Gao1 Zu3(great great grandfather) 高祖 Liu2 Bang1
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[1]Ran Wei Kingdom 350-352 (addressed as Wei Kingdom in traditional texts) 1) Wu3 Dao4(mourn/grieve) Tian1 Wang2 武悼天王 Ran3(slowly) Min3 冉闵 350-352 (died 352), aka Shi2Min3 石闵, ((冉)魏悼武天王), aka Yong3zeng1 永曾, aka Ji2(brambles)nu2(slave)棘奴, was a military leader during the era of Sixteen Kingdoms in China and the only emperor of the short-lived state Ran Wei (冉魏). Ran (冉) is an uncommon Chinese family name. He was noted for ordering massacres of Jie people under L. Zhao. Family background Ran Min's father Ran Liang2(very fine) (冉良), who LATER changed his name to Ran Zhan1(look forward) (冉瞻), and from Wei Commandery (魏郡, roughly modern Handan, Hebei) and was a descendant of an aristocratic family, but one who must have, in the serious famines circa 310, joined a group of refugees led by Chen2(lay out) Wu3(noon) (陈午). When LATER Zhao's founder Shi Le defeated Chen in 311, he captured the 11-year-old Ran Zhan as well, and for reasons unknown, he had his nephew Shi Hu adopt Ran Zhan as his son and change his name accordingly to Shi Zhan. Ran Min's mother was named Wang (王). It is not known when he was born, but he would have been known as Shi Min. A Shi Zhan was mentioned to have died in battle when Shi Hu was defeated by Han Zhao's emperor Liu Yao in 328, but it is not clear whether this Shi Zhan was Shi Min's father. During Shi Hu's reign As Shi Min grew in age, Shi Hu became impressed at him for his bravery in battle and battlefield tactics, and he treated Shi Min as his own son. The first mention in history of him as a general was in 338, when Shi Hu unsuccessfully tried to destroy the rival state F. Yan but saw his army collapse after sieging the F. Yan capital Jicheng (棘城 Jinzhou, Liaoning) for about 20 days but failing to capture it. The only army group that remained intact was the one commanded by Shi Min. During the remainder of Shi Hu's reign, Shi Min was often referred to as a general he turned out to be. For example, in 339, when the Jin general Yu Liang considered launching a major campaign against L. Zhao, Shi Hu chose to react, and he had his general Kui2(one-legged monster/respectful) An1(peaceful) (夔安) command five generals, one of whom was Shi Min, to attack Jin's N. regions. (Shi Min's LATER ally Li3Nong2(farmer) (李农) was one of the other generals, while Shi Hu's son Shi Jian the Prince of Yiyang was another.) Shi Min was successful in his task, and the five generals together inflicted heavy damages, thwarting Yu's plans. For his accomplishments, Shi Min was created the Duke of Wuxing. During the confusion after Shi Hu's death After Shi Hu's death in 349, his youngest son and crown prince Shi Shi became emperor, but the government was controlled by Shi Shi's mother Empress Dowager Liu and the official Zhang1(stretch out) Chai2(jackal) (张豺). Shi Shi's older brother Shi Zun the Prince of Pengcheng was unhappy about the situation, and a number of generals who were unimpressed with Empress Dowager Liu and Zhang, including Shi Min, suggested that he march to the capital Yecheng and overthrow them. Shi Zun did so─and also promised to create Shi Min crown prince if they were victorious. In summer 349, Shi Zun defeated Shi Shi's forces and deposed and killed him, along with Empress Dowager Liu and Zhang Chai. Shi Zun claimed the imperial title. However, he did not appoint Shi Min crown prince as promised, but rather appointed another nephew Shi Yan3(spread out) (石衍) a crown prince. Further, while he gave Shi Min important posts, he did not allow him to have control of the government, as Shi Min wished. Shi Min became disgruntled. In winter 349, in fear of Shi Min, Shi Zun summoned a meeting of the princes before his mother, Empress Dowager Zheng, announcing that he would execute Shi Min. Empress Dowager Zheng opposed, reasoning that Shi Min's contributions during the coup against Shi Shi had to be remembered. Shi Zun hesitated, and meanwhile, Shi Jian, one of the princes attending the meeting, quickly reported the news to Shi Min, who acted quickly and surrounded the palace, capturing and executing Shi Zun, Empress Dowager Zheng, Shi Zun's wife Empress Zhang, Shi Yan, and several key officials loyal to Shi Zun. He made Shi Jian emperor, but he and Li Nong seized the control of the government. Shi Jian could not endure Shi Min's hold on power, and he sent his brother Shi Bao the Prince of Leping and the generals Li3 Song1(pine/slacken) (李松) and Zhang