Gao1 Zu3(great great grandfather) 高祖 Liu2 Bang1
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Cheng2(become) Di4 昭成帝 Feng2 Hong2(great) 冯弘430-436 (died 438), aka Wen2(character) tong1 (authority) (文通) He fled to Goguyreo where he became suzerain after repeated N. Wei attacks then king Jangsu killed him in 438 when unable to deal with his antics. He was Feng Ba’s younger brother. In 407, Gao Yun commissioned Hong as a major general and made Duke of Ji. When Feng Ba became power he promoted him while keeping him as Duke of Ji. Hong and ZhangXing were sent to stop rebellion from 2 of Feng Ba’s cousins Feng Wani (冯万泥) and Feng Ruchen (冯乳陈). Then Hong executed them even though they surrendered. Then Feng Ba made him the Duke of Zhongshan. By 430 he became prime minister. After Feng Ba became ill and made his son Feng Yi crown prince, Consort Song jealous to have her son Feng Shouju (冯受居), cut off the palace, then when Hong heard of this, he executed all Feng Ba’ 100 sons and defeated Feng Yi’s troops. Emperor Taiwu of N. Wei annexed all of Xia(it’s only W. rival) then periodically attacked Yan draining it of food and resources. As Duke of Zhongshan, Hong’s Lady Wang, bore him at least three sons, Feng Chong, eldest, (冯崇), Feng Lang (冯朗), and Feng Miao (冯邈), but in 431 Hong made Murong princess. He made her son Feng Wangren (冯王仁) crown prince. In 432 Taiwu made a big attack at Helong (和龙, Jinzhou, Liaoning) while Hong tried to appease him with gifts of wine and beef to no availater Taiwu captured 10 commanderies, put Helong under siege and moved 30,000 households to You Province(Beijing, Tianjin, N. Hebei). He refused official Guo Yuan’s (郭渊) advice to offer daughter and vassalage knowing it to be futile. While Helong besieged, N. Wei general Zhu Xiuzhi (朱修之) captured by LS plotted to kill Taiwu, then join Hong, but when discovered fled to Hong who then sent him back to LS. Then LS became N. Yan’s (useless) ally. In 433, Feng Lang and Feng Miao, believing N. Yan to fall and that Princess Murong was planning to kill them, fled to Liaoxi (辽西Tangshan, Hebei), where Feng Hong had sent their older brother Feng Chong to be generalater They persuaded Feng Chong to surrender to N. Wei, and Feng Chong sent Feng Miao to N. Wei to offer his allegiance. Feng Hong then sent his general Feng Yu (封羽) to put Liaoxi under siege. In 433, Emperor Taiwu sent his younger brother Tuoba Jian (拓拔健) to relieve Liaoxi, and created and honored Feng Chong as the Prince of Liaoxi to try to encourage other defectors. Tuoba Jian's forces soon forced Fengyu’s surrender, and then withdrew with 3,000 captive households. In 434 after Hong’s messenger’s failed to achieve peace, Hong begged to be a vassal and offered his daughter to be Taiwu’s concubine. Taiwu would agree only if Hong sent Feng Wangren to visit him at the capital Pingcheng( Datong, Shanxi). Hong sent Huniuyu Shimen instead (忽忸于什门)(detained from when Mingyuan was emperor of N. Wei.) When official Liu Zi1(multiply) (刘滋) warned that N. Wei was worse than Shu Han and Wei under Jin, Hong executed him.Then Taiwu sent Tuoba Jian who seized crops and more people. In 435 Hong sent a messenger to Jiankang to offer to be a vassal to LS and Emperor Wu sent a little aid. In 435 he sent general Tang Zhu2(candle) (汤烛) to offer tributes to Taiwu and to say Feng Wangren couln’t come due to being illater Then Taiwu’s brother Tuoba Pi (拓拔丕) came to Helong and refused wine, cattle and armor and took 6000 men and women hostages instead. N. Yan now was no bigger than Helong itself. When general Yang Min (杨岷) suggested to send Feng Wangren, Hong instead planned to evacuate to Goguryeo and sent messengers to request aid and agree to help evacuate. In 436 when Hong sent more tributes, he said Feng Wangren would arrive soon. Refusing, Taiwu planned another attack. In 436, N. Wei and Goguryeo forces arrived at the same time. Offical Guo1(outer city wall) Sheng (郭生) opened the city gate to surrender, but N. Wei forces thought it was a trap. Hong LATER killed Guo in battle. Hong and Gogyureo forces set fire to Helong as they evacuated. King Jangsu refused to hand over Hong when N. Wei sent messengers demanding him. Jangsu relocated them to Pingguo and Beifeng(Liaoning). Hong was disrespectful and thought Goguryeo inferior and pretended to be a separate state and not obey Jangsu’s laws and demand to be called suzerain and Heavenly Prince, so Jangsu sent troops to seize some of Hong’s ladies in waiting and seized Feng Wangren as hostage. So angry, in 438 Hong requested LS to escort N. Yan to him. Wen (LS) sent Wang Baiju (王白驹) to Goguryeo, but Jangsu refused to give Hong, rather, he executed Hong and all of his sons, then Wang attacked, but Wang was captured and returned to LS where Jangsu demanded that he be imprisoned, and Wen did so for a time. [10] Qian (F.) Liang Kingdom 320-376(7) 1) Cheng2(achieve/become/large amounts/capable/one tenth/result/alright) Gong1(public/common/fair/official/husband's father/male animal) 成公 Zhang1(open/stretch/set out/display/magnify/exaggerate/opening of a new shop) Mao4(luxuriant) 张茂 320-324 (277-324), courtesy name Cheng2(achieve/become/large amounts/capable/one tenth/result/alright) xun4(abdicate/modest/inferior) (成逊), formally Prince Cheng2lie4(strong/sacrifice oneself for a just cause/intense) of (F.) Liang ((前)凉成烈王) (posthumous name given by Han Zhao) or Duke Cheng of Xiping (西平成公) (posthumous name used internally in F. Liang) Known to be first emperor because of his pardon of the people after separation from the Jin. Started as governor when father Zhang Gui (张轨) had a stroke and couldn’t speak. When Cao Que (曹怯) tried to take over when Gui was sick, his brother Zhang Shi (张□) came from Chang’an to Liang to kill him. Li Hong, a magician, was drawn and quartered aby Zhang Mao after using guards Yan She (阎涉) and Zhao Ang (赵昂) to assassinate Zhangshi. When ruling he appointed Zhangjun(ZhangShi’s son, his nephew) as heir. Built Lingjun1(weight/your) Tower (灵钧台), but stopped by advice of Yan2(gate of a lane) Zeng (阎曾) due to its cost, then continued after Liu Yao took beat rebel Chenan陈安 and then had Mao give 9 bestowments and Mao tributed jewels, horses, and livestock and also strengthened capital Guzang (姑臧 Wuwei, Gansu). Got sick then died, telling Jun to remain faithful to Jin. 2) Zhong1(loyal/devoted/honest) Cheng2(achieve/become/large amounts/capable/one tenth/result/alright) Gong1(public/common/fair/official/husband's father/male animal) 忠成公 Zhang Jun 张骏 324-346 (Jianxing 建兴 324-346) Zhang1(open/stretch/set out/display/magnify/exaggerate/opening of a new shop) Jun4( fine horse/steed) (张骏) (307-346), courtesy name Gongting2(front courtyard/front yard/law