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Three Kingdoms Period


1) Cao Wei
1) Wen2 Di 文帝 Cao2 Pi1(big/great) 曹丕 220226 (Huangchu Era 黄初 220226 , Taihe Era 太和 227233, Ming Di Era 明帝, Cao Rui Era 曹□ 226239, Qinglong 青龙 233237, Jingchu Era 景初 237239) Cao Ang, the eldest , died as an imperial officer of the Han. Cao Pi (曹丕, 187 ━ 29 June 226[1]) Second son of politician and poet CaoCao. Started 7 syllable per line poetry. Eldest son of Caocao and concubine Princess Bian. Cao Pi was the most shrewd of all his brothers. He didn’t study hard, only gained official support. Took consort widow Lady Zhen of Yuan Xi son of YuanShao after defeating Yuan Shao and gave birth to Cao Rui only 8 months LATER. She LATER lost his support due to Guo accusing Rui of being illegitimate and killed herself then he took favorite Guo Nuwang. Cao Pi forced Xian to abdicate. Demoted brother Cao Zhi who contended with him as heir and executed two of his friends. Cao Zhi’s two supporters were Cui Yan and Mao Jie. Shamed Yu Jin for losing to GuanYu which caused him to be ill and die. Younger brother Cao Xiong killed himself from fear of Cao Pi. Did not take chance to fight Sun which could have won him the empire. 2) Ming2(bright) Di 明帝 Cao Rui4 (astute)226239 (Qinglong Era 青龙 233237, Jingchu Era 景初 237239) Cao Rui (205-22 January 239) He spent all the treasury on 1000s of concubines and projects of building temples and palaces. Stalemated with Shu Han and Wu. Sima Yi coup d’etated Cao Shuang, who monopolized power, and Sima Yan took the Wei throne. At deer hunt with father Cao Pi, Cao Pi killed mother, but Rui had not the heart to kill the young son deer. He desposed his father’s princes which led to downfall of Wei when the Simas took over. His father had appointed three regents for him -- his distant cousin Cao Zhen, the steady administrator Chen Qun, and the shrewd strategist Sima Yi. Defeated then Zhuge Liang of ShuHan against Chang’an. When against Wu ManChong was trusted in the southeast. A good strategy was for him to head east to be close the war while the front was way behind. Zhou Fang of Wu tricked Cao Xiu that he would surrender but trapped and had a good victory while Jia Kui of Wei saved him. Warded off joint attack of Wu and Zhuge Liang’s N. Expedition. Had campaign against Liaodong (Gongsun clan) who betrayed Wu. He ordered that all married women be given to marriage to soldiers but the most beautiful were to be his concubines. Despite all his women he did not have a son who lived past one year old. He adopted Cao Fang and Cao Xun making Cao Fang crown prince the day of his death. 3) Qi2(even/neat) Wang 齐王 Cao Fang1fragrant) 曹芳 239254 (Zhengshi Era 正始 240-249, Jinping Era 嘉平 249-254) Cao Fang, 曹芳 (231-274), courtesy name Lanqing (兰卿 )He was adopted by Cao Rui, a grandson of Cao Zhang, great grandson of CaoCao. He had longest reign of Wei Dynasty. Cao Shuang as regent grabbed all the power. He failed in an attack against Shuhan running out of food. Sima Yi who resigned assembled a coup (Incident at Gaoping Tombs)saying Empress Dowager Guo wanted Cao Shuang executed. Sima Yi had Cao Fang grant him the nine bestowments. Sima removed threats and had habits of reneging on his promises. Sima Shi had him abdicate. Sima Shi fought Wu’s then Sun Liang with then regent Zhuge Ke and defeated him. Fang first made Zhen (granddaughter of Zhen) who died LATER then made Zhang then Wang empresses. Fang planned to use Sima Zhao’s troops to kill Sima Shi, but had not the guts to do it. When news of this reached Sima Shi Sima Yan, Sima Zhao’s son, ended Wei and began Jin in 265. He forcibly disposed him. Died in 274 as a Duke. 4) Gao1gui4(noble/privileged)xiang1(village/country)Gong 高贵乡公 Cao Mao2(mane/fashionable) 曹髦 254260 Grandson of Cao Pi. Tried to defeat Sima Shi and his brother Sima Zhao many times but failed and remained a duke. He was cousin to Cao Fang. Empress Dowager Guo(the wife of Cao Fang's adoptive father, Cao Rui ) installed him in hope of overthrowing the Simas. Cao Mao tried to make an edict after Sima Shi died one month after a victory against Guanqiu Jian to Sima Zhao (Sima Shi’s brother) to remain at Xuhang, who disobeyed and controlled Mao ever since. Made wife Lady Bian empress. Cao died by a spear by Cheng2 Ji4(cross over) (成济) in a personal assault against Sima Zhao. 5) Yuan Di 元帝 Cao Huan4(excellent) 曹奂 260265 A grandson of CaoCao. also known as the Emperor Yuan of Wei ( 魏元帝i). His courtesy name was Jingming (景明; ). His father Cao Yu3(eaves/universe) (曹宇) was rejected as regent for Cao Fang by Cao Rui. Created wife lady Nian empress. Jiangwei of Shuhan had constant fights with Wei, so Sima sent a large force to kill Shuhan with 180,000 commanded by Zhong Hu and Deng Ai. They passed Jiang killed Zhuge Zhan then surrounded Jiang and went to Chengdu to have Liu Shan surrender. Zhong falsely accused Deng of forgery and Sima told him to arrest Deng. Meanwhile Jiang tried urging Zhong into rebellion and Zhong, and Deng died.Shu Han’s land was taken into Wei’s. Huan finally granted Sima Yan the 9 bestowments then he abdicated to Sima Yan who became emperor Wu of Jin.
Shu or Shu Han 221263 *Romance of the three kingdoms written by Luo Guanzhong.
