Gao1 Zu3(great great grandfather) 高祖 Liu2 Bang1
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Personal information* Father o Lu Guang (Emperor Yiwu) * Wife o Empress Yang (created 400, committed suicide 401) 4) Shang4Shu1(high official)Gong1 尚书公 or Jian4kang1Gong1 建康公 Luu3 Long2(prosperous/swell/intense/deep) 吕隆 401-403 (died 416) aka Yong3ji1(foundation) (永基) He was nephew of guang. During his reign, LATER Liang was under constant attacks by N. Liang and S. Liang and reduced largely to its capital Guzang (姑臧Wuwei, Gansu). In 403, Lu Long decided to end the state by surrendering Guzang to LATER Qin's emperor Yao Xing. He became a LATER Qin official, but after aligning himself with Yao Xing's son Yao Bi (姚弼), who made unsuccessful attempts to seize the crown prince position from Yao Hong, was executed by Yao Hong after Yao Xing's death in 416. Yao Bi was forced to commit suicide, and Lu Long, along with other co-conspirators, were arrested. He was executed by Yao Hong shortly after Yao Xing then died the next day, as was his brother Lu Chao. His father was Lu Bao. He was handsome and skilled at horsemanship and archery. He was a general under Guang but not as good as his younger brother Lu Chao (吕超) was. In 401, Lu Chao assassinated Lu Guang's son Lu Zuan and killed his brother Lu Wei (吕纬) the Duke of Longxi, and then offered the throne to Lu Long. He claimed the title "Heavenly Prince" (Tian Wang), roughly equivalent to emperor. He honored his mother Lady Wei as empress dowager, and created his wife Lady Yang as empress. He created Lu Chao the Duke of Anding and entrusted most governmental and military affairs to him. Reign Lu Long, continued Zuan’s violence by slaughtering many strong clans within his state for the purpose of showing his authority. After hearing this, in summer 401, the LATER Qin emperor Yao Xing sent his uncle Yao Shuode (姚硕德) to launch a major attack on LATER Liang. The LATER Qin army quickly reached Guzang and put it under siege. Many of the non-natives in Guzang planned a rebellion to give the city to LATER Qin, but were discovered, and Lu Long slaughtered them, but with Yao Shuode's pressure, Lu Chao suggested nominal submission to LATER Qin, which Lu Long agreed with, sending his nephews and some 50 clans to the LATER Qin capital Chang'an as hostages to guarantee his faithfulness. Per Yao Shuode's recommendation, Yao Xing created him the Duke of Jiankang, although Lu Long continued to internally use the title of Heavenly Prince. Yao Shuode then withdrew. However, Lu Long continued to be under constant attack by both S. Liang and N. Liang, then suffered a major defeat from Tufa Rutan. When 100,000 starved form famine and they pled to exit the city, even knowing that they would be captured to be slaves. Lu Long was angry and therefore executed these people. Lu Long tried to make peace with both S. Liang and N. Liang, and in 402 had a brief peace with both, even obtaining some famine relief from N. Liang's prince Juqu Mengxun, but the peace did not last, nor did LATER Qin military assistance stop the attacks. By 403, Lu Long was desperate. Meanwhile, LATER Qin officials advised Yao Xing to take control of LATER Liang territory directly, believing that if Lu Long somehow survived this crisis, he would no longer be a vassalater Yao Xing therefore summoned Lu Chao to Chang'an, intending to use his absence to force Lu Long to submit. When Lu Long received the order, he decided to end the state of siege altogether by offering his territory─now not much more than Guzang itself─to LATER Qin. Yao Xing sent his general Qi Nan (齐难) with a large force to protect and escort Lu Long to Chang'an. Lu Long welcomed him and then, after saying farewell to Lu Guang's temple, left