court) (公庭), formally Duke Zhongcheng of Xiping (西平忠成公, posthumous name given by Jin Dynasty (265-420)) or Duke Wen2(culture/gentle/tatoo/coverup/writing/character) of Xiping (西平文公, posthumous name used internally in F. Liang) Was son of ZhangShi, who was assassinated. Made a general by Zhang Mao then named heir in the same year. He was given the name Prince of Liang by Hanzhao, but he used Jin vested title, Duke of Xiping. Relocated people from Longxi 陇西and Nan'an 南安( Dingxi, Gansu) to Guang 姑臧. Made friends with LiXiong of Chenghan and tried to persuade him to be a Jin vassalater When news came that LATER Zhao attacked Han Zhao, Jun used name of Duke of Xiping then attacked Qin 秦, but Han Zhao’s Prince Liu Yin defeated general Han Pu (韩璞), S. of Yellow river and across the river, but Jun didn’t submit. After LATER Zhao beat Liu Yao of Han Zhao, LATER Zhao asked F. Liang to submit but Jun refused. But LATER after Shi Sheng (石生) defeated nearby Xiongnu chieftain Shi Qiang (石羌), then afraid, Jun submitted. After Shihu got control, LATER Zhao left alone F. Liang and Jun made it powerful, stretching over Xinjiang and soviet central asia, having the Xiyu give tribute. Jun planned to jointly attack LATER Zhao and Cheng Han jointly with Jin, but Jin emperor Cheng refused. He transferred some authorities to heir apparent Zhang Chonghua. Shihu was angered when Jun arrogantly offered tribute, but Shipu(石璞) calmed his anger.n 346 Jun attacked Yanqi (焉耆 Bayin'gholin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang), and Yanqui submitted to him. Then Zhang Chonghua succeeded. 3) Huan2 Gong1(public/common/fair/official/husband's father/male animal) 桓公 Zhang1(open/stretch/set out/display/magnify/exaggerate/opening of a new Chong2(duplicate/repeat/layer)hua2(magnifiscent/prosperous 张重华 346-353 (Jianxing 建兴 346-353) Zhang Chonghua (张重华) (327-353), aka Tài (safe; peaceful; extreme; most)lín (face; overlook; arrive; be present; just before; be about to)泰临, formally Duke Jinglie of Xiping (西平敬烈公, posthumous name given by Jin Dynasty (265-420)) or Duke Huan of Xiping (西平桓公, posthumous name used internally in F. Liang) Mother was concubine ma. He was a mediocre ruler spending too much time in games and pleasure. He trusted flattering attendants and rewarded them with money against Suo Zhen’s (索振) wishes. Soon after Zhang Chonghua succeeded his father, LATER Zhao forces, under the generals Wang Zhuo (王擢) and Ma Qiu (麻秋), made a surprise attack against F. Liang, seizing territory south of the Yellow River, including the important city of Jincheng (金城 Lanzhou, Gansu). Zhang Chonghua commissioned Xie Ai to lead his army, and Xie was able to defeat Ma and Wang's forces in 346 and again in 347, forcing them to retreat from their original plans to destroy F. Liang, but the land south of the Yellow River could not be recovered. Detained Jin emissary Yu Gui (俞归) from 347 to 363, who wished him to change to a Jin name. Didn’t do anything after LATER Zhao collapsed, but Wang Zhuo(who held the land in E. Gansu; who declared loyalty to F. Yan) surrendered to him, after being scared of F. Qin who captured LATER Zhao and Chonghua used him as a general against F. Qin. He commissioned Wang, Zhang Hong (张弘), and Song Xiu (宋修) to lead 15,000 men against F. Qin, but 12,000, or 80% of the army died. Zhang and Song were captured, while Wang fled back to the capital Guzang (姑臧Wuwei, Gansu). However, Wang led 20,000 men and attacked Shanggui (上□Tianshui, Gansu), capturing most of Qin Province (秦州E. Gansu). Zhang Chonghua then petitioned Emperor Mu of Jin,for a campaign against F. Qin who bestowed praise but didn’t carry it out. Zhang Chonghua grew ill, and he made nine-year-old son Zhang Yaoling to be his heir. His older brother Zhang Zuo plotted with Zhang Chonghua's attendants Zhao Zhang (赵长) and Wei Qi (尉缉) to take over power, and Zhao and Wei falsely accused Deng Ai of crimes and had him exiled from the capital to be the governor of Jiuquan Commandery (酒泉 Gansu). Deng submitted a petition accusing Zhang Zuo and Zhao of plotting, and in winter of that year, when Zhang Chonghua grew gravely ill, he tried to summon Deng back to the capital to serve as Zhang Yaoling's regent, but the order was seized by Zhang Zuo and Zhao and never announced. He soon died, and Zhang Yaoling succeeded him, under the title Duke of Xiping. Zhang Zuo became regent, and in early 354 usurped the title from Zhang Yaoling. 4) Ai Gong 哀公 Zhang Yaoling 张曜灵 3 months (the ninth to the twelfth month) in 353 (Jianxing 建兴 353) Zhang Yaoling (张曜灵) (344-355), courtesy name Yuanshu (元舒), formally Duke Ai of Xiping, Yaoling was the oldest son of his father Zhang Chonghua (Duke Jinglie). Zhang Zuo the Marquess of Changning held the power, because he confiscated the edict making Deng Ai regent from Chonghua. Zhang Zuo, who had carried on an affair with Zhang Chonghua's mother Princess Dowager Ma, gained her support to take over as ruler, and Zhang Yaoling was demoted to the title of Marquess of Liangning. Zhang Zuo was a violent and frivolous ruler, and there was soon much opposition against him, particularly after he completely broke away from Jin Dynasty (265-420). In 355, the generals Zhang Guan and Song Hun rebelled against Zhang Zuo and announced that they wished to restore Zhang Yaoling. In response, Zhang Zuo executed Zhang Yaoling by beating him to death. Zhang Zuo, however, would soon be overthrown and replaced by Zhang Yaoling's younger brother Zhang Xuanjing. 5) Wei Wang 威王 Zhang Zuo 张祚 353-355 (Jianxing 建兴 353-354, Heping 和平 354-355) Zhang Zuo (张祚) (died 355), courtesy name Taibo (太伯), formally Prince Wei of (F.) Liang ((前)凉威王) He was the only ruler of F. Liang to formally declare a break from Jin Dynasty (265-420. He was commonly viewed as a usurper (having seized the throne from his nephew Zhang Yaoling after his brother Zhang Chonghua's death). He was Zhang Jun's oldest son, but was not designated heir apparent. His younger brother Zhang Chonghua was, even though neither was born of Zhang Jun's wife Princess Yan. He was praised for being knowledgeable, and either Zhang Jun or Zhang Chonghua created him the Marquess of Changning. Zhang Zuo was trusted by his brother, and despite warnings by Chang Ju (常据) and (Deng)Xie Ai, Zhang Chonghua, for a long time, intended for Zhang Zuo to serve as regent for his son Zhang Yaoling. Zhang Chonghua was gravely ill, he ordered that Xie(Deng Ai) be recalled to be regent -- but Zhang Zuo and Zhang Chonghua's attendants Zhao Zhang (赵长) and Wei Qi (尉缉), who had conspired to take over power, blocked Zhang Chonghua's order and instead forged an order making Zhang Zuo regent. Zhang Chonghua soon died, and he was succeeded by Zhang Yaoling, at