1)Zhao1(clear)lie4(sacrificing/violent) Di 昭烈帝 Liu Bei4(prepare) 刘备 221223 He was from Hebei. He started the latest and lacked the material resources and social status they commanded. He was born iinto a poor family. He met Gongsun Zan at age 14. Had long arms and long earlobes. Few in words. Joined Zhang Fei and Guan Yu to suppress the Yellow Turbans, Worked with Gongsun Zan and Tao Qian to fight YuanShao and CaoCao. Lu Bu was defeated by CaoCao 195 sought refuge under Liu Bei but turned against him when Zhangfei defeated Cao Bao. Then Liu Bei sought refuge under CaoCao who gave him Xiaohou Dun for support to fight Zhang Liao and Gao Shun but lost the battle then latter CaoCao defeated Lu Bu at Xiapi.. Liu Bei turned against CaoCao and took back Xiaopei with himself and Xiapi with Guanyu, but Guanyu as captured by CaoCao who then attacked him causing hi to join Yuanshao where Guanyu (from Cao) killed Yanliang. LATER Liu Bei joined Liu Biao in Jing Province for some years feeling at one time depressed when feeling too old and not doing anything. Liu Bei ambushed and defeated Cao’s Xiaohun Dun and Yu Jin at the battle of Baowang. Jing Province popular with literati at that time. Zhuge Liang, Pang Tong and Xu Shu were there and Li met Zhuge Liang and Zhuge showed Liu Bei the Longzhong plan long term strategy of competing with Cao. After Liu Biao died in 208 his younger son Liu Cong surrendered to Cao then Liu went on exodus south with 100,000 men who were defeated at Battle of Changban. Liu allied with Sun Quan to fight at the Battle of Redcliffs with Cao having 220,000 (not 880,000) men against the alliance’s 50,000. Cao’s N.ers were not good soldiers in the S. climate and with S. naval warfare. Zhou Yu and Huanggai’s fire attacks decimated Cao’s navy on the river and Cao retreated with Cao Ren and Xu Huang to guard Jiangling and Yue Jin to guard Xiangyang. Zhou Yu attacked Cao Ren and had Liu Qi (liu’s son) to gobern it, but after he died Liu became governor. Lady Sun, Sun Quan’s daughter was married to Liu to cement the alliance. After Zhou Yu died in 210 Li Su succeeded him as grand viceroy for Sun Quan and they moved east leaving Jing proving for Liu’s control but Liu would not yield it back to Sun in the future many times upon the advice of Zhuge Liang to give them excuses every time.Eventually Sun sent Lu Meng and Lu Su to attack where Guan Yu was. Defeated Liu Zhang in 215 in Yi province on Pang Tong’s advice of first allying with him then betraying him. Li u defeated Liu Zhang’s generals Liu Gui, Leng Bao, Zhang Ren, Deng Xian, Wu Yi,, Li Yan and Fei Guan. Ma Chao from Gansu province , who submitted to him at this time, supported hi m in the battle against Liu Xun, Liu Zhang’s son. Defeated Hanzhong in 219 . Declared himself emperor of ShuHan in 222. Lost Battle of Xiaoting to E. Wu in 222. Died in 223. Cao first captured Hanzhong with Xiahou Yuan, Zhang He and Xu Huang, where Zhang Fei and Zhang He had a face off with Zhang Fei winning with a surorise attack to take Baxi. Liu used HuangZhong to win the attack against Yi province killing Cao’s Xiaohuo Yuan and Zhao Yong his appointed inspector. Cao personally came to Hanzhong to support it but Liu defeated him and declared himself king of Hanzhong. Liu Shan was appointed heir and Wei Yan became a general in Hangzhong. Guan Yu was appointed as General of the Vanguard (前将军), Zhang Fei as General of the Right (右将军), Ma Chao as General of the Left (左将军) and Huang Zhong as General of the Rear (后将军). In Romance of the Three Kingdoms, those four generals, along with Zhao Yun, were collectively known as the Five Tiger Generals. He died in the battle of Xiaoting against Lu Xun when avenging Guanyu’s execution at Jing. Lu Xun set fire to the forest and attacked him in the hills. Liu retreated to Baidicheng where he died then as buried in Chengdu. Liu Bei is worshipped in Chengdu where many shoes are made. 2) Hou4zhu3 后主 Liu Shan2(prolonged and intense) 刘禅 223263 Born from concubine lady Gan. He was retarded and incapable and indulged in pleasures but had good people skills like his father. "A Dou" (阿斗) his name as an infant is used to describe people who never achieve anything in life even with assistance. At the battle of Changban Zhao Yun stayed behind to protect the family members of Liu Bei. Holding the infant Liu Shan in his arms, Zhao Yun led the mother and child to safety. When Zhao Yun made it safe back to camp Liu Bei threw the infant down to say that his generals are more important than his family. He married Zhang Fei’s daughter Empress Zhang in 223, who died LATER and then her sister was then made empress Zhang. Zhuge Liang acting as regent made the small empire efficient. He reunited with the S. Nanman tribes who helped against Cao. Zhuge had 5 campaigns against Cao Wei with only one successful due to food shortages. He fell ill LATER then Zhuge recommended that Jiang Wan succeed him, and that Fei Yi succeed Jiang Wan.Li Yan forged a note by Liu Shan that Zhuge retreat but Zhuge caught him and removed him from post. Jiang Wan, lacking Zhuge’s war ability withdrew from Hanzhong in Shaanxi never having ShuHan again pose a threat to CaoWei. Jiang fell sick. Fei Yi protected Hanzhong from Cao’s regent CaoShuang at Battle of Xingshi. Fei Yi was assassinated by ex-Cao general Guo Xun (郭循. Jiang Wei succeeded FeiYi and attacked Cao heavily. With problems of lack of food supply Shu and Wu with Zhuge Ke’s help attacked Cao together for the last time in 253. Sima Shi then easily attacked Zhuge Ke whose tremendous loss led him to be assassinated. He nearly captured Didao in Gansu, but was defeated bad by Deng Ai leaving him demobilized. Jiang Wei suggested Liu Shan to execute Huang Hao a powerful corrupt eunuch but Liu refused. In 263 Cao Wei ‘s Deng Ai led a massive attack against Shu and Liu Shan tried strategy of leading them to a trap but they advanced directly to Chengdu catching Shu unaware. The ambitious Zhong Hui, leading the Cao Wei’s troops was tricked into fighting Deng Ai by Jiang Wei. JiangWei and Zhonghui as well as crown prince Liu Xuan were killed in the confusion when ZhongHui’s troops rebelled.Liu Shan and his family relocated to Luoyang after Shu’s fall and he was made Duke of Anle. His family held on to the dukedom until Liuyuan’s time, founder of Hanzhao, of the 16 Wu Hu kingdoms.