Cai2(talent) (张才) against Shi Min, but after they were defeated, Shi Jian pretended as if they acted independently and executed them allater Another brother of his, Shi Zhi the Prince of Xinxing, then rose in the old capital Xiangguo (襄国, in modern Xintai, Hebei), in alliance with the Qiang chieftain Yao Yi4zhong4(2nd) (姚弋仲) and the Di chieftain Pu2 Hong2(vast) (蒲洪) against Shi Min and Li Nong. Shi Jian then tried to have the general Sun1 Fu2(prostrate)du1(capital) (孙伏都), a fellow ethnic Jie, attack Shi Min, but Shi Min quickly defeated him, and Shi Jian, trying to absolve himself, then ordered Shi Min to execute Sun. Shi Min, however, began to realize that Shi Jian was behind Sun's attack, and he decided that he needed to disarm the Jie people, who knew that he was not a Jie but ethnically a Han. He ordered that all non-Han not be allowed to carry arms, and most non-Hans fled Yecheng after that. Shi Min put Shi Jian under house arrest with no outside communication. As the non-Han continued fleeing Yecheng, Shi Min saw that, in particular, the Xiongnu and the Jie people would never support him, so he issued an order that if a Han killed a non-Han and presented the head, he would be rewarded. Some 200,000 died in the massacre, including some ethnic Hans who had high noses or thick beards, both considered to be the indicators of non-Hanness. In 350, under a pressure from Shi Min, still a nominal head of the state Shi Jian changed the name of his state from Zhao to Wei (卫) and the imperial clan name from Shi to Li (李). Many key officials fled to Shi Zhi. Local generals throughout the empire effectively became independent, waiting for the conflict to be resolved. As Shi Min troops were busy against Shi Zhi's, Shi Jian made one final attempt against him, ordering general Zhang Shen3 (张沈) to attack the capital after Shi Min left it. However, the Shi Jian's eunuchs reported that to Shi Min and Li Nong, and they quickly returned to Yecheng and executed Shi Jian, along with 28 grandsons of Shi Hu and the rest of the Shi clan. Shi Min, restoring his father's original family name of Ran (冉), then took the throne as the emperor of a new state, Wei (魏, note different character from the state name declared previously). As emperor of Ran Wei See also: Wei-Jie war Ran Min honored his mother Lady Wang with a title of empress dowager. He appointed his wife Lady Dong an empress, and his oldest son Ran Zhi a crown prince. His other sons and his ally Li Nong were made princes, Li Nong sons were given titles of dukes. He proclaimed a general amnesty, hoping to have the generals who became independent abide by his edicts, but few of them accepted, though most Han generals outwardly did not defy him either. For unknown reasons, he soon killed Li. He sent a letter to Emperor Mu of Jin's court with a mixed message, appearing to invite Jin to send forces north and agreeing to submit, but the letter could also be read as a defiant challenge. Jin did not react, although it began to also seek allegiance of the generals in the F. territory of LATER Zhao S. provinces. Ran Min's brief reign was characterized by rash decisions and massive executions. He would often react violently to advisors who suggested ideas different from his own, including killing them, and then regret those violent reactions after he realized that he was wrong. In spring 351, Ran Min set a siege of the Shi Zhi's capital Xiangguo. Shi Zhi sought aid from F. Yan's prince Murong Jun and was able to deal Ran a major defeat. At this time, the Xiongnu soldiers in Yecheng rebelled, captured his son Ran Yin, and surrendered to Shi Zhi, who executed Ran Yin. Ran Min was thought to be dead, but when he appeared in Yecheng, the city was calmed. Shi Zhi had his general Liu2 Xian3(obvious) (刘显) siege Yecheng, but Ran Min defeated Liu in battle and awed him so much that Liu agreed that once he returned to Xiangguo, he would kill Shi Zhi and surrender. He did so and sent Shi Zhi's head to Ran Min, and Ran Min had Shi Zhi's head be burned on a busy street in Yecheng. LATER Zhao was at its final end. However, wars continued. Liu Xian, after briefly submitting to Ran Min, proclaimed himself emperor. The W. provinces were taken over by Fu Jian, who established F. Qin. The S. provinces larely switched their allegiance to Jin. Meanwhile, F. Yan, which had already captured You Province (幽州, modern Beijing, Tianjin, and N. Hebei) and moved its capital to Jicheng (蓟城, in modern Beijing -- note different character than old capital), continued