age nine, but real power was in Zhang Zuo's hands. Zhang Zuo, who had by this point engaged in an affair with Zhang Chonghua's mother Princess Dowager Ma, soon made his move to formally take over. With Princess Ma's approval, Zhang Yaoling was deposed in early 354 and replaced with Zhang Zuo, who soon showed his cruel side, as he put Xie(Deng) Ai and Zhang Chonghua's wife Princess Pei to death. He completely repudiated the Jin era name Jianxing (declared by Emperor Min of Jin and used in at least some facility by every Zhang patriarch since his grandfather Zhang Shi (张□)) and changed the era name to Heping. Zhang Zuo nevertheless sent his general Wang Zhuo (王擢) to assist the Jin general Sima Xun (司马勋), who helped Huan Wen against F. Qin. Wang told Zhang Zuo that Huan was capable and ambitious, which caused Zhang Zuo to panic. After Huan was forced to withdraw after his food supplies ran out, however, Zhang Zuo attacked Wang, forcing Wang to surrender to F. Qin. Zhang Zuo's rule, according to traditional accounts, was one filled with debauchery, cruelty, and extravagance. He was said to not only had an affair with Princess Dowager Ma, but committed incest with all of Zhang Chonghua's daughters. He became apprehensive of his general Zhang Guan (张□), so he sent Zhang Guan on an expedition, but sent another army to ambush him. The news leaked, however, and Zhang Guan turned his army against the capital Guzang (姑臧 Wuwei, Gansu). He declared that Zhang Zuo should be deposed and Zhang Yaoling should be restored. He was soon joined by another major general, Song Hun (宋混). In response, Zhang Zuo had his young nephew put to death by beating. That action could not save him, however, as Zhang Guan and Song continued their advances on the capitalater Zhang Zuo ordered that Zhang Guan's brother Zhang Ju (张琚) and son Zhang Song (张嵩) be arrested and executed, but instead Zhang Ju and Zhang Song started an uprising within Guzang and opened the city gates to welcome in Song's forces. Zhang Zuo's F. coconspirators Zhao Zhang and Wei Qi became apprehensive and forced Princess Dowager Ma to declare Zhang Chonghua's younger son Zhang Xuanjing as the new ruler. Guards still loyal to Zhang Zuo killed Zhao and Wei, but soon fell apart in the confusion, and Zhang Zuo was killed. Song cut off his head and put his two sons to death. 6) Jing Dao Gong 敬悼公 or Chong Gong 冲公 Zhang Xuanjing 张玄靖 355-363 (Jianxing 建兴 355-361, Shengping 升平 361-363) Zhang Zuo (张祚) (died 355), courtesy name Taibo (太伯), formally Prince Wei of (F.) Liang ((前)凉威王) Zhang Xuanjing (张玄靓) (350━363), courtesy name Yuan'an (元安), formally Duke Jingdao of Xiping (西平敬悼公, posthumous name given by Jin Dynasty (265-420)) or Duke Chong of Xiping (西平冲公, posthumous name used internally in F. Liang) He became the titular ruler at the young age of five after his violent uncle Zhang Zuo, who had seized the title from his older brother Zhang Yaoling and subsequently killed him, was himself killed in a coup.The years of his rule were characterized by political instability, as he went through a progression of regents who overthrew each other -- Zhang Guan (张□), Song Hun (宋混), Song Cheng (宋澄), Zhang Yong (张邕), and finally his uncle Zhang Tianxi, who eventually had him killed and took over the title in 363. During Zhang Guan's regency, he temporarily used the title Prince of Liang, but after Song Hun overthrew Zhang Guan, he again used the Jin-created title of Duke of Xiping. Father Zhang Chonghua (Duke Jinglie). His mother was likely Zhang Chonghua's concubine Lady Guo He had an older brother, Zhang Yaoling, who was his father's heir apparent. In 353, Zhang Chonghua died, and Zhang Yaoling became the ruler (as Duke Ai), but actual power was in the hands of Zhang Chonghua's older brother Zhang Zuo, who was having an affair with Zhang Chonghua's mother Princess Dowager Ma and received her support to depose Zhang Yaoling and claim the throne himself. After declaring Liang independence, he made Zhang Xuanjing the Marquess of Liangwu. In 356, the violent and capricious Zhang Zuo was overthrown and killed by the generals Zhang Guan and Song Hun. Initially, Song had Zhang Xuanjing claim the Jin-created title of Duke of Xiping, a title that his ancestors had carried for generations, but Zhang Guan overruled Song and had the young ruler claim the title Prince of Liang, a title that Jin had declined to grant previously. Zhang Guan served as regent. Under the regency of Zhang Guan Despite his having Zhang Xuanjing claim a non-Jin-created title, Zhang Guan nevertheless continued to claim that F. Liang was a Jin vassalater In 356, however, under diplomatic and implied military pressure from F. Qin, Zhang Guan, on Zhang Xuanjing's behalf, formally submitted to F. Qin as a vassalater Zhang Guan governed with a heavy hand, based on his own whim. He became suspicious of Song Hun and wanted to kill him and his brother Song Cheng (宋澄), and then depose Zhang Xuanjing and take the throne himself. Song Hun received news of this, however, and started an uprising within the capital Guzang (姑臧 Wuwei, Gansu). Song's and Zhang Guan's forces battled within the city, but eventually Song prevailed, and Zhang Guan and his brother Zhang Ju (张琚) committed suicide. Their clan was slaughtered. Song Hun became regent. Under the regencies of Song Hun and Song Cheng Song emphasized faithfulness and tolerance. He also had Zhang Xuanjing disclaim the title Prince of Liang and return to the Jin-created title Duke of Xiping. After Song Hun died, his brother Song Cheng became regent, but Song Cheng, not as skillful as Song Hun, was soon killed by the general Zhang Yong (张邕), and his clan was slaughtered. Zhang Yong and Zhang Xuanjing's uncle Zhang Tianxi became coregents,but with Zhang Yong having the bulk of power. Under the regencies of Zhang Yong and Zhang Tianxi After becoming regent, Zhang Yong became arrogant, sexually immoral, and dictatorial, and he often executed officials, causing the nobles and the officials to be fearfulater Zhang Tianxi's assistants Liu Su (刘肃), comparing Zhang Yong to Zhang Zuo, persuaded him that he needed to act against Zhang Yong, and LATER in 361, Zhang Tianxi had Liu Su and another assistant, Zhao Baiju (赵白驹) attempt to assassinate Zhang Yong, but failed. Zhang Yong then gathered his troops and attacked Zhang Tianxi, but Zhang Tianxi persuaded Zhang Yong's troops that he was avenging the Song clan and that Zhang Yong's next move was going to be to slaughtered the royal Zhang clan. Zhang's forces, hearing this, abandoned him, and Zhang Yong committed suicide. His clan was slaughtered, and Zhang Tianxi became sole regent. Zhang Tianxi ended the practice of using Emperor Min of Jin's era name