for Chang'an. LATER Qin took over the city, and LATER Liang was no more. Era name * Shending (神鼎 shen d_ng) 401-403 Personal information * Father o Lu Bao (吕宝), posthumously honored Emperor Wen, brother of Lu Guang (Emperor Yiwu) * Mother o Lady Wei * Wife o Empress Yang [12] Nan (S.) Liang Kingdom 397 AD - 414 AD(3) 1) Wu Wang 武王 Tufa Wugu 秃发乌孤 397-399 (died 399), formally Prince Wu of Wuwei (武威武王), Was the founding prince of the Chinese/Xianbei state S. Liang. He was initially a vassal of LATER Liang's emperor Lu Guang, but seeing how Lu Guang was misruling his people, declared independence in 397. He ruled for only two years before he died from injuries suffered in a horse-riding accident. Tufa Wugu's father Tufa Sifujian was a great-grandnephew of the early Jin Dynasty (265-420) Xianbei general Tufa Shujineng (秃发树机能), who had been a menace to Jin forces during the reign of Emperor Wu. Tufa Sifujian became tribal chief in 356 and was a F. Qin vassalater Tufa Wugu himself was brave and ambitious, and he considered ways to take over Liang Province (凉州 central and W. Gansu). His general Fen Tuo (纷陀) advised him that he had to be diligent, encourage agriculture, and rule efficiently and fairly. He strived to follow Fen's suggestions, and soon became known for his abilities. In 394, Lu Guang, sent messengers to commission Tufa Wugu as a general, and Tufa Wugu considered whether to accept it. The strategist Shizhen Ruoliu (石真若留) pointed out that Tufa Wugu was not yet in shape to oppose Lu Guang, and that he should submit to make Lu Guang arrogant. Tufa Wugu agreed, and accepted the LATER Liang posts. In 395, Tufa Wugu attacked a number of unsubmissive tribes around his, including Yifu (乙弗) and Zhejue (折掘), forcing them to submit. He built Lianchuan Castle (廉川堡, Haidong Prefecture, Qinghai) to serve as headquarters. Also in 395, Lu Guang created him the Duke of Guangwu. In 396, when Lu Guang tried to give titles to Tufa Wugu, but this time Tufa Wugu refused, stating to Lu Guang's ambassador:Heavenly Prince Lu's sons are all corrupt and immoralater His nephews are particularly violent and cruelaterTufa Wugu rejected the titles, although he kept the musicians and artisans that Lu Guang sent. In 397, after Lu Guang had suffered a loss on the battlefield against W. Qin's prince Qifu Gangui, Tufa Wugu declared himself the Prince of Xiping and changed era name, signifying a declaration of independence for S. Liang. He then captured LATER Liang's city Jincheng (金城, Lanzhou, Gansu), which LATER Liang had only captured from W. Qin earlier that year. Lu Guang sent his general Dou Gou (窦苟) to attack S. Liang, but was defeated by Tufa Wugu.Tufa Wugu wanted to weaken LATER Liang and capture its capital Guzang (姑臧 Wuwei, Gansu), and LATER in 397, when LATER Liang's rebel general, the prophet Guo Nen (郭_), under attack by Lu Guang's son Lu Zuan, sought help from him, he sent his brother Tufa Lilugu to relieve Guo, although Guo LATER submitted to W. Qin. In 398, two other LATER Liang rebel generals Yang Gui (杨轨) and Wang Qiji (王乞基) submitted to Tufa Wugu, and LATER that year Tufa Wugu defeated the powerful Qiang chief Liang Ji (梁饥), and after his victory, the Qiang and Xiongnu tribes south of the Hongchi Mountain (洪池岭, Wuwei) all submitted to him. Late in the year, he changed his title from Prince of Xiping to Prince of Wuwei, perhaps signifying his eventual design on Guzang. In spring 399, Tufa Wugu moved his capital to Ledu (乐都, Haidong Prefecture, Qinghai). He was very effective at judging talent, and regardless of whether his subordinates were Han or of other ethnicities, he put them all in the right positions in accordance with their talent. He asked who to attack first, among W. Qin, LATER Liang, or