to advance south. Ran Min, who captured Xiangguo in early 352 and executed Liu Xian, decided to head north to face the F. Yan army, against advice of several officials who felt that his army needed a rest. The F. Yan general Murong Ke, Murong Jun's brother, pretended to lose several skirmishes and then retreat, tricking Ran Min and his infantry into the open field, and then used his cavalry to surround Ran Min's, inflicting great losses. Ran Min's horse suddenly died, and he fell off and was captured. F. Yan forces delivered him to Murong Jun, and he insulted Murong Jun. Murong Jun had him whipped 300 times and then executed, although was soon fearful that his spirit was causing a draught, and therefore honored him with the posthumous name Daowu. Ran Min's wife Empress Dong and her son Ran Zhi would hold out for several more months, but eventually surrendered LATER that year, ending Ran Wei's brief existence. Ran Min is mostly known for his famous order to execute all of the Wu Hu, particularly the Jie, which were reported as a race of caucasians. Then he fought with Hu armies in Jizhou, lead to several millions of migrants of different races to flee, and in the way they attacked each other and only 2-3/10 people was able to go back to their origins.[5] Although the North soon again fell under control of the Xianbei, Ran Min's actions caused them to think twice before adopting cruel policies towards the Han people. Despite its brief existence, Ran Wei was able to serve as a warning to the N. non-Han tribes who ruled in North China, and played a great role in their eventual decision to sinocize and give up their F. ways. Personal information * Father o Ran Zhan (冉瞻), LATER adopted by Shi Hu and name changed to Shi Zhan (石瞻), likely died 327 in battle against Han Zhao, posthumously honored as Emperor Gao * Mother o Empress Dowager Wang * Wife o Empress Dong * Children 1)o Ran Zhi (冉智), the Crown Prince (created 350), LATER created the Marquess of Haibin by F. Yan 2)o Ran Yin (冉胤) (created prince 350, killed by LATER Zhao emperor Shi Zhi 351) 3)o Ran Ming (冉明) (created prince 350) 4)o Ran Yu (冉裕) (created prince 350) 5)o Ran Cao (冉操) [2] Xi (W.) Yan Empire 384-394 (7) 1) Wei1Di4 威帝 Mu4rong2Hong2(dep water) 慕容泓 384 (died 384) was the founder of the Chinese/Xianbei state W. Yan. He was a son of the F. Yan emperor Murong Jun and a younger brother of F. Yan emperor Murong Wei. It is not known when Murong Hong was born. In 359, he was created the Prince of Jibei. After F. Yan was destroyed by F. Qin in 370, he and his brothers were made local officials throughout the F. Qin realm. By 384, he was the secretary general to the commandery governor of Beidi (北地, roughly modern Tongchuan, Shaanxi). Early that year, he heard that his uncle Murong Chui had rebelled against F. Qin rule in light of the F. Qin emperor Fu Ji_n's defeat at the Battle of Fei River in 383. He fled from his post and gathered several thousand Xianbei soldiers and, after defeating the F. Qin general Qiang2Yong3 (强永), claimed for himself the titles of supreme commander and governor of Yong Province (雍州, modern central and N. Shaanxi), but did not claim a more honored regal title than the one he had under F. Yan─Prince of Jibei. Murong Hong, upon hearing that Fu Ji_n's brother Fu Rui4 (苻□) was arriving with F. Qin forces to attack him, wanted to flee east back to the Yan homeland with his Xianbei soldiers. Fu Rui, instead, rejecting his assistant Yao Chang's suggestion that Murong Hong be allowed to withdraw, cut off Murong Hong's escape route and attacked him─and Murong Hong defeated and killed him. Meanwhile, his younger brother Murong Chong had also rebelled against F. Qin, but after a defeat joined his army. Murong Hong sent a demand to Fu Ji_n at the F. Qin capital Chang'an for him to deliver his older brother Murong Wei to him, promising to leave Guanzhong and not attack F. Qin any further if that was done. Fu Ji_n summoned Murong Wei and rebuked him, but spared Murong Wei when Murong Wei pledged allegiance. He also had Murong Wei write letters to Murong Chui, Murong Hong, and Murong Chong, urging them to surrender. However, Murong Wei also sent a secret messenger to Murong Hong, stating: I am a man within an iron cage, and there is no reason for me not to die. Further, I also sinned against Yan, and you should not mind me. You should earnestly seek to establish yourself. He also explicitly urged Murong Hong to prepare taking the imperial title if Murong Hong heard that Fu Ji_n had executed