Jianxing and instead started using the current era name of Jin Dynasty (at the time, Emperor Ai's Shengping), to show even greater affinity with Jin. Princess Dowager Ma died, and Zhang Xuanjing honored Lady Guo as princess dowager. She became concerned that Zhang Tianxi was acting dictatorally, and she conspired with the high level official Zhang Qin (张钦) to kill Zhang Tianxi, but the news leaked, and Zhang Qin and other conspirators were put to death. Zhang Xuanjing became fearful and offered to yield the throne to Zhang Tianxi, but Zhang Tianxi refused. A month LATER, however, he had Liu Su lead soldiers into the palace to assassinate the 13-year-old Zhang Xuanjing, but claimed that Zhang Xuanjing died of an illness. Zhang Tianxi took the throne himself.Era name * Taishi (太始 tai sh_) 355━356 After 356, the era name of Emperor Min of Jin, Jianxing, was used until 361, when F. Liang switched to using the current era names used by Jin -- therefore, Emperor Mu's Shengping in 361 and Emperor Ai's Longhe in 362-363. 7) Dao4(mourn/grieve) Gong 悼公 Zhang1(stretch) Tian1 (overhead) xī (tin) 张天锡 364-376 (346 ━ 406) aka Gongchún( pure) gǔ( good fortune) 公纯嘏 LATER Chungu (纯嘏), nickname Dú (single) huo (独活), He was the youngest son of Zhang Jun (Duke Zhongcheng), and he seized the throne from his nephew Zhang Xuanjing (Duke Jingdao) in 363. During his reign, he claimed vassal status with regard to both Jin Dynasty (265-420) and F. Qin, but eventually, under F. Qin pressure to completely submit, he tried to resist militarily, but could not and surrendered in 376, ending F. Liang. He became a F. Qin official (with the title Marquess of Guiyi (归义侯)), but after F. Qin's failed attempt to conquer Jin in 383 at the Battle of Fei River, he fled to Jin. Emperor Xiaowu, uneasy of changing the names, nevertheless restored him to the title of Duke of Xiping. He died in 406, 30 years after his state was destroyed. Early life Zhang Tianxi was born in 346, the same year that his father Zhang Jun died, His mother was Zhang Jun's concubine Lady Liu. In 354, Zhang Zuo created him the Marquess of Changning. Zhang Tianxi visited the Jin capital Jiankang, and it was this time that his non-standard, three-character courtesy name Gongchungu was apparently joked about, so he dropped the initial character "Gong" and made it Chungu. As Zhang Xuanjing's regent In 361, the capable regent Song Hun died and was replaced by his brother Song Cheng (宋澄), who was then overthrown in a coup LATER that year by the general Zhang Yong (张邕). He honored his mother Lady Liu as princess dowager, and he immediately sought out an official Jin commission as the Duke of Xiping, and released the Jin messenger Yu Gui (俞归), who had been detained by Zhang Chonghua in 347 after offending him by refusing to grant him the Prince of Liang title that he wanted. Reign Zhang Tianxi's reign was regarded as one that was filled by arbitrariness, as he apparently allowed Liu Su, Zhao Baiju, and other trusted followers, none of whom was older than 20-years-old at the time of his ascension, govern as they wished. (He himself was 17 when he became duke.) He even formally adopted Liu and Liang Jing (梁景) as his own sons, even though they were around the same age as he. The experienced generals did not have sense of loyalty to him, but didn’t openly defy him. In 364, Fu Jian, the emperor of F. Qin, conferred on Zhang Tianxi the same Jin-conferred titles that he had claimed, and Zhang Tianxi did not refuse, implicitly submitting as a vassal to F. Qin. Late in 366, however, he sent messengers to the borders with F. Qin, declaring an end to the states' relations. LATER that year, Li Yan (李俨), a warlord who had occupied Longxi Commandery (陇西 Dingxi, Gansu) and become a F. Qin vassal but who had also maintained contact with F. Liang, formally declared independence and cut off relations with F. Qin and F. Liang, occupying the commanderies around him. In early 367, Zhang Tianxi personally attacked Li and took a number of cities from him. Li became fearful and apologized to F. Qin, seeking assistance. The F. Qin prime minister Wang Meng led a force to try to relieve Li's capital Fuhan (□罕 Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu), and Wang and Zhang's forces came to a stalemate at Fuhan. Wang proposed a compromise─that Zhang would be allowed to capture Li's people and bring them back to his domain, while Wang would be allowed to carry Li east. Zhang Tianxi accepted, and a major confrontation with F. Qin was averted. In 371, after having destroyed F. Yan in 370, Fu Jian sent messengers Liang Shu (梁殊) and Yan Fu (阎负) to F. Liang, along with the previously captured F. Liang general Yin Ju (阴据) and a letter from Wang Meng, in which Wang tried to intimidate Zhang Tianxi into submission. Impressed with F. Qin's show of force, Zhang Tianxi became fearful and apologized, again submitting himself as a F. Qin vassalater LATER that year, however, fearful that F. Qin had based large number of troops at his borders, he built an altar west of the capital Guzang (姑臧 Wuwei, Gansu) and had his subordinates pledge an oath both to himself and to Jin, and then tried to petition the paramount Jin general Huan Wen to jointly attack F. Qin with him. (Huan's reaction is unknown, but no campaign was actually carried out.) Under F. Qin threat, however, Zhang Tianxi became more obsessed with drinking and women than before, ignoring the duties of state. He also deposed his first heir apparent, Zhang Dahuai (张大怀) and made the son of his favorite concubine Consort Jiao, Zhang Dayu (张大豫), heir apparent. During one illness, he told two other favorite concubines, Consorts Yuan and Xue, that they should remember how much he favored them. When he fell very ill and appeared to be on the verge of death, they therefore committed suicide. He LATER recovered and buried them with honor. In 376, Fu Jian decided to try to conquer or to intimidate Zhang Tianxi into complete submission. He sent a major force of 130,000 men, commanded by the general Gou Chang (苟苌) to head toward Zhang Tianxi's domain, but ahead of the force sent Yan and Liang again to try to persuade Zhang Tianxi to completely submit and visit the F. Qin capital Chang'an for an official visit. Zhang Tianxi, believing that he would never be released if he went to Chang'an, decided to resist, and he cruelly executed Yan and Liang by ordering his officials to fire arrows at them, declaring, "If you cannot hit them, then you are showing you are not of the same heart as mine." He sent the experienced general Ma Jian (马建) to resist, but Ma, who had already been unhappy about Zhang Tianxi's rule, surrendered to F. Qin forces. The other armies that Zhang Tianxi