making her first to be empress of two empires) Yao created Liu Xi crown prince and changed the name from HanZhao to Zhao. Liu Yao's impulsiveness led to a major Di and Qiang rebellion in 320. He killed 50 Di chiefs after hearing of a conspiracy which then caused them to declare an independent Qin state in Gansu. Chen An (陈安), a general of Yao’s and formal subordinate of Sima Bao’s, thinking Liu Yao dead due to his communicable disease, decared himself Prince of Liang. Yao defeated and killed him then went west in Gansu to attack the F. Liang state (Zhang Mao who was a Jin vassal). Liu Yin (a slave in Heiniyuju ally to Chen) waited until Chen defeated to return to Zhao. Yiin was the oldest but with his consent Yao kept Liu Xi as crown prince. First battle between Zhao and LATER Zhao occurred at Xin'an 新安(modern Luoyang) in 324. Yao engaged in anoher battle with Luoyang where he lost general Liu Yue (刘岳) tp LATER Zhao’s Shi Hu. . Zhang Jun, Zhang Mao's nephew and successor as the head of F. Liang, declared himself again a Jin vassal and pillaged Han Zhao's Qin Province but Yao snet Liu Yin to stop him east of the Yellow river. Yao beat Shi HU then surrounded Luoyang, but because of too much weight (drinking too much) his horse fell and he was captured. Shi Le took him and was nice to him, brought him women and asked him to write a letter to Liu Xi and Liu Yin to surrender but after Liu wrote they should carry on, Shi Le found it and was angry and executed him then LATER Liu Yin and Liu Xi, ending the F. Zhao. [3] Hou (LATER) Zhao Empire 319 - 351(7) 1) Gao1 Zu3 高祖 Ming2 Di4 明帝 Shi2 Le4(rein in/coerce) 石勒 319-333 (274-333), courtesy name Shi4(generation)long2 (世龙), formally Emperor Ming of (LATER) Zhao ((后)赵明帝) First sold by the Han as a slave then started a rebellion, then worked for the Han Zhao.He was cruel but brilliant. He LATER broke from Han Zhao to form LATER Zhao. He gave his nephew Shi Hu too much power who was more ambitious and more vicious, taking power from his son Shi Hong. Born in the Jie tribes of Shanxi in a famine where the Jin sold him as a slave.He befriended Ji Sang (汲桑)a general of Sima Ying of Chengdu and helped Gongsun rebel against Sima Yong who took power. Gongsun Fan (公孙藩) died and Ji became leader of the rebellion, but Ying was forced to suicide after going with emperor Hui to Luoyang. They did capture Yecheng in 307 and killed Sima Teng (司马腾) but were defeated in winter. Ji changed his name from Fu2le (匐勒) to Shi Le. Then Shi joined Liu Yuan of Han Zhao. Was first a pillaging band not holding territory. Intercepted and defeated large Jin force at Zhoukou, Henan using cavalry who were having funeral train for Sima Yue and killed many Jin princes on way to Linli Shandong. Then captured Luoyang together with Huyan Yan4(ease and comfort) 呼延晏), WangMi2(overflowing) 王弥) and Liu Yao. LATER captured Jin general Gou3(careless)Xi1(sob) (苟唏). He assassinated HanZhao general Wang. He went south of the S. Yangtze to capture Jianye held by Sima Rui, but was caught in the rain and followed Zhang Bin’s advice to capture Xiang1guo (襄国, in modern Xintai, Hebei) and fortify it when fearful of a Jin attack. Wang Jun4(dredge) (王浚) (Jin governor) together with Xianbei Duan chief Duan Jilujuan (段疾陆眷) assaulted Xiangguo, but Shi’s general Kong Chang (孔苌) made a surprise attack capturing Duan Jilujuan's cousin Duan Mopei (段末□), but Shi treatied him nicely. Shi, fearful of Wang becoming emperor tricked him by offering the throne then surprise attacking him at his headquarters executing him at Ji 蓟县You province (Beijing). But loyal to the Jin Duan chief Duan Pidi (段匹□) controlled You. Defeated Liu Kun of Bing provinve (n. shanxi). After Liu Can and Liu clan was killed by Ji zhun, Ji was assassinated and cousin Jin Ming (靳明) succeeded but he abandoned