him. Murong Hong therefore advanced on Chang'an and officially broke from F. Qin by changing the era name. However, in summer 384, his strategist Gao1 Gai4(cover) (高盖) and other officials felt that Murong Hong's reputation was not as great as his brother Murong Chong's, and that his punishments were overly harsh, killed him and supported Murong Chong to succeed him, under the title of crown prince. Era name * Yanxing (燕兴 yan x_ng) 384-385 Personal information * Father o Murong Jun (Emperor Jingzhao of F. Yan) * Children 1)o Murong Zhong (慕容忠), LATER emperor 2) Mu2rong4Chong(dash) 慕容冲 384-386 (died 386) ((西)燕威帝), was an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei state W. Yan. He was a son of the F. Yan emperor Murong Jun and a younger brother of F. Yan emperor Murong Wei. It is not known when Murong Chong was born ─ although as his older brother Murong Wei was born in 350,[2] he must have been born LATER than that, but before 359, when he was created the Prince of Zhongshan.[3] In 368, after his uncle Murong Ke, the regent for his brother Murong Wei, had died in 367, he scucceeded Murong Ke in his post as the commander of the armed forces, but there is no evidence that he actually commanded armies. After F. Yan was destroyed by F. Qin in 370, he and his brothers were made local officials throughout the F. Qin realm. Historical accounts indicate that he had a sexual relationship with the F. Qin emperor Fu Ji_n -- and that Fu Ji_n's favors for him and his sister Consort Murong, whom Fu Ji_n took as a concubine, were the talk of the F. Qin capital Chang'an. By 384, he was the governor of Pingyang Commandery (平阳, roughly modern Linfen, Shanxi). When he heard that his uncle Murong Chui and his older brother Murong Hong had rebelled against F. Qin in light of Fu Ji_n's defeat at the Battle of Fei River in 383, he rebelled as wellater He was soon defeated by the F. Qin general Dou4(hole/sinus) Chong(dash) (窦冲), and he joined his brother Murong Hong. In summer 384, as Murong Hong was advancing on Chang'an, Murong Hong's strategist Gao1 Gai4(cover) (高盖) and other officials felt that Murong Hong's reputation was not as great as Murong Chong's, and that Murong Hong's punishments were overly harsh. They therefore killed him and supported Murong Chong to be the new ruler. As Murong Wei was still alive but under F. Qin control in Chang'an, Murong Chong took the title of crown prince. Fu Ji_n made a peace overture to him with an apparent sexual undertone─by sending him a robe and a message reminding him of their personal relationship, but Murong Chong rejected the overture. Around the new year 385, Murong Wei and his cousin Murong Su4(respectful/solemn) (慕容肃) organized the Xianbei men within Chang'an, preparing to start an uprising to join Murong Chong, but after Fu Ji_n discovered their plot, he executed them and slaughtered the Xianbei inside the city. Upon hearing news of his brother's death, Murong Chong declared himself emperor. After he took the title, he became capricious and handed out rewards and punishments at his whim. However, he did not let up his pressure against Chang'an, and Chang'an, under his siege, soon fell into a terrible famine. He also allowed his soldiers to pillage the Guanzhong region at will later In summer 385, Fu Ji_n broke out to try to find food supplies to relieve Chang'an, leaving his crown prince Fu Hong2(grand) (苻宏) in defense of the city─but as soon as he left, the city fell to Murong Chong, and Fu Hong fled. Despite his Xianbei people's desire to return east to their homeland, Murong Chong decided to settle in Chang'an─both because he liked the city and because he feared his uncle Murong Chui, who had by then established LATER Yan. He therefore sought to get his people to decide to settle as well, but they resented him for the decision. In spring 386, his general Han2 Yan2(prolong/send for) (韩延) assassinated him in a coup and supported another general, Duan Sui, as the Prince of Yan. 3) Duan4(section) Sui2(to follow/comply with) 段随 386 (Changping 昌平 386) Duan Sui (段随) (died 386) was a ruler of the Chinese/Xianbei state W. Yan. He was the only ruler of the short-lived state who was not a member of the Murong clan, the imperial clan of F. Yan. He was a general under the emperor Murong Chong, whose people wanted to return east to their homeland but who, after capturing the F. Qin capital Chang'an, wanted to settle in Chang'an, against the wishes of his people. In spring 386, the general Han2 Yan2(prolong/ send for) (韩延) assassinated