sent were all defeated by F. Qin forces, and the last one commanded by Chang Ju (常据) was annihilated. Zhang Tianxi himself tried to lead an army to resist, but uprisings in Guzang started as soon as he tried to leave Guzang. He became fearful and returned to Guzang and then surrendered. F. Liang was at its end. After the fall of F. Liang Fu Jian spared Zhang Tianxi and gave him a mid-level government post, creating him the Marquess of Guiyi. (Before the campaign started, Fu Jian had also started building a mansion for Zhang in Chang'an, and by the time that Zhang surrendered, the mansion was complete.) In 383, Zhang was attending to Fu Jian when F. Qin forces, trying to destroy Jin, was defeated by Jin forces at the Battle of Fei River. Zhang took this opportunity to flee to Jin along with the captured Jin generals Zhu Xu (朱序) and Xu Yuanxi (徐元喜). (His son Zhang Dayu, who was unable to flee with him, LATER tried to reestablish F. Liang, but was defeated and killed by LATER Liang's founder Lu Guang in 387.) Emperor Xiaowu of Jin made him a mid-level official and restored him to the title of Duke of Xiping, remembering his ancestors' loyalty. He became known for his literary skills, but the Jin officials largely disrespected him for losing his state and being captured by F. Qin. At some point, his mental state began to deteriorate (perhaps under Alzheimer's disease or some other illness that afflicted the mind) and was no longer given important posts. By the time that Sima Yuanxian(11th), the cousin of Emperor An(10th), was in power (about 390s) he often summoned Zhang to make fun of him, but did consider Zhang's poverty and made him a commandery governor. LATER, after Huan Xuan overthrew Sima Yuanxian, he wanted to use Zhang's family reputation for military purposes, and he gave Zhang the title of governor of Liang Province (凉州, modern central and W. Gansu, F. Liang's domain, but which Jin did not control at the time). Zhang died in 406. Era name * Taiqing (太清 tai q_ng) 363-376 [11] Hou (LATER) Liang Kingdom 386 AD - 403 AD(4) 1) Tai Zu 太祖 Yi4(exemplary) Wu3(swordplay/valiant/fierce) Wang 懿武王 Lu Guang 吕光 386-399 (Taian 太安 386-389, Lunjia 麟嘉 389-396, Longfei 龙飞 396-399) Lu Guang (吕光) (337-400), aka Shi4(lifetime/generation/world) ming2(bright/clever/distinct/explicit/understand) (世明), He was initially a F. Qin general, but in light of F. Qin's collapse starting in 384, he decided to found his own state, initially including nearly all of modern Gansu. As his reign continued, however, his domain dwindled after S. Liang and N. Liang declared independence. His death in 400 left LATER Liang in an unstable state, and it would be no more by 403. Early life and career as F. Qin general Lu Guang was ethnically Di (although he claimed ancestry from an ethnically Han man named Lu Wenhe (吕文和) who fled from Pei County (in modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu, the same county that Han Dynasty emperors' ancestors came) from a disaster and who settled in Di lands). He was born in 337, when his father Lu Polou (吕婆楼) was a follower of the Di chieftain and LATER Zhao general Pu Hong (蒲洪, who LATER changed his family name from Pu to Fu). Eventually, after Fu Hong's son Fu Jian founded F. Qin, Lu Polou served on the staff of Fu Jian's nephew Fu Ji_n (notice different tone) the Prince of Donghai. After Fu Ji_n overthrew Fu Jian's violent and capricious son and successor Fu Sheng in 357, Fu Ji_n claimed the throne and made Lu Polou one of his senior advisors. Lu Guang, however, was not well-regarded by his father's colleagues, because he did not study much and instead concentrated his efforts on hunting and riding. However, Fu Ji_n's prime minister Wang Meng valued him and persuaded Fu Ji_n to make him a generalater He first received renown when he, while fighting with the army of the warlord Zhang Ping (张平) in 358, defeated and captured Zhang Ping's fierce adoptive son Zhang Hao (张蚝). When Fu Ji_n's cousins Fu Sou (苻叟) the Duke of Wei, Fu Liu (苻柳) the Duke of Jin, Fu Wu (苻武) the Duke of Yan, and brother Fu Shuang (苻双) the Duke of Zhao rebelled together in 367, Lu Guang was one of the generals sent against Fu Shuang and Fu Wu, and he contributed much to defeating the rebellion. LATER, after he served under Wang Meng in the campaign destroying rival F. Yan in 390, he was created the Marquess of Duting. In 378, Lu Guang was serving as the assistant to Fu Ji_n's cousin Fu Chong (苻重) the Duke of Beihai, who, as the governor of Yu Province (豫州, modern Henan) was in charge of the important city Luoyang. Fu Chong planned a rebellion, and Fu Ji_n learned this and ordered Lu to arrest Fu Chong, which Lu did successfully. (However, Fu Ji_n did not execute Fu Chong but only relieved him of his posts and not even his ducal title.) In 380, inexplicably, Fu Ji_n made Fu Chong the defender of Jicheng (蓟城, in modern Beijing), and Fu Chong soon rebelled along with his brother, the powerful general Fu Luo (苻洛) the Duke of Xingtang. Lu Guang was one of the generals in charge of the campaign against Fu Luo and Fu Chong, and he defeated Fu Chong and killed him, resulting in Fu Luo's subsequent defeat and capture. In 382, in response to requests by the kings of two Xiyu states─Xiumiduo (休密驮) the King of Shanshan and Mitian (弥□) the King of Front Cheshi (roughly modern Turpan Prefecture, Xinjiang) -- Fu Ji_n commissioned Lu Guang to lead an army of 100,000 infantry soldiers and 5,000 cavalry soldiers to Xiyu, with the intent to, like Han Dynasty did, establish a governor general over Xiyu. The army departed the F. Qin capital Chang'an in spring 383, with the two kings as guides. By early 384, most Xiyu kingdoms had submitted, but Bo Chun (帛纯) the King of Qiuzi (or Kucha, 龟兹, in modern Aksu Prefecture, Xinjiang) resisted, and Lu put Qiuzi under siege, forcing Bochun to flee. He made Bo Chun's brother Bo Zhen (帛震) the new king, and he also, in a move to show F. Qin suzerainty over Xiyu, ordered the Xiyu kings to turn over the Han Dynasty imperial rods that they had still possessed and exchanged them for F. Qin ones. By this point, however, F. Qin was disintegrating in light of rebellions that happened after its defeat at the Battle of Fei River against Jin, and although Fu Ji_n wanted to make Lu the governor general of Xiyu, he was unable to have the commission delivered to Lu. While at Qiuzi, Lu met the Buddhist monk Kumarajiva, and when he, in 385, considered settling in Qiuzi (after hearing of the unrest F. Qin was suffering from), Kumarajiva advised against it, stating that Qiuzi was a land of misfortune and, if he headed back east, he would find a homeland on the way. Lu therefore started to head back east, carrying the plunder