Pingyang and surendedered to Liu Yao. Shi was loyal to Yao, but after Yao being suspicious of Shi killed Shi’s lead delegate, Shi declared independence, Then Shi defeated Duan Pidi of You province. Duan fleed to Ji province of Jin governor Shao Xu (邵续) (central) Hebei. Shi Hu and Kong Chang captured Shao and Duan. Shi continued to fight Zu Ti4(far) Jin governor of Yu豫州, E.Henan and NWAnhui. Captured Jin land between Yellow and Huai rivers. In 323, Shi Hu attacked Cao Ni (曹嶷)a general vacillating between Jin and Han Zhao. In 324 Han Zhao and LATER Zhao fought for a long time. Sh iHu defeated Han Zhao general Liu Yue (刘岳) seizing Luoyang. After Liu Yao captured in Luoyang and executed, Liu Xi abandoned Chang’an and went to Shanggui 上□ in Tianshui, Gansu with brother Liu Yin. Liu Yi tried to regain Chang’an but Shi Hu defeated him then went to Shanggui to kill Liu Xi, Liu Yin and others ending Han Zhao. Han Zhao lands became LATER Zhao lands. Shi Le made Shi Hong crown prince and another Shi Hong Grand Chanyu(leader of 5 tribes) but this made Shi Hu angry and he killed all of Shi Le’s descendants(including Le’ wife). Made his wife Liu Princess then empress. Shi Le died from illness then Shi Hu immediately led his coup. 2) Hai3Yang2Wang2 海阳王 Shi2Hong2(magnificent) 石弘 333-334 (313-334), courtesy name Daya3(standard/correct/friendship) (大雅) became prince of Hai Yang (海阳王) after Shi Hu deposed him. He was Shi Le’s second son from Cheng after ShiXing died石兴). He was know for his literary studies and kindness. Shi Hong offered the throne to Shi Hu after the coup but Shi Hu refused. Shi Le's wife Empress Dowager Liu conspired with Shi Le's adopted son Shi Kan (石堪to start a rebellion against Shi Hu, but Shi Kan and Liu was defeated and executed cruelly by burning. Shi Hu also subsequently defeated the efforts by Shi Sheng (石生) the Prince of Hedong, Shi Lang (石朗), and Guo Quan (郭权) to overthrow him. Shi Hong, his mother Empress Dowager Cheng, and his brothers Shi Hong (石宏, and Shi Hui (石恢) were executed. 3) Wu3 Di 武帝 Shi Hu 石虎 334-349 courtesy name Ji4(season)long2(dragon/imperial) (季龙) He ruled the empire with a heavy hand, imposing heavy tax and labor burdens and spending much on constructing palaces and collecting concubines. His laws were cruel, and he applied them in a harsh manner, even killing two of his crown princes when they crossed him. While he was alive, his empire remained intact, but as soon as he died, his sons and adopted grandson Ran Min engaged in an internectine war that destroyed both the empire and the Jie people. A cousin but raised by same father of Shi Le Zhouhezhu (周曷朱). Shi Hu’s names were given by Shi Le. Shi Hu enjoyed hunting and hitting people with a sling shot. The whole army feared him. He was so cruel and brave. He executed oficers for disagreeing, and killed two ex wives. 313 - Shi Hu defeated Liu Kun's son Liu Yan (刘演), who was then in control of the important city Yechen and he lived in it (3 towers CaoCao had built). Beaten back by Zu Ti (祖逖 south of Yellow river. 320 - Shi Hu captured Shao Xu (邵续), the Jin governor of Ji Province (冀州) 321 - Shi Hu captured Duan Pidi (段匹□)(governor of You Province (幽) and brother Duan Wenyuan (段文鸳), the Jin. 322 - Shi Hu captured the general Xu Kan (徐龛), 323 - Shi Hu captured the general Cao2 Ni2(mountain in Henan) (曹嶷) Cao's capital Guanggu (广固 (shandong) where he slaughtered all but 700 people for Liu Zheng (刘征) to govern. In 325 Shi Hu defeated and captured the Han Zhao general Liu Yue (刘岳) and Wang Teng (王腾)(defector from LATER Zhao to Hanzhao)of Hanzhao. In 328 - Shi Hu attacked Han Zhao, but was defeated by Liu Yao, whence Liu Yao personally came to defeat Liu Yao in 329. When Liu Yin tried to recapture Chang'an. Shi Hu defeated him, forcing him to flee back to Shanggui, and then advanced