Murong Chong in a coup and supported Duan Sui as the Prince of Yan. About a month LATER, however, the officials MurongHeng2(permanent) (慕容恒) and Murong Yong ambushed Duan Sui and killed him. They supported Murong Yi, the son of the F. Yan Prince of Yidu Murong Huan2 (慕容桓) as the new Prince of Yan. 4) Murong Yi3 慕容□ 386 (died 386) was a ruler of the Chinese/Xianbei state W. Yan. He was a son of the F. Yan Prince of Yidu, Murong Huan2 (慕容桓), a son of the founder of F. Yan, Murong Huang. In 386, after the temporary ruler Duan Sui was ambushed and killed by Murong Heng2(permanent) (慕容恒) and Murong Yong, they supported Murong Yi as the Prince of Yan. The W. Yan people─400,000 men and women─then abandoned Chang'an, which had been the F. Qin capital but was captured by the prior W. Yan ruler Murong Chong -- to head back to their homeland in the east. While on the journey, however, Murong Heng's brother Murong Tao1(sheath of bow case/hide/ conceal/ art of war) (慕容韬) killed Murong Yi at Linjin (临晋, in modern Weinan, Shaanxi). He was replaced by Murong Chong's son Murong Yao. 5) Murong Ya2(precious jade) 慕容瑶 386 (died 386) was an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei state W. Yan. He was the son of Murong Chong (Emperor Wei), the son of the F. Yan emperor Murong Jun. Murong Chong was killed in 386 by his general Han2Yan2(prolong/send for) (韩延) after he, against his people's desire to return to their homeland, wanted to settle in Chang'an. Two intervening brief reigns by Duan Sui and Murong Yi took place, but after Murong Tao1(sheath of bow case/conceal/hide/art of war) (慕容韬) killed Murong Yi, Murong Tao's brother Murong Heng2(permanent) (慕容恒), who did not approve of Murong Tao's actions, supported Murong Yao as emperor. However, the people did not favor Murong Yao and abandoned him in favor of the general Murong Yong, who then killed Murong Yao in a coup and replaced him with Murong Zhong, the son of W. Yan's founder Murong Hong the Prince of Jibei. Era name * Jianping (建平 jian ping) 386 6) Murong Zhong1(devoted/loyal/honest) 慕容忠 386 ( 386) was an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei state W. Yan. He was the son of W. Yan's founder, Murong Hong the Prince of Jibei, a son of the F. Yan emperor Murong Jun. In 386, a year that had already seen four W. Yan rulers killed, Murong Zhong was made emperor by the general Murong Yong after Murong Yong had killed Murong Yao. Murong Zhong made Murong Yong the commander of the armed forces and created him the Duke of Hedong. At that time, the W. Yan people were on an exodus from Chang'an, the F. Qin capital that they had captured in 385 but abandoned earlier in 386 because they wanted to head east back to their homeland. After Murong Zhong became emperor, his people reached Wenxi (闻喜, in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi) when they heard that Murong Zhong's granduncle Murong Chui had already established LATER Yan as its emperor, and they were hesitant to proceed further, and the built the city of Yanxi1(bright/gay) (燕熙) at Wenxi to serve as temporary headquarters. Just three months after he became emperor, Murong Zhong was assassinated in a coup by the general Diao1(tricky/artful) Yun2(cloud/say) (刁云), who then supported Murong Yong as the ruler. Era name * Jianwu (建武 jian w_) 386 7) Murong Yong3 慕容永 386-394 (died 394), aka Shu1("father"/uncle)ming2 (叔明), was the last emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei state W. Yan. He was the grandson of Murong Yun4(moce/yield/fate/wield) (慕容运), the uncle of F. Yan's founder Murong Huang. As a member of F. Yan's imperial clan, he was moved to Guanzhong, F. Qin's capital region, when F. Qin destroyed F. Yan in 370. He was described as poor, and he and his wife made their living by selling boots. Murong Yong apparently became a W. Yan general in 384, when its first two rulers Murong Hong and Murong Chong rose against F. Qin. The first actual historical reference to his actions, however, was in 386, when, after Murong Chong was assassinated by the general Han2 Yan2(prolong/to send for) (韩延) and replaced by Duan Sui, Murong Yong and another general, Murong Heng2(permanent) (慕容恒), jointly attacked Duan Sui and killed him, replacing him with Murong Yi. The Xianbei people then abandoned Chang'an, F.ly F. Qin's capital, and headed east back toward their homeland. LATER that month, however, after Murong Heng's brother Murong Tao1(sheath for a bow cae/conceal/hide/art of war) (慕容韬) killed Murong Yi, and Murong Heng