he had gathered in Xiyu. F. Qin's governor of the rich Liang Province (凉州, modern central and W. Gansu and E. Xinjiang), Liang Xi (梁熙), was weary of Lu's intentions, and he considered sealing the borders and refusing Lu entry. His advisor Yang Han (杨翰) suggested that he cut off the Gaowu Valley (高梧谷, in modern Turpan Prefecture, Xinjiang) or Yiwu Passes (伊吾关, in modern Kumul Prefecture, Xinjiang) to defeat Lu by thirst, but Liang refused. Yang then surrendered to Lu, who quickly advanced on the capital of Liang Province, Guzang (姑臧, in modern Wuwei, Gansu), capturing Liang Xi and quickly controlling most of Liang Province. For the next several years, he battled local warlords. In winter 386, upon hearing the news of Fu Ji_n's death (Fu Ji_n having died in 385), he changed the era name to Tai'an -- signifying a declaration of independence, although at this point he claimed no formal regal or imperial titles─and therefore 386 is typically considered the date of LATER Liang's founding. Early reign -- laying LATER Liang's foundation Around the new year 387, Lu Guang claimed the title of Duke of Jiuquan─the first formal title of nobility that he claimed for himself that showed a claim on his territory. He concentrated on consolidating his power in Liang Province, while appearing to ignore the deadlock that what remained of F. Qin (under Fu Deng) and LATER Qin (under Yao Chang) were having, to his southeast. In fall 387, Lu Guang captured and executed Zhang Dayu (张大豫), the son of F. Liang's last prince Zhang Tianxi, who had tried for several years to reestablish F. Liang. It appeared that Lu was not a particularly effective governor of his domain, and there were repeated rebellions against his rule. In response, he instituted strict laws. His official Duan Ye tried to speak against such strict laws in 388, and while Lu Guang indicated that he agreed with Duan, it appeared that he did not actually make things easier for his people. In spring 389, Lu Guang claimed the greater title the Prince of Sanhe. Around this time, his wife Lady Shi, son Lu Shao, and brother Lu Deshi (吕德世) arrived in Guzang after having spent several years in Chouchi. He created Lady Shi princess and Lu Shao heir apparent. In 391, Lu Guang tried to make a surprise attack against W. Qin while its prince, Qifu Gangui, was attacking the rebel Mo Yigan (没奕干), but Qifu Gangui quickly responded upon hearing about the attack, and so Lu Guang withdrew. This appeared to, however, start a series of battles with W. Qin. In 392, Lu Guang sent his brother Lu Bao (吕宝) against W. Qin and son Lu Zuan against W. Qin's vassal, the Qiang chief Peng Xi'nian (彭奚念), and both Lu Bao and Lu Zuan were defeated, although Lu Guang then personally attacked Peng, capturing Peng's city Fuhan (□罕, in modern Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu) and forcing him to flee. In 394, Lu Guang received nominal submission by the powerful Xianbei chief Tufa Wugu, the words of whose advisor Shizhen Ruoliu (石真若留) indirectly showed that LATER Liang was in its prime at this point─as Shizhen regarded LATER Liang capable of destroying the Tufa tribe at willater In fall 394, Lu Guang sent his son Lu Fu (吕覆) to take up the defense post at Gaochang (高昌, in modern Turpan Prefecture, Xinjiang), and at this point, LATER Liang appeared to be in control of a substantial part of Xiyu. In fall 395, Lu Guang made a major attack against W. Qin, and Qifu Gangui submitted as a vassal, sending his son Qifu Chibo (乞伏敕勃) as a hostage. However, Qifu Gangui soon regretted this arrangement, and executed his officials Mi Guizhou (密贵周) and Mozhe Gudi (莫者□羝), who suggested it. Presumably, he also repudiated his submission to Lu Guang. In 396, Lu Guang claimed the title "Heavenly Prince" (Tian Wang), signifying a claim to imperial title. He created Lu Shao crown prince, and created 20 of his brothers, sons, and nephews dukes or marquesses, and he bestowed titles on his officials as wellater However, when he, as a part of these commissions, he tried to grant titles on Tufa Wugu, Tufa Wugu told Lu Guang's ambassador: Heavenly Prince Lu's sons are all corrupt and immoralater His nephews are particularly violent and cruelater People both near and far are angry and ready to rebelater How can I go against the people and accept these unjust titles? I am about to claim a regal title myself. Tufa therefore rejected the titles, although he kept the musicians and artisans that Lu Guang sent to him as part of the title bestowment. While Tufa's remarks were intended to have a propaganda effect, they were probably not inaccurate, based on LATER events. Late reign -- gradual collapse of LATER Liang LATER Liang's power appeared to start to fall apart in 397, when Lu Guang, determined to punish Qifu Gangui for his shifting positions, launched a major attack against W. Qin's capital Xicheng (西城, in modern Baiyin, Gansu). This frightened Qifu Gangui's officials enough that they recommended a retreat to Chengji (成纪, in modern Tianshui, Gansu) to the east, but Qifu Gangui, seeing weaknesses in LATER Liang's forces despite their numbers, stood his ground. LATER Liang forces were initially successful, capturing several major W. Qin cities, but Qifu Gangui tricked Lu Guang's brother and major general Lu Yan (吕延) the Duke of Tianshui into believing that he was retreating, and Lu Yan fell into a trap Qifu Gangui set and was killed. Lu Guang, in fear, withdrew to Guzang. Soon after Lu Yan's defeat, Tufa Wugu declared himself independent from LATER Liang, establishing S. Liang and capturing Jincheng (金城, in modern Lanzhou, Gansu), which LATER Liang had just captured from W. Qin. Lu Guang sent his general Dou Gou (窦苟) to attack Tufa Wugu, but was defeated. After Lu Yan's death, Lu Guang believed false accusations against Lu Yan's assistants, the brothers Juqu Luochou (沮渠罗仇) and Juqu Quzhou (沮渠麴粥) and executed them. Their nephew Juqu Mengxun escorted their caskets back to their home territory of Zhangye (张掖, in modern Zhangye, Gansu) and then persuaded the various Xiongnu tribes to rebel against LATER Liang. Initially, Lu Guang sent Lu Zuan to attack Juqu Mengxun and chased him into the mountains, but Juqu Mengxun's cousin Juqu Nancheng (沮渠男成) also rebelled and sieged the LATER Liang city Jiankang (建康, in modern Zhangye, Gansu, not to be confused with Jin's capital of the same name). Juqu Nancheng persuaded the governor of Jiankang Commandery, Duan Ye, who was already fearful that Lu Guang would blame him for the Juqus' rebellion, to join them, and Juqu Nancheng offered the title of Duke of Jiankang to Duan Ye, thus establishing N. Liang. Lu Zuan attacked the nascent state, but could not destroy it. At this time, the