Wu AD 222━280

1)Da Di 大帝 Sun Quan2(right/authority)孙权 222252 Huangwu 黄武 222229 Son of Sun Jian. His brother Sun Ce was a local warlord who was assassinated by Xu Gong retainers. Zhou Yu, Zhang Zhao, Zhang Hong, and Cheng Pu were Sun Quan’s loyal officers.After the successful battle of Red Cliffs, Cao Pi asked Sun to send his sun Sun Deng to Luoyang.as a hostage Sun refused and declared Wu an independent state.in 222 then himself as emoeror in 222. Lived to be the oldest of 3 kingdoms: 70 yrs. Claim that Sun Jian was a descendant of Sun Tzu (military strategist of Warring States time). Aquired throne after Sun Ce’s death, who he mourned greatly. He had abilities to find men of talent and to react swiftly to events.He sought to weaken Liu Biao because their official Huang Zu killed Su Jian in battle. Liu Cong the succeeding king after Liu Biao, surrendered to CaoCao from fear of his brother Liu Qi who did not become king. At the Battle of Red Cliffs, the strategy was to fake Huang Gai’s surrender by punishing him and sending in a fleet that was on fire, setting fire to most of Cao’s ships. After Liu’s marriage to Sun’s sister, Zhou Yu was suspicious and considered putting Liu under house arredt, but Sun refused this,. Zhou Yu suggested Sun take over Liu Zhang and Zhang Lu’s territories in Shaanxi , but Sun refused this after Zhou Yu died in 210. Sun attacked Jing after a failed return of Jing Porvince and Sun agrred to have E. Jing while Guanyu kept the W. half divided at Xiang river. While Guanyu seiged Fancheng where the capital Xu was, beating Cao Ren and seizing Sun’s food sources, Sun angry over his instigations attacked him from the rear with Lu Meng and then captured and killed GuanYu in 219. After this Liu refused peace talks and Sun fearful of both sides became a subject of Cao. Sun trusted his officials Liu Xun and Zhuge Jin so much that he created a separate seal for them to use. Refused Zhang Zhao post of prime minister because of his strong opinions. Vietnam (N&S), Cambodia and Laos became vassals of Wu. After Sun defeated warlord Shi Hui (士徽. Su had one major victory over Cao in 228 when Zhou Fang faked being punished and surrendering to Cao Xiu, while creating a trap for him. LATER Jia Ku from Cao took controlater He moved his capital east leaving son Sun Deng in charge of the west. Sun sent a navy of 10,000 to defeat island of Yizhou and Danzhou(possibly Japan) in east Chinese Sea, but only succeeded with Yizhou and lost 90% of men due to illness. He executed his generals rather than admit fault. Tried to buy horses from Gongsun but Cao intercepted and killed his generals. Tried to ally with Gongsun by sending him 10,000 men but he betrayed him and killed his men and generals. He as very angry about this but did nothing. Both of these actions were against the wills of his men. He made a coordinated attack with Zhuge Liang’s final campaign by atakcing Hefiei and XiangYang..hoping Cao would reinforce Hefie, but Cao saw the plan and let Hefei be besieged.) Again against his officials will he promoted both Sun He and Sun Ba to crown prince, causing Sun Ba to scheme to be crown prince. Sun Ba accused Lu Xun of crimes which Sun rebuked causing Lu Xun to die in anger. He forced his son Sun Ba to commit suicide and disposed Sun He and let his youngest son Sun Liang be crown prince. He ordered levees to be destroyed to cause floods and stop Cao’s forces. He created Liang’s mother Pan to be empress Liang, the only empress of Sun. She was murdered because of her anger and ambition. He appointed Zhuge Ke as regent, an arrogant man who was awed by the entire empire for his victories. He was buried at purple mountain in Nanjing. 2) Kuai4(accounting)ji1(check) Wang 会稽王 Sun Liang4(bright)孙亮 252258 He as the youngest son of Sun Quan. When he tried to remove regent Sun Lin from power , he was removed then Sun Xiu succeeded him and he did execute Sun Lin but was accused of treason and then demoted to marquess where he commited suicide. Su Quan desposed Sun He because of accusations of his daughter Sun Dahu against him and consort Wang. Jian Ye (Nanjing) was capital of the Wu empire. Regent Zhuge Ke resisted a 3 prong attack by Cao Wei, then planned a joint attack with Shu Han against Shouchun (寿春) Anhui) but changed his plans to attack Hefei, but his troops suffered the plague and he returned to JianYe and killed anyone upset by his failure. Sun Jun, the one who recommended him to be regent then wanted him and his clan killed and 10 yr. old Sun Liang consented. Then Sun Jun who wanted to be regent forced Sun He to commit suicide and then killed Sun Ying(孙英) (son of Sun Deng) and Huanfu(桓虑) , military commander, when he heard of their conspiracy. In a second plot discovered against Sun Jun many were executed including Sun Xiaohu (孙小虎) daughter and sister of Princess Dahu who accused her. Sun Jun died from an illness and appointed his cousin Sun Lin to be regent. Sun quickly killed general Lu Ju (jealous of him) and his proposed regent Teng .Zhuge Dan, a general of Wei, declared a rebellion when he knew Sima Zhao would usurp the throne from Sima Shi and asked for Wu’s help at Shouchun. Sun Lin ordered Zhu yi to attack but he was weak and refused so Lin executed him creating anger from the people. Sun Liang created his own guard at his same age of 14 to grow up with him. Sun Liang conspired with Princess Dahu, the general Liu Cheng (刘丞), his father-in-law Quan Shang (全尚), and his brother-in-law Quan Ji (全记), to have Sun Lin overthrown. QuanShang told his wife, who then told Sun Lin, because she was his cousin then Sun Lin killed Quan Shang and Liu then surrounded the palace and demoted Sun Liang to Prince. Sun Lin then made his brother Sun Xiu emperor but he did set up a trap to arrest and kill Sun Lin successfully and fearing the return of his brother Su Liang he demoted him to marquess and ordered him to do his march where he died I Fujian) some say it is where Sun Xiu poisoned him. 3) Jing3(bright/circumstance/scenery) Di 景帝 Sun Xiu1(rest)孙休 258264 He was son of Sun Quan. Sun Quan had him marry the daughter of his sister Sun Xiaohu and her husband Zhu Ju. Sun conspired with general Zhang Bu and Ding Feng to kill Sun Lin at the Laba (腊八) festivalater Sun Xiu got an illness which didn’t allow him to speak so he wrote instead. Sun Xiu sent ambassador Xue Xu (薛□) to analyze Shu Han in 261 and said it was in shambles (inferring Wu was in that state as well but not saying it). He died at age 29 wishing Sun Wan to succeed but his two best officials Puyang and Zhangbu enthroned Sun Hao, son of Sun He because they didn’t want a young emperor. 