supported Murong Chong's son Murong Yao to replace Murong Yi, Murong Yong, along with another general Diao1(tricky/artful) Yun2(saycloud) (刁云), attacked Murong Tao, forcing him to flee to Murong Heng. LATER that month, Murong Yong killed Murong Yao and replaced him with Murong Hong's son Murong Zhong. Three months LATER, however, Diao killed Murong Zhong and supported Murong Yong to replace him. Murong Yong claimed the title of Prince of Hedong and sought to be a vassal of the LATER Yan emperor Murong Chui. He also tried to negotiate with the F. Qin emperor Fu Pi, asking Fu Pi to allow him a path back east, but Fu Pi refused and tried to intercept W. Yan forces. Murong Yong defeated Fu Pi, killing his prime minister Wang2Yong3 王永 and general Ju3qu2 Ju4(all/complete)shi2zi3(cobblestone) (沮渠俱石子), and while Fu Pi fled, Murong Yong captured most of his officials and his wife Empress Yang. Fu Pi soon died at the hands of the Jin general Feng2 Gai1(ought/above mentioned/deserve) (冯该). Murong Yong took over Fu Pi's territory (roughly modern central and S. Shanxi), establishing a capital at Zhangzi (长子, in modern Changzhi, Shanxi). He also claimed imperial title, thus signifying a break with Murong Chui. He was ready to make Fu Pi's Empress Yang a concubine, but she tried to stab him with a sword, and he killed her. In fear of their lives, Murong Chui's son Murong Rou2(soft/supple/yielding/mild) (慕容柔) and grandsons Murong Sheng and Murong Hui, who had been part of W. Yan's exodus, escaped and fled to LATER Yan's capital Zhongshan (中山, in modern Baoding, Hebei), perhaps with good reason, for Murong Yong, in 387 or 388, ordered that all descendants of Murong Chui or the F. Yan emperor Murong Jun be slaughtered. Murong Yong, once he settled in Zhangzi, carried out few military campaigns and appeared to be content with his domain. In 387, he did briefly engage LATER Qin's emperor Yao Chang in battle, but did not seriously attack Yao. In 390, he headed for the Jin city of Luoyang, but the Jin general Zhu1(bright red) Xu4(order/initial) (朱序) defeated him, and he withdrew. He attacked Luoyang again in 391 but was again repelled by Jin forces. In 392, the Dingling chief Zhai Zhao, whose father Zhai Liao had years earlier rebelled against LATER Yan and claimed the title "Heavenly Prince" (Tian Wang) and established a Wei state, was sieged by Murong Chui in his capital Huatai (滑台, in modern Anyang, Henan), and sought aid from Murong Yong. Murong Yong, wanting to let Murong Chui and Zhai Zhao wear each other out─not realizing that Murong Chui, being far stronger than Zhai Zhao, could crush Zhai Zhao easily─refused to go to Zhai Zhao's aid, and Murong Chui conquered Wei lands easily. Zhai Zhao fled to W. Yan and was created a prince, but a year LATER, suspecting Zhai of treason, Murong Yong killed Zhai. In 393, Murong Chui, under advice of his brother Murong De, decided to attack Murong Yong to end any doubt about the Yan succession. In early 394, he got his forces ready in battle posture, but did not attack for several months. Murong Yong thought Murong Chui was trying for a trick attack and tried to anticipate it, but Murong Chui then attacked by three different routes, leading the main army heading for Zhangzi. Murong Yong personally engaged Murong Chui but was defeated, and he fled back to Zhangzi to try to defend the city. He also sought emergency aid from Jin and N. Wei, but before Jin and N. Wei forces could arrive, Zhangzi fell, and Murong Chui captured and executed Murong Yong. W. Yan was at its end, and its territory was annexed to LATER Yan. Era name * Zhongxing (中兴 zh_ng x_ng) 386-394 [3] Shu Kingdom 405-413 1) Cheng2 Du Wang 成都王 Qiao2(drum tower) Zong4(vertical/indulge/even if) 谯纵 405-413 (died 413) was a Han Chinese military leader in present-day Sichuan province in China during the E. Jin Dynasty. He proclaimed himself the Prince of Chengdu (成都王 Chengd_ Wang) in 405 and was given the title "Prince of Shu" (蜀王 Shu Wang) by Yao Xing, ruler of the LATER Qin, in 409. His state is therefore sometimes known as W. Shu. His self-governing body coordinated offensive campaigns with LATER Qin along the Yangtze River until Qiao's state was destroyed by a campaign under military subordinates of Liu Yu in 413. Background and establishment of W. Shu Qiao Zong was from Baxi Commandery (巴西, roughly modern Nanchong, Sichuan). By 405, he was a mid-level military commander under the command of Mao2(hair/panicky) Qu2(jade ring) (毛璩), the Jin governor of Yi Province (益州, modern Sichuan