magician Guo Nen (郭_), whom Lu Guang and his people had trusted greatly, prophesied that LATER Liang was about to be destroyed, and therefore started a rebellion himself within the capital Guzang, capturing even Lu Guang's eight grandsons and executing them cruelly. Guo soon supported the general Yang Gui (杨轨) as the leader of the rebellion. Lu Zuan was forced to abandon his attack against Duan and return to Guzang. Eventually, however, Yang and Guo were defeated by LATER Liang forces and forced to flee to and submit to S. Liang and W. Qin, respectively. From this point on, however, LATER Liang, by now highly reduced in size and strength, were subject to constant attacks by S. Liang, N. Liang, and W. Qin, causing it to be unable to hold its territory. By 398, the W. parts of the LATER Liang (including Xiyu holdings) had fallen to N. Liang as wellater In 399, Lu Shao and Lu Zuan launched another attack on N. Liang, but with S. Liang coming to N. Liang's aid, they were forced to withdraw. Around the new year 400, Lu Guang grew gravely ill, and he ordered Lu Shao to take the throne and the title Heavenly Prince; he himself claimed the title of retired emperor. Realizing that Lu Shao lacked talents and ability, he spoke to Lu Shao and his brothers Lu Zuan the Duke of Taiyuan and Lu Hong (吕弘) the Duke of Changshan, telling Lu Shao to trust his brothers and Lu Zuan and Lu Hong to serve Lu Shao faithfully. He died LATER that day. Soon, however, Lu Zuan and Lu Hong would turn on Lu Shao, and when they started a coup, Lu Shao committed suicide, and Lu Zuan took the throne, starting a series of destabilizing internal disturbances that, in combination with the attacks by the surrounding states, led to LATER Liang's surrender to LATER Qin in 403. 2) Yin3(hidden) Wang 隐王 Lu Shao4(carry on/continue) 吕绍 399 (Longfei 龙飞 399) Lu Shao (吕绍) (died 400), courtesy name Yong3ye4 (永业), formally Prince Yin of (LATER) Liang ((后)凉隐王), was briefly an emperor (with the title of "Heavenly Prince" (Tian Wang)) of the Chinese/Di state LATER Liang. He was a son of the founding emperor Lu Guang (Emperor Yiwu), but not his oldest son. Rather, he was considered Lu Guang's rightful heir because he was born of Lu Guang's wife. (His mother is therefore likely Princess Shi, although he could also be born of an even earlier wife.) His birth year is unknown, but he referred to himself as not yet 19 when he took the throne briefly in 400. During Lu Guang's reign When Lu Guang founded LATER Liang in 386 (after he had taken over Liang Province (凉州, modern central and W. Gansu after a return for a military campaign in central Asia on F. Qin's behalf), Lu Shao and Lu Guang's wife Lady Shi were not with him -- they had remained in the F. Qin capital Chang'an during Lu Guang's campaign, and had fled to Chouchi when Chang'an subsequently fell to W. Yan in 385. In 389, they, along with Lu Guang's brother Lu Deshi (吕德世), arrived in LATER Liang territory. Lu Guang, then with the title Prince of Sanhe, created Lu Shao his heir apparent. In 396, after Lu Guang claimed the title of "Heavenly Prince" (Tian Wang, roughly equivalent to emperor), he created Lu Shao crown prince. Lu Shao, however, was not Lu Guang's oldest son -- he had at least two older brothers, Lu Zuan the Duke of Taiyuan and Lu Hong (吕弘) the Duke of Changshan, both of whom were regarded for their military abilities. Lu Shao was considered weak and untalented, and LATER Liang's enemies (including S. Liang and N. Liang) took this into account when they attacked LATER Liang. The only military campaign that Lu Shao was recorded to have commanded was one in summer 399, when he and Lu Zuan attacked N. Liang's prince Duan Ye. After Duan Ye sought aid from S. Liang's prince Tufa Wugu, and Tufa Wugu's brother Tufa Lilugu arrived to assist Duan Ye, Lu Shao and Lu Zuan were forced to withdraw. Around the new year 400, Lu Guang grew seriously illater He ordered Lu Shao to take the throne as Heavenly Prince, while he himself claimed the title of retired emperor. Lu Zuan was put in charge of the military forces, and Lu Hong the government. Lu Guang told the three to be united, and that Lu Shao should trust his brothers. He also told Lu Zuan and Lu Hong that Lu Shao might not be talented, but was the rightful heir, and that they should assist him faithfully. Lu Guang died LATER that day. Coup and death Initially, Lu Shao was not going to immediately announce Lu Guang's death, in fear that it might draw enemy attacks, but Lu Zuan broke down the door and forcibly entered the palace and mourned. Lu Shao became fearful and offered the throne to Lu Zuan, but Lu Zuan refused. Lu Shao's cousin Lu Chao (吕超) then secretly suggested to Lu Shao that Lu Zuan be arrested and executed, but Lu Shao refused. However, soon thereafter (either that day or at most several days after), Lu Shao sent his assistant Jiang Ji (姜纪) to encourage Lu Zuan to seize the throne. At night, then, Lu Zuan led his personal guards to attack the palace. Lu Hong joined him. Lu Shao's guards initially resisted, and one of them, Qi Cong (齐从), hit Lu Zuan in the head with a sword but could not kill him. Lu Chao also tried to assist Lu Shao, but their forces were fearful of Lu Zuan and collapsed. Lu Shao fled to a secondary palace and committed suicide. Lu Zuan took the throne, and when he gave Lu Shao a posthumous name, he only referred to Lu Shao as prince, not emperor. Personal information * Father o Lu Guang (Emperor Yiwu) * Mother o Princess/Empress Shi * Wife o Lady Zhang 3) Ling2(quick/clever) Wang2(king/great) 灵王 Luu3 Zuan3(compile/edit/woman's hair bun) 吕纂 399-401 (Xianning 咸宁 399-401) Lu Zuan (吕纂) (died 401), courtesy name Yong3xu4(order/mental state/thread/task) (永绪), formally Emperor Ling of (LATER) Liang ((后)凉灵帝), was an emperor of the Chinese/Di state LATER Liang. He was the oldest son of the founding emperor Lu Guang (Emperor Yiwu), but was not Lu Guang's rightful heir, as he was not born of Lu Guang's wife Princess Shi. After Lu Guang died around new year 400, however, he seized the throne from his younger brother Lu Shao in a coup. Lu Zuan was considered a capable general tactically, but not skilled in general strategy, and during his reign LATER Liang's strength continued to be sapped, as it was during the late reign of Lu Guang, by attacks of rivals N. Liang and S. Liang. Despite this, Lu Zuan continued to occupy himself with hunting and other unimportant matters. In 401, he was assassinated by his cousin Lu Chao (吕超), who then supported his own older brother Lu Long as emperor. During Lu Guang's reign Lu Zuan was described as favoring exercises in archery, horsemanship, and hunting when he was young, when he was a university student