N. Liang. Yang Tong (杨统), pointed out that Lu Guang was incompetent and that his sons were distrusting of each other, and that Tufa Wugu should let his troops harass LATER Liang's borders and eventually conquer it. When Lu Guang's sons Lu Shao and Lu Zuan attacked N. Liang LATER that year, Tufa Wugu went to the N. Liang prince Duan Ye's aid, helping to stave off the LATER Liang attack. LATER that year, Tufa Wugu fell off his horse while drunk, and he suffered a severe chest injury. He remarked, while grinning, "I am making Lu Guang and his sons happy!" As his conditions worsened, he ordered that someone who is old should succeed him, and so his nobles supported his brother Tufa Lilugu as the new prince (as Prince Kang). Era name * Taichu (太初 tai ch_) 397-400 Personal information * Father o Tufa Sifujian (秃发思复犍), Xianbei tribal chief * Children 1)o Tufa Fudan (秃发赴单) 2)o Tufa Fanni (秃发樊泥) 2) Kang1 Wang2 康王 Tu1(bald)fa(send/hair) Li4(profitable)lu4 (deer) gu1 (alone) 秃发利鹿孤 399-402 (died 402), formally Prince Kang of He2xi1 (河西康王), He was a younger brother of the founding prince Tufa Wugu (Prince Wu). He was a capable ruler open to different opinions. He was also, somewhat contradictorily, entrusting most important affairs of state to his talented brother Tufa Rutan, who was LATER succeed him as Prince Jing. In 397, shortly after Tufa Wugu established S. Liang in the fall of that year, Tufa Wugu sent him to assist the LATER Liang rebel Guo Nen (郭_). In summer 398, he, along with another LATER Liang rebel, Yang Gui (杨轨), jointly battled Lu Zuan, the son of the LATER Liang emperor Lu Guang, but was defeated by Lu Zuan, leading Yang Gui to eventually give up his rebellion and flee to S. Liang. In 399, as part of Tufa Wugu's realignment of the state's defenses when moving the capital from Jincheng (金城, Lanzhou, Gansu) to Ledu (乐都 Haidong Prefecture, Qinghai), he was put in charge of Anyi (安夷 Haidong Prefecture). He had title Duke of Xiping at this point. In summer 399, Tufa Wugu sent him to assist N. Liang's prince Duan Ye when N. Liang was under attack by Lu Zuan and Lu Guang's crown prince Lu Shao, forcing Lu Zuan and Lu Shao to withdraw. Soon thereafter, he was put in charge of the city of Xiping (西平Xining, Qinghai). LATER that year, Tufa Wugu suffered a serious horse-riding accident when drunk, and in his last words ordered that an older person be selected to succeed him. The S. Liang nobles therefore selected Tufa Lilugu to succeed him. After succeeding Tufa Wugu, Tufa Lilugu moved the capital from Ledu to Xiping. In early 400, Lu Zuan, who had by that point become the emperor of LATER Liang, planned to attack him─and Lu Zuan's official Yang Ying (杨颖), in trying to persuade Lu Zuan not to attack, described Tufa Lilugu's regime as one "with an united heart, with subordinates who faithfully carried out his instructions, with no opportunity to take advantage of," Lu Zuan attacked anyway and Tufa Wugu sent Tufa Rutan against him and defeated him. In summer 400, when Lu Zuan made a major attack on N. Liang, Tufa Rutan, probably at Tufa Lilugu's instruction, made a surprise attack on the LATER Liang capital Guzang (姑臧 Wuwei, Gansu), entering Guzang's E. half and then retreating after successfully pillaging the city, forcing Lu Zuan to abandon his N. Liang campaign. LATER that year, after W. Qin's prince Qifu Gangui was defeated by LATER Qin, Qifu Gangui surrendered to Tufa Lilugu. Initially, Tufa Lilugu's brother Tufa Juyan (秃发俱延) suspected Qifu Gangui's sincerity and requested that Qifu Gangui be exiled to west of the Qinghai Lake -- a suggestion that Tufa Lilugu rejected on the grounds that if he did so, no one else would surrender to him. However, when Qifu Gangui subsequently redefected to LATER