and Chongqing). In 404, the warlord Huan Xuan had usurped the Jin throne from Emperor An, and Mao had, in response, mobilized his forces to ready to attack Huan Xuan, but Huan Xuan was quickly overthrown by Liu Yu, who restored Emperor An. However, Huan Xuan's nephew Huan2 Zhen4(shake/flap/rise with spirit/brace up) (桓振) occupied the important city of Jiangling (江陵, in modern Jingzhou, Hubei) and continued to resist. Mao therefore continued to advance east, ready to attack Huan Zhen. He divided his forces into two groups, one commanded by his brothers Mao2 Jin3(brilliancy of gems) (毛瑾) and Mao2 Yuan4(large jade ring) (毛瑗), and one commanded by Qiao Zong and Hou2(marquis) Hui1(sunshine/sunlight) (侯晖). However, the soldiers of Yi Province were not happy at this long-distance campaign, and when the forces commanded by Qiao and Hou reached Wuchengshuikou (五城水口, in modern Deyang, Sichuan), Hou and another officer, Yang2(sun/amle) Mo (阳_), plotted a mutiny. Because Qiao Zong was considered a kind and careful man, the soldiers respected him, and therefore Hou and Yang tried to force Qiao to be their leader. Qiao refused and ran, but as the soldiers closed in on him, he tried to jump into the river to commit suicide, but he was pulled out of the water, and, with swords on his neck, forced to assume a place on a royal litter. Qiao pled against it, even prostrating himself on the ground and bowing to the soldiers, but was tied to the litter and forced to "lead" the muntineers. The mutineers then attacked and killed Mao Jin. When Mao Qu tried to respond, he was defeated and killed as well, along with Mao Yuan and their clan. Qiao Zong assumed the title Prince of Chengdu, and set his capital at Chengdu, the capital of Yi Province. Reign The traditional histories, such as Jin Shu and Zizhi Tongjian, had little to say about Qiao Zong, but it appeared that he entrusted the important matters of the state and military to his brother Qiao2(drum tower)Ming2zi(pine torch) (谯明子) and cousins Qiao Hong2(vast/flood) (谯洪) and Qiao Dao4fu2(good fortune) (谯道福). In 406, Liu Yu sent the generals Mao Xiu1(repair)zhi1(connector) (毛修之, Mao Jin's son), Sima Rong2(luxuriant)qi1(time) (司马荣期), Wen2Chumao4(luxuriant) (文处茂), and Shi2 Yan2(prolong)zu3(founder/ancestor) (时延祖) to attack W. Shu, but on the way, Sima Rongqi was assassinated by his subordinate Yang2(poplar) Cheng2(bear)zu3 (杨承祖), and the Jin forces had to retreat to Baidicheng. In 407, Mao Xiuzhi defeated and killed Yang, but Liu Yu sent another general, Liu Jing4(respect)xuan1(declare) (刘敬宣), to attack W. Shu. Also around this time, Qiao Zong submitted as a vassal to LATER Qin's emperor Yao Xing. He also secretly maintained a relationship with Jin's governor of Guang Province (广州, modern Guangdong and Guangxi), Lu2 Xun2(follow/abide by) (卢循), who was formally a Jin official but had maintained in reality an independent administration over his domain. In 408, Qiao Zong requested Yao Xing to send Huan Xuan's cousin Huan2 Qian1(modest) (桓谦) to Chengdu, so that he and Huan Qian could jointly attack Jin. Huan Qian, believing that the people of the W. provinces of Jin would follow him, went to Chengdu despite Yao Xing's misgivings about Qiao Zong's intentions, and when Huan Qian arrived in Chengdu and received welcome from many, Qiao Zong became suspicious and put him under house arrest. In late 408, Liu Jingxuan advanced to Huanghu (黄虎, in modern Suining, Sichuan), and Qiao Zong sought aid from LATER Qin; Yao Xing sent an army to assist him, but at the same time, Qiao Daofu was able to resist Liu Jingxuan's advance, and after the armies stalemated for 60 days, Liu Jingxuan's army ran out of food supplies and grew ill, and was forced to retreat. In 409, Yao Xing created Qiao Zong the Prince of Shu, and granted him the nine bestowments. In fall 410, after Liu Yu had destroyed S. Yan, Lu Xun took the opportunity to capture much of Jin territory, but then was forced to retreat when Liu Yu returned from his S. Yan campaign. Qiao Zong then, after approval from Yao Xing, attacked Jing Province (荆州, modern Hubei and Hunan) with Huan Qian and the LATER Qin general Gou3(careless) Lin2(forest) (苟林). They were, however, defeated by Liu Yu's brother Liu Daogui1(dividers/rule/plan/admonish)(刘道规), and Huan Qian was killed. Qiao Zong withdrew back to his domain, but did manage to, in the process, capture Badong Commandery (巴东, roughly modern Chongqing). In 412, Liu Yu commissioned the general Zhu1 Ling2(years)shi2 (朱龄石) to command an army of 20,000 