at the F. Qin capital Chang'an during the reign of Fu Ji_n, where he was not studious. When F. Qin collapsed in the midst of multiple rebellions in 384 and 385, Lu Zuan fled initially to Shanggui (上□, in modern Tianshui, Gansu), and then to Guzang (姑臧, in modern Wuwei, Gansu), where his father had established LATER Liang and placed his capitalater The first actual historical reference to Lu Zuan was in 392, when he served as one of his father Lu Guang's generals in his campaign against Qifu Gangui, the prince of W. Qin, and Lu Zuan was unsuccessful in his attack on Qifu Gangui. In 397, Lu Guang, who had by then claimed imperial title, sent his son Lu Zuan (then referred to as the Duke of Taiyuan) and his brother Lu Yan (吕延) against Qifu Gangui, who had previously agreed to be a vassal and then changed his mind. Initially, Lu Zuan was successful, capturing the important city Jincheng (金城, in modern Lanzhou, Gansu), but after his uncle was defeated and killed in a trap laid by Qifu Gangui, Lu Zuan was forced to withdraw. Throughout the rest of Lu Guang's reign, Lu Zuan became the general that his father relied on the most. In 397, when the Xiongnu general Juqu Mengxun rebelled, Lu Guang sent Lu Zuan against him, and Lu Zuan was initially successful in defeating Juqu Mengxun and forcing him to flee. However, after Juqu Mengxun's cousin Juqu Nancheng (沮渠男成) persuaded the official Duan Ye to join them and establish N. Liang, Lu Guang was faced with a serious rebellion at Guzang itself─a rebellion by the general Yang Gui (杨轨) and the magician Guo Nen (郭_), and Lu Zuan, while he had Duan Ye's capital Jiankang (建康, in modern Zhangye, Gansu) under siege, was forced to withdraw to fight Yang and Guo, allowing Duan Ye's nascent state to survive. In 398, Lu Zuan and his brother Lu Hong (吕弘) joined forces and defeated Yang and Guo, forcing them to surrender to S. Liang and W. Qin, respectively. In 399, Lu Zuan and his brother Lu Shao, Lu Guang's heir apparent, attacked N. Liang, and were initially successfully, but after S. Liang's prince Tufa Wugu sent Yang Gui and his brother Tufa Lilugu to aid N. Liang, Lu Zuan and Lu Shao were forced to withdraw. Coup against Lu Shao Around the new year 400, Lu Guang grew seriously illater He ordered Lu Shao to take the throne as "Heavenly Prince" (Tian Wang), while he himself claimed the title of retired emperor. Lu Zuan was put in charge of the military forces, and Lu Hong the government. Lu Guang told the three to be united, and that Lu Shao should trust his brothers. He also told Lu Zuan and Lu Hong that Lu Shao might not be talented, but was the rightful heir, and that they should assist him faithfully. Lu Guang died LATER that day. Initially, Lu Shao was not going to immediately announce Lu Guang's death, in fear that it might draw enemy attacks, but Lu Zuan broke down the door and forcibly entered the palace and mourned. Lu Shao became fearful and offered the throne to Lu Zuan, but Lu Zuan refused. Lu Shao's cousin Lu Chao (吕超) then secretly suggested to Lu Shao that Lu Zuan be arrested and executed, but Lu Shao refused. However, soon thereafter (either that day or at most several days after), Lu Shao sent his assistant Jiang Ji (姜纪) to encourage Lu Zuan to seize the throne. At night, then, Lu Zuan led his personal guards to attack the palace. Lu Hong joined him. Lu Shao's guards initially resisted, and one of them, Qi Cong (齐从), hit Lu Zuan in the head with a sword but could not kill him. Lu Chao also tried to assist Lu Shao, but their forces were fearful of Lu Zuan and collapsed. Lu Shao fled to a secondary palace and committed suicide. Lu Zuan took the throne. Reign Lu Zuan initially entrusted Lu Hong with all governmental matters, and also tried to show generosity by pardoning Qi Chong and Lu Chao. However, Lu Zuan and Lu Hong soon became suspicious of each other, and in spring 400, Lu Hong rebelled with his troops. Lu Zuan defeated Lu Hong's rebellion, and permitted his troops to pillage even the capital city Guzang itself, rewarding the women of the secondary district Dongwan (东苑, E. half of Guzang) to his soldiers─including Lu Hong's wife and daughters. While he LATER relented and cancelled those orders under suggestion of Fang Gui (房晷), the damage had been done. When Lu Hong was subsequently captured during his flight to S. Liang, Lu Zuan had him executed cruelly─by having his ribs repeatedly bounded. Also in 400, Lu Zuan created his wife Lady Yang empress. Lu Zuan soon started a campaign against S. Liang, whose prince was by now Tufa Lilugu, but he was quickly defeated by Tufa Lilugu's brother Tufa Rutan. In summer, he started another campaign against N. Liang, which was initially successful, as he put N. Liang's new capital Zhangye (张掖, in modern Zhangye, Gansu) under siege, but as the official Jiang Ji (姜纪), who tried to persuade him not to carry out the campaign, predicted, Tufa Rutan made a major attack and even entered the city of Guzang before retreating, forcing Lu Zuan to end his campaign against N. Liang. Despite these military defeats, Lu Zuan spent much of his time drinking and hunting. When his official Yang Ying (杨颖) tried to persuade him to change his ways, he thanked and apologized to Yang, but could not change his ways. In 401, Lu Chao, without prior approval from Lu Zuan, attacked the Xianbei chief Sipan (思盘). Sipan sent his brother Qizhen (乞珍) to file a protest with Lu Zuan, and Lu Zuan summoned Lu Chao and Sipan both to Guzang, which got Lu Chao nervous. Once Lu Zuan met with both, he threatened Lu Chao with death─but had no intent to carry the threat out; rather, he intended only to scare Lu Chao. He then held a feast for Lu Chao and Sipan, intending to create peace between them. During the feast, Lu Chao's brother Lu Long repeatedly offered Lu Zuan wine, and Lu Zuan was soon drunk. He sat on a man-pulled cart and gave Lu Chao and Sipan a tour of the palace. When the cart came to a threshold between two palaces, the cart could not roll over the threshold, and Lu Zuan's guards Dou Chuan (窦川) and Luo Teng (骆腾) left their swords on the side in order to lift the cart across. As they did, Lu Chao took their swords and attacked Lu Zuan. Lu Zuan tried to combat Lu Chao, unarmed, but Lu Chao quickly pierced him with a sword. Both Dou and Luo tried to combat Lu Chao but were also killed by him. Lu Zuan's wife Empress Yang tried to mobilize the guards to combat Lu Chao, but the guards soon abandoned her, and Lu Chao made his brother Lu Long emperor to succeed Lu Zuan. Lu Zuan's head was cut off and shown to the populace, but Lu Zuan was still LATER given an imperial posthumous name, albeit an unflattering one. Era name * Xianning (咸宁 xian ning) 400-401 |