Qin, Tufa Lilugu much regretted the decision not to exile or kill him. LATER, when Qifu Gangui's son Qifu Chipan tried to defect as well to join his father, Tufa Lilugu was prepared to execute him, but at Tufa Rutan's urging (that killing a son for wanting to join his father would be seen as narrow-minded), did not do so. In spring 401, at the urging of many of his officials, Tufa Lilugu considered declaring himself emperor. However, he accepted the advice from the general Tou Wulun (_勿仑) that such a declaration would make him a target for others, and did not do so; rather, he only changed his title from Prince of Wuwei (the title that Tufa Wugu also used) to Prince of Hexi, signifying a claim over the region west of the Yellow River. LATER that year, he personally made a successful attack against LATER Liang's emperor Lu Long (Lu Zuan's cousin). LATER in 401, there was an exchange between Tufa Lilugu and his official Shi Gao (史□),where Liligu asked for critique and Gao said that relocating the people was a bad thing. Tufa Lilugu agreed with Shi. However, there was no record of Tufa Lilugu changing his policies due to Shi's suggestions. By fall 401, the new prince of N. Liang, Juqu Mengxun, was forced to send his son Juqu Xinian (沮渠奚念) as a hostage to Tufa Lilugu to show his submission. Tufa Lilugu, however, rejected Juqu Xinian as a hostage, stating that Juqu Xinian was too young and he wanted Juqu Mengxun to send his brother Juqu Ru (沮渠□) -- a major strategist and general for Juqu Mengxun. Juqu Mengxun initially refused─stating that he needed Juqu Ru to assist him─which drew anger from Tufa Lilugu, who sent Tufa Juyan the Marquess of Zhangsong and another brother, Tufa Wenzhi (秃发文支) the Marquess of Xingcheng against N. Liang and captured Juqu Mengxun's cousin Juqu Shanshan'gouzi (沮渠鄯善苟子). Juqu Mengxun made a humbler submission after that point and sent his uncle Juqu Kongzhe (沮渠孔遮) to promise to sent Juqu Ru as a hostage, before Tufa Lilugu would withdraw his troops and return the people they captured. However, Tufa Lilugu himself was aware of his own power's limitations, and he also nominally submitted to Yao Xing, the emperor of LATER Qin, sending tributes to Yao Xing, and in 401, when LATER Qin attacked LATER Liang, he ordered his troops to withdraw to yield a path for LATER Qin troops. Around the new year 402, in response to a request for assistance from the LATER Liang rebel Jiao Lang (焦朗), Tufa Lilugu sent Tufa Rutan to assist Jiao, and Tufa Rutan and Jiao then attacked Guzang, dealing LATER Liang a major defeat. Oddly enough, however, when N. Liang attacked LATER Liang in spring 402, Tufa Lilugu sent Tufa Rutan to aid LATER Liang, although by the time Tufa Rutan arrived, N. Liang had already retreated. LATER in spring 402, Tufa Lilugu grew ill, and he instructed that the state be entrusted to Tufa Rutan. (Tufa Lilugu's father Tufa Sifujian had treasured Tufa Rutan's talents greatly─and stated to all of his sons that none was more talented than Tufa Rutan, an evaluation that Tufa Wugu and Tufa Lilugu agreed with, and therefore both decided to pass the throne to a younger brother rather than a son.) After Tufa Lilugu died, Tufa Rutan succeeded him as Prince Jing. Era name * Jianhe (建和 jian he) 400-402 Personal information * Father o Tufa Sifujian (秃发思复犍), Xianbei tribal chief 3) Jing3 Wang2 景王 Jing4 Wang2 敬王 Tu1fa Rutan2(wingceltis)|秃发傉檀402-414 (365 ━ 415) He was the son that his father, the Xianbei chief Tufa Sifujian (秃发思复犍), considered most talented, his older brothers, the founding prince Tufa Wugu (Prince Wu) and Tufa Lilugu (Prince Kang) both decided to pass the throne to a brother, intending that he receive the throne. However, Tufa Rutan, while obviously talented as a