4) Wu1(black/crow)cheng2(procedure/rules) Hou2(Marquis) 乌程侯 Sun1 Hao4(bright/white—teeth/hair) 孙皓 264280 He was nephew of Sun Xiu and son of Sun He. His cruelty, superstitions, extravagance and inability to govern domestically doomed Wu. Zhuge Ke was an uncle of Princess Su Zhang, who wanted Sun He restored. Sun Jun exiled Sun He to Hangzhou, Zhejiang and forced him to commit suicide then Princess Zhang committed suicide too. Consort He refused to commit suicide because she wanted to raise Sun Hao and his brothers. In the year Sun Xiu came to the throne, Sun Xiu created Sun Hao and his brothers Sun De and Sun Qian marquesses. At first he was good because he reduced taxes, gave money to the poor and released many ladies in wating allowing them to marry. But then he became bad. Puyang and Zhang rebuked him , but he had them and their clans executed for this. He demoted Empress Dowager Zhu to Empress Jing then LATER had her commit suicide. He executed his older brothers Su Wan and Gong and exiled 4 others. He moved the capital from Jianye to Wuchang (武昌, modern Ezhou, Hubei) because of superstition. Zhejiang, unable to withstand heavy taxes, rebelled and captured Sun Hao’s brother Sun Qian. After Jianye generals Ding Gu (丁固) and Zhuge Jing (诸葛靓) put down the rebellion, Sun Hao had Sun Qian, his mother, and younger brother Sun Jun killed. After Lu Kai, nephew of Lu Xu died there was no one Sun Hao would listen to. Lu Kang, son of Lu Xun and a general in the west petitioned but Sun Hao ignored his petitions.. Jiao (N. Vietnam) returned to Wu. Wang Jun with help from emperor Wu of Jin began building massive fleet in 271 to attack Wu with. When shavings came down the river, Sun Hao’s general Wu Yan warned him, but he did not listen. Bu Chan (步阐), from Xiling (Hubei) was summoned by Sun Hao, bu Bu fearing punishment , defected to Jin. LATER Lu Kang defeated him and Xiling (Hubei) was returned to Sun Hao. When He Shao (贺邵) had a stroke, Sun Hao believed he was pretending so he had him and his clan executed. The people fearful of him brought him miraculous things to ease his temper and he became more superstitious. At this time Wu of Jin launched a six-prong attack with the forces led by Emperor Wu's uncle Sima Zhou, Wang Hun (王浑), Wang Rong, Hu Fen (胡奋), Du, and Wang Jun, with the largest forces under Wang Hun and Wang Jun's commands. They took out the bordering cities first. Then Sun Hao was forced to surrender in spring 280. Sun Hao and his family were escorted to Luoyang. Sun in humiliation covered himself with mud and tied his hands behind his back. Sun Hao was made a marquis and his sons were made junior officials in the Jin administration and Sun Hao was never punished for his atrocities.
Jin Dynasty Xi (W.) Jin Dynasty 265-317

1) Wu3(military/valiant/fierce)Di 武帝 Sima Yan司马炎 265-290 (Taishi Era 泰始 265-274, Xianning Era 咸宁 275-280, Taikang Era 太康 280-289, Taixi Era 太熙 290) 晋武帝, personal name Si1ma3 Yan2(scorching hot) (司马炎), courtesy name Anshi (安世) (236-May 17, 290) Was the grandson of Sima Yi, and son of Sima Zhao. He destroyed the Wu empire of the 3 kingdoms. He was known for his extravagance, generosity and sensuality (known to be potent with 1000s of concubines. He gave much power to princes whose power ended up created the Wuhu 16 kingdoms and the war of the 8 princes in the future and continued into the S. dynasties.He was the son of Sima Zhao who was son of general Sima Yi(usurped regent Cao Shuang). Sima Zhao was addsitant to regent Sima Shi. He made CaoWei’s penal law more merciful, but he punished the rich less than the poor. The Xianbei and Qiang rebellions in Qin (秦州) and Liang (凉州) Provinces (modern Gansu) were more difficult to resolve then conquering Wu. Wu honored his mother Wang Yuanji as empress dowager. Has Yangyan as empress. Made oldest son Sima Zhong crown prince but he was retarded. And made his wife the daughter of Jia Chong, Jia Nanfeng (a strong willed one who controlled him). After the fall of Wu, emperor Wu took military power away from provincial governors and disbanded the military. Rejected advice to move non-han outside the emprire. Took 5000 women from Sun Hao’s palace. Used goat cart to stop at the women to have sex with. Women planted bamboo and salt to get goats to stop. Set the stage for disaster to come. 2) Hui Di4(benefit/kindness) 惠帝 Sima Zhong1(inner feelings/heart) 司马衷 290-306 (Yongxi Era 永熙 290, Yongping Era 永平 291, Yuankang Era 元康 291-299, Yongkang Era 永康 300-301, Yongning Era 永宁 301-302, Taian Era 太安 302-303, Yongan Era 永安 304, Jianwu Era 建武 304, Yongan Era 永安 304, Yongxing Era 永兴 304-306, Guangxi Era 光熙 306) Emperor Hui of Jin, 晋惠帝 (259-poisoned January 8, 307), personal name Sima Zhong (司马衷), courtesy name Zhengdu (正度), Reigned for some time, then was disposed by granduncle Sima Lun, then reinstalled, then poisoned by regent Sima Yue. Second son of Sima Yan (Sim a Gui , the older son, died early) Jia NanFeng was violent and jealous. Jia produced 4 daughters and no sons, but consort Xie, also a consort of Wu to teach him how to have sex, produced a son, Sima Yu, whom his grandfather Wu favored. Yangjun forged a will by Wu claiming himself to be regent because both him and Sun Liang were to be regents by Wu’s willater 9 regents: 1) YangJun:autocratic and incompetent. his clan killed by Jia Nanfeng (the empress jealous of his powers) who conspired with one eunuch and two generals, trying with Sun Liang who refused, 2) Regency of Sima Liang and Wei Guan Liang rewarded 1000 people of coup against YangJun as marquises. Then Jia jealous of power used Sima Wei(Emperor Hui’s brother) i to again dispose them and have them killed by writing a false edict then after killed. Fearful of being discovered, Jia publicly declared that Sima Wei’s edict was false.then SIma Wei troops abandoned him and he was captured and executed. 