on Shanggui, capturing it and killing Liu Xi and Liu Yin, ending Han Zhao. Cheng Xia (程遐) uncle of Shi Hong, urged Shi Le to take away the 3 towers, then Shi Hu’s bandits raped and robbed Cheng Xia’s clothing. Shi Le let Shi Hong and Yan Zhen (严震) make decisions that Shi Hu made before and this angered Shi Hu. After Shi Hu took throne and killed Cheng and Shu, then killed Dowager Liu and burned Shi Kan for plotting against him. In winter 333, Shi Sheng (石生) the Prince of Hedong, in defense of Chang'an, and Shi Lang, in defense of Luoyang, declared a rebellion against Shi Hu and sought assistance from Jin. When Sh Hu’s son Shi Ting (石挺) fought against Chang’an he was killed. Shi Hu easily killed them and Pu Hong (蒲洪) the Di chief who sought assistance from F. Liang. In 335, Shi Hu moved the capital from Xiangguo to Yecheng. Shi Hu was a Buddhist at first wanting no commoners to be Buddhists to escape taxes then advocating freedom of religion. He built 9 palaces made of gold, ivory, pearls,silver and jade in 336 burdening people greatly, In 337, Shi Hu claimed the title Heavenly Prince (Tian Wang), and he created his wife Zheng Yingtao empress and his son Shi Sui (石邃) crown prince and killed previous crown prince. Shi Sui was more cruelater He had a woman dress well then beheaded her and ate her body. Shi Hu whipped him and LATER executed him and his wife Zhang and their 26 children when he refused to apologize for his conspiracy to assassinate him. Shi Hu bured them all in one huge coffin. Then he made Shi Xuan (石宣) as crown prince and his mother Du Zhu as empress. His brother Shi Tao fought with him. Shi Xuan assassinated Shi Tao for building a palace using his name 宣光殿 and also planned to assassinate Shi Hu. Shi Hu then executed him cruelly (pulled out hair and tongue, cut hands and feet, slice abdomen, then burn). He had Shi Xuan’s wife, concubines,sons, and subordinates executed. Then he made youngest son Shi Shi (石世) crown prince, and his mother Consort Liu the youngest daughter of the Han Zhao emperor Liu Yao, empress. Then Shi Hu Allied with F. Yan’s Murong Huang to attack Xianbei Duan and wiped out the Duan then turned and attacked F. Yan but Murong Huang’s son Murong Ke beat them. Counterattacked Jin’s Yu liang plan to attack LATER Zhao. Failed in alliance with ChengHan’s Li Shou against Jin. In 342 he built more and conscripted to attack F. Yan, F. Liang and Jin, but people became corrupt as a result. Wanted sons Shi Bin and Shi Zun to be regents but Shi Bin was put to death and Shi Zun exiled to Guanzhong by Empress Liu and Zhang Chai(jackal) (张豺). After Shi Shi took throne, Shi Zun deposed him. Then Shi Jian (another son of Shi Hu) fell to Shi Min who killed Shi Jian, most of the Jie and Xiongnu people and changed his name to Ran3(slowly) (冉) and usurped the throne. Then Shi Zhi came to reestablish LATER Zhao but died quickly and that would end LATER Zhao. 4) Qiao2(drum tower) Wang 谯王 Shi2 Shi4 石世 73 days in 349 (339-349)Known as Prince of Qiao (谯王) after removal as emperor. He was youngest son by Shi Hu’s 3rd empress Liu(daughter of Liu Yao). Chosen because Shi Hu’s official Zhang Chai2(jackal) (张豺) convinced him to choose a son not from low birth. Empress Liu and Zhang planned to control government after Shi Hu’s death. Shi Zun returned with some generals and killed Zhang and detained Liu and ShiShi. He forged an edict from Dowager Liu making deposing ShiShi and making him emperor then made Shishi a prince of Qiao and Liu a Princess of Qiao then executed them both. ShiShi died at age 105) Peng2 Cheng2(city) Wang 彭城王 Shi Zun1(abide/follow) 石遵 183 days in 349 (died 349) Second of 4 short-lived emperors after Shi Hu. Known as Prince of Pengcheng (彭城王) before being emperor. He was second son of Zheng Yingtao who bore Shi Sui (石邃) first rebel