general, is viewed by as being overly aggressive in waging military campaigns, and he greatly drained the resources of the S. Liang people while doing so. S. Liang's strength particularly waned after a major 407 defeat at the hand of the Xia emperor Liu Bobo, and it drew attacks from its neighbors N. Liang and W. Qin. Eventually, Tufa Rutan was forced to surrender to W. Qin in 414 after W. Qin captured his capital Ledu (乐都, Haidong Prefecture, Qinghai), and he was poisoned to death a year LATER. After Tufa Wugu founded S. Liang in 397 by breaking away from LATER Liang, Tufa Rutan immediately began to play a major role in the military and governmental affairs of the state. In 398, Tufa Wugu sent him to assist the LATER Liang rebels Yang Gui (杨轨) and Guo Nen (郭_). In spring 399, after Tufa Wugu moved the capital from Lianchuan (廉川 Haidong Prefecture, Qinghai) to Ledu (乐都 Haidong Prefecture) in a major realignment of his military strengths, Tufa Rutan was put in charge of the important city of Xiping (西平 Xining, Qinghai), and by this time, he was referred to by the title of Duke of Guangwu, a title that Tufa Wugu himself had carried earlier. In summer 399, Tufa Wugu recalled him to Ledu to head his government, while replacing him at Xiping with Tufa Lilugu. LATER in 399, Tufa Wugu suffered a serious injury while horseriding when drunk, and, because his last words were that the state should be entrusted to someone old, was succeeded by Tufa Lilugu. Tufa Lilugu entrusted all important governmental matters to him and effectively designated him as the next prince. In 400, when the LATER Liang emperor Lu Zuan attacked N. Liang, Tufa Rutan launched a raid at the LATER Liang capital Guzang (姑臧 Wuwei, Gansu), entering the city and, while not staying permanently in the city, held a feast in the city and forced 8,000 households to relocate back to S. Liang with him. LATER in 400, when, in light of defeats by LATER Qin, the W. Qin prince Qifu Gangui surrendered to Tufa Lilugu, Tufa Lilugu sent Tufa Rutan to welcome him. Then Tufa Rutan gave a daughter in marriage to Qifu Gangui's son Qifu Chipan. LATER in the year, Qifu Gangui took flight again and surrendered to LATER Qin, and when Qifu Chipan tried to join Qifu Gangui but was detained, it was at Tufa Rutan's suggestion that killing Qifu Chipan for wanting to join his father would appear narrow-minded that Tufa Lilugu did not execute Qifu Chipan. It was around this time when LATER Liang's general Jiang Ji (姜纪) surrendered to S. Liang. Tufa Rutan, impressed by Jiang's talent, befriended him and spent much time with him, despite Tufa Lilugu's distrust of Jiang. Jiang, however, soon turned against S. Liang and fled to LATER Qin, offering its emperor Yao Xing strategies on conquering LATER Liang and resisting S. Liang. Around the new year 402, the LATER Liang rebel Jiao Lang (焦朗) sought aid from S. Liang, and Tufa Lilugu sent Tufa Rutan to aid him, but when Tufa Rutan arrived, Jiao would not receive him. Tufa Rutan initially was angry and wanted to attack Jiao instead, but at the suggestion of his brother Tufa Juyan (秃发俱延) reconciled with Jiao and jointly attacked Guzang and didn’t capture the city, but dealt the LATER Liang general Lu Chao (吕超) a major defeat. LATER that year, however, when LATER Liang was attacked by N. Liang's prince Juqu Mengxun, Tufa Rutan came to LATER Liang's aid. He soon arrested Jiao and delivered him to Tufa Lilugu as wellater LATER in 402, Tufa Lilugu died from illness, and he left instructions that the throne be passed to Tufa Rutan. Tufa Rutan accepted, and moved the capital from Xiping (where Tufa Lilugu had moved it) back to Ledu. Tufa Rutan did not relent in his military pressure against LATER Liang, and his attacks against