3) Regency of Empress Jia: She lacked self contol and was violent and capricious. She did not accept the official’s decision to remove the Wuhu (5 non-Han nationalities) from China. She got crown prince Yu drunk and had him write a false statement saying he would kill the emperor and empress. This was she disposed him and murdered his mother Consort Xie and his concubine Jiang Jun. With Sima Lun’s help, the Prince of Zhao, Emperor Wu's granduncle, she assassinated Yu , but Sima Lun used this as an excuse to overthrow her (force her to suicide) and kill her associates and take over with his strategist, Sun Xiu’s help. 4) Regency of and usurpation by Sima Lun Sima Lun restored late Crown prince Yu’s reputation and made his son Sima Zang (司马臧) crown prince . In spring 301, Sima Lun had Emperor Hui yield the throne to him, and gave Emperor Hui the honorific title of retired emperor (太上皇).Sima Jiong (Emperor Hui’s cousin) and Sima Ying (Hui’s brother) and many others declared a rebellion killing Sima Lun and restoring Hui’s throne. 5) Regency of Sima Jiong Became very arrogant and owned a mansion not associating with Hui. After Hui’s grandsons Sima Zang and Sima Shang (司马尚) died in childhood, Sima Ying was recommended to succeed but Jiong recommended Sima Qin (司马覃) , Hui’s nephew who was 7 and controllable. Prince Sima Yong , who still supported Sima Lun worked with Sima Ai (Hui’s brother to defeat Sima Jiong. Sima Ai succeeded and became the new regent. 6)Regency of Sima Ai Only one loyal to Hui. Had trouble in Yi province against the Lis. Sima Yong who again wanted control conspired again with Sima Ying to overthrow Sima Ai. Prince Sima Yue(relative of Hui) arrested Ai and brought him to Sima Yong’s general Shang Fang captured Ai and burnt him to death. Sima Ying became regent. 7) Regency of Sima Ying He desposed crown prince Qin, then made himself crown prince and deposed Empress Yang (for the first of four times). He was arrogant and extravagant and the people were disappointed. Sima Yue decided to welcome back Qin and Empress Yang and to attack him, but he lost. Then Sima Yong came and disposed Qin and Yang again. Wang Jun of You Province 幽州,(Beijiing) rebelled and recruited Xianbei and Wuhuan forced. Ying sent Liu Yuan ( a siongnu ) to request help from Xiongyu. Ying’s forces collapsed and Liu Yuan declared the Han Zhaos, claiming to be a descendant of a Han princess who married a chan-yu. Li xiong from Chnegdu also declared himself independent of Jin establishing Cheng Han. These are first two of 16 Kingdoms. Sima Ying and Hui returned defeated to Luoyang, 8) Regency of Sima Yong but Sima Yong declared Sima Chi (a brother of Hui who was studious and humble) to be crown prince and used Zhang Fang to move Hui forcively to Chang’an (Xi’an). Sima Yue declared another rebellion against Yong. Yong executed Yong to promote peace between himself and Sima Yue. Then Sima Yue restored Emperor Hui and Empress Yang. Li Xiong and Liu Yuan declared themselves emperors in 306. 9) Regency of Sima Yue and death Served as regent for several months until for some reason Hui was poisoned by bread and died. 3) Huai2(keep in mind/cherish) Di 怀帝 Sima Chi4(flaming/ablaze) 司马炽 307-311 (Yongjia Era 永嘉 307-313) Emperor Huai of Jin, sim. ch. 晋怀帝 (284-March 14, 313), personal name Sima Chi (司马炽), courtesy name Fengdu (丰度), was an emperor of the Jin Dynasty (265-420). Captured in 311 by Liu Cong (ruler of the Xiongnu state of Han Zhao and son of Liu Yuan) and executed. Was prince of Yuzhang and youngest of Emperor Wu and concubine Wang. Prince Chi studied history. He accompanied Hui when Sima Yong took him to Chang’an. After the more ambitious Sima Ying was demoted back to Prince of Chengdu by Sima Yong, Sima Chi became crown prince. Emperor Hui’s wife Yang Xianrong wanted Sima Qin to be crown prince so she could be dowager but Sima Yue didn’t permit this. Sima Chi called her Empress Hui. Huai created wife Liang Lanbi Empress. Huai was smart and tried to institute reforms but Sima Yue would not let him. He made Sima Quan2(explain) (司马诠) crown prince( Sima Qin’s brother and son of his brother Sima Yan). Sima Yue abandoned Luoyang leaving Huai defenseless. Huai used commander Xun2 Xi1(sob) (荀唏) force to coerce Sima Yue to fight but Sima Yue died in anger. Shi2(rock) Le4(rein in) (石勒), an enemy (Hanzhao general)against Jin burned Smia Yue’s body for the trouble he caused killed all his sons too. LATER, Huai became trapped at Luoyang where there was a famine and bandits and where his officials wanted to stay was captured by Han Zhao generals in 311 and moved to Hanzhao capital Pingyang where he became duke of Ping’a. When in Pingyang F. Jin officials Yu Min (庾玟) and Wang Juan (王隽) could not were humiliated and cried outloud. Liu Cong, angry, falsely accused them of conspiring and killed them and poisoned Huai. (p.196) 4) Min3(pity/sympathize) Di 愍帝 Sima Ye4(name of ancient district) 司马邺 313-317 (Jianxing Era 建兴 313-317) 晋愍帝 (300-February 7, 318), personal name Sima Ye (司马邺 or 司马业), courtesy name Yanqi (彦旗) He surrendered to Liu Yao (a Xiongnu of Han Zhao state). In 318 he was executed by Liu Cong. He was son of Sima Yan(son of first Emperor Wu). At age 13 he escaped to Zhengzhou Henan in 313 when Luoyang fell to Hanzhao. In 312 Ye and Jia Pi (贾疋) captured Chang’an but it was very weak. Liu Yao conquered Guanzhong and then Chang’an. He made Min a marquis. Outer Jin forces wanted to capture Liu Can( Han Zhao’s crown prince) to exchange for Min. Upon hearing this Liu Can asked that Min be executed and Liu Cong did that.