son of Shi Hu. Official Zhang Ju3(elect) (张举) told Shi Hu he could choose Shi Zun who had literary abilities and virtues or Shi Bin (石斌 who knew military strategies but he chose ShShi. Liu and Zhang Chai gave Zun honored titles to appease him, but he allied with the generals Yao Yizhong (姚弋仲), Pu Hong (蒲洪), Liu Ning (刘宁), Shi Min the Duke of Wuxing, and Wang Luan (王鸾), none of whom was particularly happy about Shi Shi's selection, marched to the capital Yecheng 邺城 (Handan, Hebei), capturing it easily and killing Zhang Chai. He created his wife Princess Zhang empress. Further, he created Shi Bin's son Shi Yan (石衍) crown prince, disappointing Shi Min, his adoptive nephew, whom he had promised to make crown prince. Despite his disappointment, Shi Min subsequently led Shi Zun's forces in defeating and killing Shi Zun's brother Shi Chong (石冲) the Prince of Pei, who had declared Shi Zun a renegade for having murdered the rightful heir Shi Shi. Shi Min was denied greater power after he killing Shi Shi’s and Shi Chong’s forces. Shi Zun asked Dowager Zheng and some officials to execute Shi Min but Zheng refused. Shi Jian (a prince) informed Shi Min of this s Min sent a force and killed Shi Zun, Zheng, empress Zhang and crown prince Yan and others then installed Shi Jian as emperor.Meanwhile F. Yan and Jin were planning invasions against LATER Zhao. 6) Yi4(righteousness) Yang2 Wang (义阳王 ) Shi Jian4(mirror/scrutinize/warning) 石鉴 103 days 349-350 (died 350)Third after Shi Hu. Refererred to as Prince of Yiyang (义阳王). In 333 he was Prince Dai. In 337 he was Duke of Yiyang and in 342 he was the commander of the Guanzhong region, and he imposed heavy taxes and labor burdens; he forced officials with long hair to pull out their hair to be made into hat decorations. After his secretary gave Shi Hu the hair recalled him and replaced him with his brother Shi Bao (石苞). Shi Jian and Shi Zun were promoted to high positions after ShiShi was killed. Then Shi Zun took the throne, then Shi Jian plotted with Shi Min to overthrow Zun. But power was in Shi Min's and his ally Li Nong (李农)'s hands. He sent brother Shi Bao and the generals Li Song (李松) and Zhang Cai (张才) against Shi Min, but after they were defeated, Shi Jian pretended as if they acted independently and executed them allater His brother, Shi Zhi the Prince of Xinxing, then rose in the old capital Xiangguo 襄国, Xintai, Hebei), in alliance with the Qiang chieftain Yao Yizhong (姚弋仲) and the Di chieftain Pu Hong (蒲洪) against Shi Min and Li Nong. Shi Jian tried to then have the general Sun Fudu (孙伏都), a fellow Jie, attack Shi Min, but Shi Min quickly defeated him, and Shi Jian, trying to absolve himself, then ordered Shi Min to execute Sun. Shi Min, however, began to realize that Shi Jian was behind Sun's attack, and he decided that he needed to disarm the Jie, who knew that he was not Jie but ethnically Han. He ordered that all non-Han not be allowed to carry arms, and most fled Yecheng. Sun Min put Jian under house arrest. Min issued an order that if a Han killed a non-Han he would be rewarded so 200,000 non-Han died and some Han (a high nose-structure and full beard was thought as non-Han) Shi Jian changed the name of the state from Zhao to Wei (卫) and the family name of the imperial clan from Shi to Li (李). Many key officials fled to Shi Zhi. In a final attempt Jian ordered Zhang Shen (张沈) to attack the capital while Min left, but Jian’s eunuchs reported it to Min who returned and executed Jian and 28 grandsons of Shi Hu and the Shi clan. Shi Min, restoring his father's name of Ran (冉), then took the throne as the emperor of a new state, Wei (魏,). LATER Zhao was not over, because Shi Zhi would hold out at Xiangguo until 351, when he would be killed by his general Liu Xian (刘显), finally ending LATER Zhao's last hope. ( |