LATERLiang continued to have a destabilizing effect on LATER Liang. He nominally agreed to be a LATER Qin vassal, and was created the Duke of Guangwu, although he continued to internally use the title Prince of Hexi, which Tufa Lilugu used. In summer 402, Qifu Chipan escaped and joined his father Qifu Gangui. Tufa Rutan delivered Qifu Chipan's wife (possibly Tufa Rutan's daughter) and children to him. In 403, in light of pressure from Tufa Rutan and Juqu Mengxun, Lu Long decided to end his state, surrendering Guzang to LATER Qin. Tufa Rutan, afraid of LATER Qin's power, withdrew his troops to allow LATER Qin forces through to Guzang. In 404, he further ended his nominal independence (but not actual independence) by ending the use of his own era name and instead using LATER Qin's to show allegiance to LATER Qin. He stopped using his own princely title, and used only the LATER Qin-created title of Duke of Guangwu. He also made a request to Yao Xing that he be allowed to have Guzang, but Yao Xing refused. While S. Liang and N. Liang had both become LATER Qin vassals, they warred with eachother after LATER Liang disappeared. In 406, Tufa Rutan attacked N. Liang but after Juqu Mengxun refused to engage him, withdrew, and he made a tribute of 30,000 horses to Yao Xing, greatly touching Yao Xing and making him believing in Tufa Rutan's loyalty, and so he commissioned Tufa Rutan with governorship of Liang Province (凉州, Guzang and its surroundings at that time), giving him Guzang. LATER that year, Tufa Rutan moved his capital from Ledu to Guzang. He also entered into an alliance with W. Liang's duke Li Gao, aimed against N. Liang. While Tufa Rutan was nominally a LATER Qin vassal, he did not actually wish to serve Yao Xing long, and in 407 he proposed to Qifu Chipan(free while father detained at Chang’an) an alliance, but Qifu Chipan executed his messengers and delivered their heads to Yao Xing. Still, at this time, S. Liang's power was at its apex. At this time, though, a major defeat would cause S. Liang's strength to begin to wane. In winter 407, the LATER Qin rebel Liu Bobo, who had earlier that year broken from LATER Qin and established Xia, requested to marry Tufa Rutan's daughter. Tufa Rutan refused, and in anger Liu Bobo launched a punitive raid against S. Liang but then retreated. Tufa Rutan gave chase and, believing that he greatly outpowered Liu Bobo, was careless in his military actions. Liu Bobo led him into a canyon and then blocked the exit with ice and wagons, and then ambushed him─and the defeat was such that it was said that 60% to 70% of S. Liang's famed officials and generals died in the battle. Tufa Rutan barely escaped capture. In fear, Tufa Rutan ordered that all of the people within 150 kilometers of Guzang be moved into the capital, which immediately led to mass panic and a rebellion by the Xiongnu chief Cheng Qi'er (成七儿). While Cheng's rebellion was defeated, Tufa Rutan's domain had been greatly wounded. In light of Tufa Rutan's defeat, Yao Xing plotted his destruction, despite the advice of Wei Zong (韦宗), an official of his who had personal knowledge of Tufa Rutan's ability, against such action. In 408, he commissioned his son Yao Bi (姚弼) the Duke of Guangping to lead a large force with generals Lian Cheng (敛成) and Qifu Gangui to make a surprise attack on S. Liang─tricking Tufa Rutan into initially not resisting by informing him that the army was intended to be part of a pincer movement against Xia. Only when the LATER Qin forces reached Guzang's vicinity did Tufa Rutan realize what the purpose of the campaign was, and he defended the city against Yao Bi. When a rebellion inside the city itself, led by Wang Zhong (王钟), threatened to cause the city to fall, Tufa Rutan buried