(197) Dong (E.) Jin Dynasty 317 AD - 420 AD (11)
1) Yuan2 Di 元帝 Sima Rui4(farsighted) 司马睿 317-322 (Jianwu Era 建武 317-318, Daxing Era 大兴 318-321, Yongchang Era 永昌 321-322) Emperor Yuan of Jin Jin Yuandi (晋元帝) Temple name: Zhongzong (中宗) Held Jin territory south of the Huai river. He was son of Sima Jin4(go on pilgrimage/present oneself before a monarch) (司马觐). Sima Yue , who executed Sima Rui's uncle Sima Yao (司马繇), commissioned him as military commander of parts of Yang Province (扬州 south Jiangsu). At this time Jianye’s name was changed to Jiankang (name changed for several centuries). He created his son Sima Shao crown prince. Wang Dao served as his chief advisor. Dao’s cousin Wang Dun was a general that helped Rui succeed. Dun gained power in the west and LATER Dun and Rui had a confrontation. Rui got ill in 323 and died. (200)2) Ming2 Di 明帝 Sima Shao4(carry on/continue) 司马绍 322-325 (Yongchang Era 永昌 322-323, Taining Era 太宁 323-325) Emperor Ming of Jin (晋明帝/晋明帝, pinyin Jin Mingdi, Wade-Giles Chin Ming-ti) (299 18 October , 325), personal name Sima Shao (司马绍), courtesy name Daoji1(territory around the capital) (道畿) Oldest son of Rui by lady concubine Xun. The younger son (by Lady Xun) was Sima Pou2(collect) (司马裒) whom Rui favored. Was an emperor of the E. Jin Dynasty (265-420). During his brief reign (323-325), he led the weakened Jin out of domination by the warlord Wang Dun, but at his early death, the empire was left to his young son Emperor Cheng, and the fragile balance of power that he created was soon broken, leading to the Su Jun Disturbance and weakening

the Jin state even further. He married Yu Wenjun. He studied literature and martial arts and was known for his filial piety. Wangdun who disliked Ming, planned to attack Jiankang with a force headed by his brother Wang Han2(harbour in the mouth) (王含) (Wang Ying’s real father). Wang Ying (王应) was the adopted son of Wan Dun who was to be his crown prince after he took over Ming. Ming used strong N. Zhao forces and Wen Jiao’s (his trusted assistant) help to defeat him. Dun died when he heard the news that he was defeated. Wang Dun's other brother Wang Shu1(stretch/leisurely) (王舒) drowned Wang Han and Wang Ying when they were defeated and running away to show his loyalty to Ming. He ordered officials Sima Yang (司马□) the Prince of Xiyang, Wang Dao, Bian Kun (卞□), Chi Jian (郗鉴), Lu Ye (陆□), Wen Jiao, and Empress Yu's brother Yu Liang to keep a balance of power with his crown prince Yan. (202)3) Cheng2(become) Di 成帝 Sima Yan3(spread out/amplify/superfluous) 司马衍 325-342 (Taining Era 太宁 325, Xianhe Era 咸和 326-334, Xiankang Era 咸康 335-342) Emperor Cheng of Jin 晋成帝/晋成帝 (321 - 26 July 342), personal name Sima Yan (司马衍), courtesy name Shigen (世根) He was the eldest son of emperor Ming born by crown Princess Yu Wenjun. During his reign, the administration was largely dominated by a succession of regents─initially his uncle Yu Liang, then Wang Dao, then the joint administration of He Chong (何充) and another uncle Yu Bing (庾冰). He became emperor at age four, and soon after his accession to the throne, the disastrous rebellion of Su Jun weakened Jin forces for decades. He was strict and he alienated public opinion by falsely accusing Sima Yang's brother Sima Zong (司马宗) the Prince of Nandun of treason and killing him and deposing Sima Yang. He was apprehensive of the generals Tao Kan and Zu Yue1(arrange) (祖约). Yu Liang who was the first regent tried stripping Su Jun of his military powers(he hired many criminals to join his forces) but Su instead attacked Jiangkang and captured Cheng and the Empress Dowager Yu, who died soon from anxiety. The battle waged on between Su and anti Su forces, but the anti –Su prevailed. Cheng was raised by Lady Xun. Then Wang Dao became regent who was lax in policy. In 336, Emperor Cheng married his wife Empress Du Lingyang but she died in 341. Both of them were 15, Wang died in the fall of that year, and was succeeded by his assistant He Chong (何充) and Yu Liang's younger brother Yu Bing (庾冰) as regent. In summer 342, Emperor Cheng grew gravely illater He had two young sons -- Sima Pi and Sima Yi, then still in cradles, by his concubine Consort Zhou. Yu Bing, fearful that the Yus would lose power if a young emperor were named, persuaded Emperor Cheng that in the face of the powerful enemy LATER Zhao that an older emperor should be named. Emperor Cheng agreed and designated his younger brother, Sima Yue the Prince of Langye be his heir, 4) Kang1(health) Di 康帝 Sima Yue4(high mountain/wife's parents) 司马岳 342-344 (Jianyuan Era 建元 343-344) Emperor Kang of Jin 晋康帝/晋康帝 (322 17 November 344), personal name Sima Yue (司马岳), courtesy name Shi4tong2 (世同), Younger brother of Cheng. Son of Ming. Reigned only 2 years. He was the Prince of Langye. Chosen because he was older and could defend against the LATER Zhao. In early 343, Emperor Kang created his wife Chu Suanzi empress. He grew ill and died. LATER in 343, Emperor Kang's other uncle, Yu3(granary) Yi4(wing of a bird/airplane/assist a ruler) (庾翼), proposed a major military campaign against LATER Zhao, in coordination with F. Yan's ruler Murong Huang and F. Liang's ruler Zhang Jun, both nominal Jin vassals. Most officials feared this large undertaking, but with support from Yu Bing, Huan Wen (Emperor Kang's brother-in-law, having married his sister Sima Xingnan (司马兴男) the Princess Nankang), and Sima Wuji (司马无忌) the Prince of Qiao, Emperor Kang approved the plan and mobilized troops. Yu Bing was made a governor to coordinate with Yu Yi, and He Chong was recalled to replace him, and served in conjunction with Emperor Kang's father-in-law Chu3 Pou2(collect)(褚裒) (who, however, soon yielded his post). However, Yu Yi eventually, for reasons unknown, largely did not carry out his campaign, although he made some border attacks. 5) Mu4(solemn) Di 穆帝 Emperor Mu of Jin 晋穆帝 (343-July 10, 361) Si1ma3 Dan1(ears without rim) 司马聃 345-361 ( Yonghe Era 永和 345-356, Shengping Era 升平 357-361) personal name Sima Dan (司马聃), courtesy name Peng2zi (彭子) The only son of Kangdi (Sima Yue). Reigned for 17 years. It was during his reign that Jin's territory temporarily expanded to its greatest extent since the fall of N. China to Han Zhao, as Huan Wen destroyed Cheng Han and added its territory to Jin's, and LATER Zhao's collapse allowed Jin to regain most of the territory south of the Yellow River. In 345 after Yu Yi died, the ambitious general Huan Wen took over probinces in the west (Yunnan, Sichuan, Hubei, Hunnan, and Guixhou). In 349 LATER Zhao switched its allegiance to Jin after its disarray of emperor Shi Hu dying and there was in-fighting between the sons. Sima Yun (prime minister) and famous official Yin Hao sent Mu’s grandfather, Chu Pou and the general Sima Xun1(meritorious) (司马勋) were both largely unsuccessfulater Mu became an emperor at age 13 and in late 357, Emperor Mu married He Fani as his empress. 