men against W. Shu. He ordered Zhu to take an alternative route than the one that Liu Jingxuan had taken─to bypass Huanghu and head for Chengdu by the circumlocutous route of Min River (岷江), but to avoid dissension and the news being leaked to W. Shu, Liu Yu also sealed his orders and publicly stated to Zhu to have them opened when he reaches Baidicheng. Zhu did so in summer 413, and the orders were as Liu Yu had previously told Zhu. Qiao Zong, not anticipating this, had Qiao Daofu defend the same route that Liu Jingxuan took─by Fu River (涪江), with his army camped at Fucheng (涪城, in modern Mianyang, Sichuan). Only when Zhu reached Pingmo (平模, in modern Leshan, Sichuan) did a W. Shu army, commanded by Hou Hui and Qiao Shen (谯诜) arrive to try to stop Zhu. Zhu attacked and killed Hou and Qiao Shen, and then abandoned his ships and headed directly toward Chengdu, facing little resistance on the way. Qiao Zong, hearing that Zhu was about to arrive, abandoned Chengdu and fled toward Qiao Daofu's camp. His daughter suggested that they commit suicide on the ancestral tombs, but Qiao Zong refused. When he met Qiao Daofu, Qiao Daofu rebuked him for abandoning Chengdu, and he threw his sword at Qiao Zong. Qiao Zong fled but, believing that he could not escape, committed suicide by hanging. Qiao Daofu tried to continue to resist, but his army collapsed, and he was captured and killed by Zhu. W. Shu was at its end. [4]Chieftains of Tiefu Tribe (mid-3rd century-391) (7) 1) Liu2 Qu4bei1(modest/inferior/humble) 刘去卑 mid 3rd century (?-272) Tiefu chieftain 260-272. Right Prince of the S. Xiong1nu2. (weishu is the left virtuous king). Nan2Xiong1nu2Zhi1You4Xian2Wang2 南匈奴之右贤王（魏书作左贤王） There is uncertainty about the lineage of Liu Qubei, some records say that he was the second son of one of the last Xiongnu chanyus, Yu2(at/in)fu2(support)luo2(bird net/gather/sieve) (于扶罗), that he was the uncle of the Han Zhao ruler Liu Yuan. 2) Liu2 Gao4(imperial mandate)sheng1(hoist)yuan2(hence/whereupon) 刘诰升爰 mid 3rd century - late 3rd century 3) Liu2 Hu3(tiger/vigorous) 刘虎 early 4th century (309?) - 341 4) Liu2 Wu4affair/devote oneself to)heng2(permanent) 刘务恒 341-356 5) Liu2 E4(shut/stop)lou4(mean/ugly/corrupt)tou2(head) 刘阏陋头 356-358 5) Liu2Xi1(all/be informed of)wu4(do not)qi2(play/entreat) 刘悉勿祈 358-359 7) Liu2 Wei4(protect)chen2(celestial bodies/5th EB/12 2-hour times of day) 刘卫辰 359-391 [5] Chieftains of Yuwen Tribe (late-3rd century-345) 1) Yu3(eaves/universe)Wen2 Mo4(no one/don't)huai2(chinese scholar tree) 宇文莫槐 late 3rd century-293 2) Yu3wen2 Pu3(universal)hui2 宇文普回 or Yuwen Pu Bo1(move with hand or foot/stir) 宇文普拨 293-late 3rd century 3) Yu3wen2 Qiu1(mound)buqin2(indutrious/regular school, work, etc) 宇文丘不勤 late 3rd century He succeeded his father Yuwen Pubo as chieftain. He was married to the daughter of Tuoba leader Tuoba Chuo. 4) Yu3wen2 Mo4gui4(elongated, pointed jade) 宇文莫圭 late 3rd century (299?)- early 4th century (302?) . He succeeded his father Yuwen Qiubuqin as chieftain. In 302, Yuwen Mogui dispatched a force to fight against the Xianbei chieftain Murong Hui. 5) Yu3wen2 Xi2(all/be informed of)du2(only/single)guan1(government official) 宇文悉独官 early 3rd century 6) Yu3wen2 Qi3degui1(return/converge/give a post to sb.) 宇文乞得归 early 3rd century - 333 chieftain of the Yuwen tribe (early 4th century-333). He succeeded his father Yuwen Xunniyan as chieftain. In 325, LATER Zhao ruler Shi Le added Yuwen Qidegui. Yuwen Qidegui dispatched troops to assist Shi Le in attacking Xianbei chieftain Murong Hui. Murong Hui then dispatched his heir apparent Murong Huang along with the Tuoba and the Duan tribes. Murong Hui entered as the right wing, Murong Ren was left wing. Qidegui guarded the river (now Xar moron River). Yuwen Qidegui's nephew Yuwen Xibaxiong resisted Murong Ren in addition. Murong Ren killed Yuwen Xibaxiong, while winning attacks against Yuwen Qidegui with Murong Huang, breaking Yuwen Qidegui's forces. Yuwen Qidegui abandoned his armed force to run away, Murong Huang and Murong Ren entered his territory and sent troops to pursue Yuwen Qidegui. In 333 he was killed by Yuwen Yidougui, who succeeded him as chieftain of the Yuwen. 7) Yu3wen2 Yi4(escape/leisurely/outstanding)dou4(beans)gui1(return) 宇文逸豆归 333-345 He succeeded Yuwen Qidegui as chieftain. [6] Dukes of Liaoxi 303-338 1) Duan4(section) Wu4(affair/one's devotion)wu4(don't)chen2(dust/this world) 段务勿尘 303-310 or 311 2) Duan4 Ji2(disease/hate)lu4(land/"6")juan4(family dependent/have tender feelings for) 段疾陆眷 310 or 311 - 318 |