some 5,000 people alive, and he then defeated Yao Bi. When Yao Xing sent Yao Xian (姚显) the Duke of Changshan to aid Yao Bi, Tufa Rutan defeated him as well, and Yao Xian, in fear, blamed Lian for the entire campaign and apologized to Tufa Rutan, and then withdrew with Yao Bi. Tufa Rutan also sent a messenger to Chang'an to request forgiveness. In winter 408, Tufa Rutan again declared independence, and claimed the title of Prince of Liang, in light of LATER Qin's defeats at his own hands and at the hands of Liu Bobo. He created his wife Lady Zhejue princess, and his son Tufa Hutai (秃发虎台) crown prince. Qifu Gangui also redeclared independence from LATER Qin in 409) In 410, one of Tufa Rutan's campaigns would hurt him greatly. He attacked N. Liang and forced 1,000 households to move to his state. In retaliation, Juqu Mengxun pillaged a larger number of households from his state, and when Tufa Rutan's brother Tufa Juyan responded, Juqu Mengxun defeated him. When Tufa Rutan himself followed with a larger force, Juqu Mengxun defeated him as well, and then advanced on Guzang and put it under siege. The residents of Guzang, remembering the massacre that Tufa Rutan carried out during Wang Zhong's rebellion, panicked, and a large number surrendered to Juqu Mengxun. With his general Zhequ Qizhen (折屈奇镇) also rebelling to the south, Tufa Rutan became apprehensive, and moved the capital from Guzang back to Ledu. The general Jiao Lang quickly rebelled and held Guzang, although Juqu Mengxun conquered it in 411, and then advanced on Ledu, sieging it for more than a month before Tufa Rutan submitted by sending his son Tufa Anzhou (秃发安周) to Juqu Mengxun as a hostage. However, Tufa Rutan soon again planned revenge, and LATER that year he launched another attack on N. Liang, which was initially successful, but his army withdrew at an overly leisurely pace, and when the weather turned against him, Juqu Mengxun caught him and defeated him, again sieging Ledu, forcing him to then send his son Tufa Rangan (秃发染干) as a hostage so that Juqu Mengxun would withdraw. In 413, Tufa Rutan launched yet another campaign against N. Liang, and was again defeated. Juqu Mengxun again put Ledu under siege but could not capture it. However, Tufa Rutan's general Tufa Wenzhi (秃发文支) then rebelled, encouraging Juqu Mengxun to launch a new attack. Tufa Rutan was forced to send his brother Juqu Juyan to N. Liang as a hostage. In 414, the Tuoqihan (唾契汗) and Yifu (乙弗) tribes rebelled, and despite the state of desperation S. Liang was in, Tufa Rutan, leaving his crown prince Tufa Hutai in command at Ledu, launched an attack against Yifu─which was quite successfulater However, Qifu Chipan, sieged Ledu. Tufa Hutai panicked, and forced the Han in the city into the inner citadel because he distrusted them and Ledu fellater Tufa Hutai was captured. Tufa Rutan's nephew Tufa Fani (秃发樊尼, Tufa Wugu's son) escaped and informed Tufa Rutan what had happened. Tufa Rutan informed his troops that his plans were then to attack the Tuoqihan tribe, and then use the proceeds from the pillaging to ransom the people of Ledu from W。 Qin. However, the troops, upon hearing the news, collapsed and deserted him. Tufa Rutan was forced to surrender to W. Qin as wellater Qifu Chipan treated Tufa Rutan as an honored guest. He created Tufa Rutan the Duke of Zuonan and Tufa Rutan's daughter his princess. However, in 415, he secretly had Tufa Rutan poisoned. After he was poisoned, Tufa Rutan realized what was happening, and refused all treatment. He died soon thereafter. In 423, Tufa Rutan and Princess Tufa, who plotted to try to avenge him, were discovered and executed by Chipan as wellater Era names * Hongchang (弘昌 hong ch_ng) 402-404 * Jiaping (嘉平 ji_ ping) 409-414 |