6) Ai1(grief/sorrow/pity) Di4 哀帝 Sima Pi(big/great) 司马丕 361-365 (Longhe Era 隆和 362-363, Xingning Era 兴宁 363-365 ) Emperor Ai of Jin 晋哀帝 (341-March 30, 365), personal name Sima Pi (司马丕), courtesy name Qian1ling2(age/length of time) (千龄) he had an obsession with immortality, which ironically resulted in his death, as he became poisoned by pills that were given him by magicians in 364 and eventually died in 365. He was Emperor Cheng’s oldest son. Married wife Wang Muzhi who LATER became Empress. He became emperor at age 20. He died in 365. F. Yan launched an attack against Luoyang and it fellater Ai refused Huan’s request to move the capital to Luoyang. Ai had no sons. 7) Fei4(give up/waste/useless/disabled) Di 废帝, Sima Yi4(radiating power and vitality) 司马奕 365-371 (Taihe Era 太和 365-371) Emperor Fei of Jin 晋废帝 (342-November 23, 386), personal name Sima Yi4 (司马奕), courtesy name Yan2ling2(age/length of time) (延龄) Younger brother(by one year) of Emperor Ai (of the same mother). Became emperor by his aunt Empress Dowager Chu’s(Emperor Kang’s wife) decree. Was an adult when emperor but had little power. Was LATER deposed by military leader Huan Wen. In youth, Kang appointed him the Duke of Donghai and at this time he married the daughter of Yubing, Yu Daolian who LATER became empress. After she died he had no LATER empresses. Huan, who was ambitious launched an attack against F. Yan but not its capital Yecheng, then F. Murong Chui and F. Qin beat him back . He came back with goals to usurp the throne by threatening Dowager Chu to issue a false edict saying he was gay impotent and his sons were not his biological sons. Then Fei was reduced to Prince then Duke. Huan killed his consorts Tian and Meng and his 3 sons. He then massacred the powerful Yin and Yu clans. Fei showed humility to Huan by indulging in drinking, music, and women, and not nourishing and strangling every son he had. His wife, Yu Daolian (Yubing’s daughter), was reburied together with him. (211)8) Jian3(simple)wen2(character) Di 简文帝 Sima Yu4(sunshine) 司马昱 371-372 (Xianan Era 咸安 371-372) Emperor Jianwen of Jin 晋简文帝 (320-September 12, 372), personal name Sima Yu (司马昱), courtesy name Dao4(path)wan4(very great/absolutely) (道万) Granduncle of Fei, younger brother of Emperor Ming. Installed by Huan Wen. He was weak-willed by had strong survival skills and talked much about Taoism and other related philosophies. He was youngest son of Emperor Yuan by his favorite concubine Consort Zheng4 A1chun1(vitality) (郑阿春). When young Yuan appointed him as Prince of Langye like Yuan was before. Sima Yu's heir apparent Sima Dao4(path)sheng1(born) (司马道生), who was described as careless and frivolous, was accused of unspecified crimes, and he was deposed and imprisoned where he died. Sima Yu's wife and Sima Daosheng's mother, Princess Wang Jian3(simple)ji1(women) (王简姬), also died in distress. His other sons, one by Princess Wang and three by various concubines, died early, and he was left without an heir, and his concubines were not conceiving any more. He hired a magician to choose a girl that could bear him an heir and no concubine was found but then he saw a dark-skinned maid who was working with textiles, who was nicknamed Malay, named Li Lingrong yelling, "She is the one!" Sima Yu t took her as a concubine, and she bore him two sons -- Sima Yao in 352 and Sima Daozi in 353. Sima Yao was subsequently named heir apparent. In 371 when Huan usurped the throne by falsely accusing Fei of being gay, impotent and having no biological sons, he replaced him with Sima Yu. Sima Yu accepted it with fear knowing he had no choice. Huan, jealous of Yu’s brother Sima Xi1(sob) (司马唏) who had military power, was requested by Huan to be removed. But when LATER asked to be executed, Yu refused. After this Yu offered to yield the throne to Huan several times but Huan refused thinking it would be a trap. Huan died in 373 at the end of Yu’s reign. (214)9) Xiao4(filial/mourning)wu3 (valiant/swordplay/fierce/military) Di 孝武帝 Sima Yao4(sunshine/”born at birth”) Era 司马曜 372-396 (Ningkang Era 宁康 373-375, Taiyuan Era 太元 376-396) Emperor Xiaowu of Jin 晋孝武帝 (362396), personal name Sima Yao (司马曜), courtesy name Chang1ming2 (flourinshing /thriving) (昌明) At this time he saw the Jin survive a major attempt by F. Qin to destroy it. He was the last emperor t exercise power. But, he was killed by his consort Zhang after he insulted her. She bribed the eunuchs with wine to go away and ordered her servant girls to suffocate him. Noone suspected the crown prince who was mentally disabled. Huan Chong succeeded Huan Wen. Dowager Chu, Xie An and WangTanzhi acted as regents. In 375 Yao married Wang Fahui, the daughter of the official Wang Yun4(accumulate) (王蕴), as his empress. He was 13 and she was 16. She died in 380 and Yao would never again have an empress. He studied Chinese classic texts and poetry. F. Liang (a Jin vassal) was conquered by F. Qin even with Jin’s help by Huan Ching. Jin moved south of Huai River. In 381 he began to study budhist sutras. F. Qin suffered defeat at Battle of Fei River (Emperor Fujian’s brother and Prime minister Fu rong died). When prime minister Xie Xuan died in 385, Sima Daozi replaced him. He feasted and drinked with Sima Daozi. He made oldest 5yr. old son Sima Dezong crown prince who was disabled (couldn’t talk, walk, dress himself or tell if hungry). He created his mother consort Li Lingrong Dowager Li, who stopped the feud between him and Daozi. He was a drinker, eater and womanizer LATER in life. (216)10) An1(peace/harbour/install) Di 安帝 Sima De2(virtue)zong1(section/purpose) 司马德宗 396-418 (Longan Era 隆安 397-401, Yuanxing Era 元兴 402-404, Yixi Era 义熙 405-418) Emperor An of Jin 晋安帝 (382-419) He was the oldest son of emperor Xiaowu born of Consort Chen Guinu.. He was unable to speak, cloth himself, or be able to express whether he was hungry or fullater Sima Daozi the Prince of Kuaiji took controlater Various governors ravaged the land at this time. In 403 the Jin regime was usurped by warlord Huan Xuan. Warlord Liu Yu had the actual power in the north. Lu Xun, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi rebelled and threatened Jiankang before Liu Yu could stop it. Liu Yu strangled Dezong and replaced him with his brother Gong. LATER Liu Yu took the throne creating the LS Dynasty. Daozi, as the regent, was always dunk and trusted Wang Guobao (王国宝) and Wang Xu4(order/task/emotional state) (王绪) because of their flattery. Daozi executed them LATER for almost starting a rebellion with NW governor Wang Gong1 (王恭). After this he trusted noone but his teenage heir Sima Yuanxian. Used Huan Xiu(桓修), Huan Xuan’s cousin to cause the generals of Yin to dissent. Sima Yuanxian got his father drunk and used this time to have emperor An issue an edict making himself regent. Yuanxian had unrealistic ambitions of conquering provincial governors opposed to his rule. He lived luxuriously and arrogantly.Then Sima En, nephew of Sun Tai ,a magician accused of conspiracy whom Yuanxian betrayed ,attacked Yang province putting it to waste from Zhoushan, the only province under Jin control then advanced to Jiankang. Liu Laozhi, who was distrustful of Yuanxian, put down the rebellion. Huan Xuan, gaining in power after defeating Yin Zhongkan and Yang Quanqi, was declared a renegade by Yuanxian. When Huan advanced to Jiankang he had Liu Laozhi turn against Yuanxian. Huan executed Yuanxian, exiled and killed Sima Daozi and stripped Liu of his command after which he killed himself. Huan Xuan as regent at first instituted reform, but then after lived luxuriantly and made laws at whim. Sun En’s brother, Lu2 Xun2 (follow, abide by) (卢循), succeeded En after En killed himself after battle loss in 402. After Huan had An give 9 bestowments and write an edict making Huan Emperor, his general Liu Yu started an uprising and came to Jiankang in a few days. Huan Xuan fled with An and his brother Sima Dewen to Jingzhou Hubei where he was killed, but his nephew Huan Zhen captured An again but was attacked so then he fled, then Liu Yu had him return to Jiankang Liu Yu Very cautious as regent at first. Maoqu’s forces rebelled (after attacking Huan Xuan and Huan Zhen) and killed him supporting Qiao Zong who established W. Shu in Chengdu, Sichuan. Liu Yu sent general Liu Jingxuan (刘敬宣, Liu Laozhi's son) but he was stopped by Qiao Daofu (谯道福) and Jingxuan retreated. Lu Xun and XiaoDaofu of Guangdong and Guangxi attacked Jingkang while Liu Yu was defeating S. Yan at Guanggu. Xun defeated two forces sent by Liu Yi.

Lu, who was scared of Liu’s return escaped to Jiujiang, Jiangxi after not wanting to risk attacking Jiankang. Then Liu Yu attacked Panyu. They were defeated at Panyu where Lu fled to the N. Vietnam province Jiao (交州) where he was defeated again by governor Du4(birch/prevent) Hui4(intelligent)du4(degree) (杜慧度) then killed his wife and concubines and jumped into a river. Liu Yu ambitious after Lu Xun’s demise removed officials in his way to the throne. Out of suspicion he killed Liu Yi. Liu Yu beat Qiao Zong (W. Shu) in Chengdu taking a long route led by general Zhu Ling2(years)shi (朱龄石). After suspecting Liu Yi's replacement as the governor of Jing Province, Sima Xiuzhi (司马休之), who was a member of the imperial clan, he ordered him to kill his son Sima Wensi (司马文思) but was thwarted by him begging only to strip his title. Then Liu forced suicide to his other son Sima Wenbao (司马文宝), and Sima Xiuzhi's nephew Sima Wenzu (司马文祖). Then he beat Xiuzhi and Lu Zongzhi (鲁宗之) the governor of Yong Province (雍州, then modern northW. Hubei) at Jiangling and they fled to LATER Qin. Then Liu captured Luoyang with general Tan2(wingceltis) Daoji4(cross a river, aid) (檀道济) after which he had An give him the 9 bestowments. Liu Yu's fleet, commanded by Wang Zhen'e (王镇恶, Wang Meng's grandson), advanced quickly, while Yao Hong(emperor of Qin) tried to first destroy Liu Yu's flank forces, commanded by Shen Linzi's brother Shen Tianzi but after his huge force was conquered then he fleed to Chang’an which was conquered too. After this Xia, W. Qin, N. Liang and W. Liang. W. Qin's prince Qifu Chipan, N. Liang's prince Juqu Mengxun, and W. Liang's prince Li Gao were scared and submitted to Jin's authority. But Liu returned to Jiankang to take the throne and Xia's emperor Helian Bobo sieged Chang’an with only Liu Yu’s 11 yr. old son Liu Yizhen trapped inside after Wang Zhen’e, Shen Tianzi, and Wang Xiu killed eachother. Liu sent Zhu Lingshi to replace Yizhen and have troops withdraw but they couldn’t and saw were crushed and Xia took Chang’an. Liu, convinced that “there will be two more after Changming” tried to poison An many times but An’s brother Sima Dewen protected him, but when Dewen stayed home when ill one time, Liu’s assassin Wang Shao2(splendid)zhi (王韶之) strangled him. (222)11) Gong1(respectful/reverent) Di 恭帝 Sima De2(virtuous)wen2 司马德文 419-420 (Yuanxi Era 元熙 419-420) Emperor Gong of Jin 晋恭帝 386-421 Was last emperor of the E. Jin Dynasty (265-420) in China. He was controlled by Liu Yu. Dewen yielded the throne to him. Liu founded LS. Dewen married Chu Lingyuan who LATER became empress. He had two daughters by her, Sima Maoying and Fuyang. Dewen pleaded with Haun Zhen (Huan Xuan’s nephew) to not kill An when Huan Zhen held them prisoner because Zhen believed it was the rebels who killed Huan Sheng1(桓升), Huan Xuan’s son. When Li Yu was conquering LATER Qin, Dewen asked to go on a mission to restore the Jin emperor tombs of Luoyang. Dewen abdicated after Liu Yu sent assistant Fu liang to pressure him. After, Liu Yu made him a prince of lingling and built him a palace close to Jiankang. Liu Yu, fearing Dewen sent Dewen’s F. attendant Zhang Wei3(big, great) (张伟) to give him a bottle of poisoned wine which he himself drank. Liu Yu ordered Princess Chu's brothers Chu Xiuzhi (褚秀之) and Chu Danzhi (褚淡之) to poison any male children that Princess Chu or Sima Dewen's concubines would bear. LATER, Dewen and his wife Chu lived in fear and then Liu sent Chu’s brothers Chu Danzhi and Chu Shudu (褚叔度)to make Dewen with some soldiers to poison himself but he refused saying it is against Buddhist scriptures to kill oneself so they asphyxiated him, in a different house.
Sixteen Kingdoms Period
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