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4) Ju3qu2 Wu2hui4(taboo)沮渠无讳 442-444 (died 444) Is viewed by some historians as a prince of the Chinese/Xiongnu states N. Liang, as after the state's territory was largely seized by N. Wei in 439, and his older brother Juqu Mujian (Prince Ai) was captured by N.Wei, Juqu Wuhui tried to hold out against N. Wei, initially on N. Liang's old territory, and LATER, after that attempt failed, at Gaochang. He continued to use the title of Prince of Hexi, a title used by his brother and previously by his father Juqu Mengxun (Prince Wuxuan). Chinese historians dispute over whether Juqu Wuhui and his successor and brother Juqu Anzhou should be considered N. Liang rulers or not, and most consider Juqu Mujian the final prince of N. Liang. In 437, by which time Juqu Mujian had made him the governor of Jiuquan Commandery (酒泉 Jiuquan, Gansu). After the N. Liang capital Guzang (姑臧 Wuwei, Gansu) was captured by N. Wei forces, and Juqu Mujian was seized by Emperor Taiwu of N. Wei, in 439, N.Wei forces attacked remaining cities held by Juqu clan holdouts, and Juqu Wuhui, after he was joined in Jiuquan by his brother Juqu Yide (沮渠宜得), abandoned Jiuquan and fled initially to Jinchang (晋昌 Jiuquan) and then to Dunhuang (敦煌 Gansu). In spring 440, Juqu Wuhui tried to recapture Jiuquan. Yuan Jie (元□), the N. Wei general in charge of Jiuquan, viewed Juqu Wuhui lightly, and engaged him outside the city. Juqu Wuhui captured him and then put Jiuquan under siege, soon capturing it. He then attacked Zhangye, but could not capture it. N. Wei's Emperor Taiwu issued an edict ordering him to surrender, and in fall 440, after another general resisting N. Wei, Tufa Baozhou (秃发保周), the son of S. Liang's last prince Tufa Rutan, committed suicide, Juqu Wuhui sent his general Liang Wei (梁伟) to show submission to N.Wei's general Tuoba Jian (拓拔健) the Prince of Yongchang and Emperor Taiwu's brother, offering to return Jiuquan to N. Wei control and returning Yuan Jie. In response, in spring 441, Emperor Taiwu created Juqu Wuhui the Prince of Jiuquan. In summer 441, Juqu Wuhui's cousin Juqu Tang'er (沮渠唐儿), who was defending Dunhuang, rebelled. Juqu Wuhui left another cousin, Juqu Tianzhou (沮渠天周), in charge at Jiuquan, while personally attacking Juqu Tang'er, and Juqu Tang'er was killed in battle. However, as he did so, N. Wei, still viewing him with suspicion, sent its general Daxi Juan (达奚眷) to siege Jiuquan. With food supplies running out quickly, by winter 441, Jiuquan fell to N. Wei forces, and Juqu Tianzhou was killed. Juqu Wuhui himself lacked food at Dunhuang, and he feared N. Wei's next attack, and he therefore considered reestablishing his state in Xiyu. He first sent his brother Juqu Anzhou against Shanshan, but initially Juqu Anzhou was repelled. However, in 442, Juqu Wuhui abandoned Dunhuang and joined Juqu Anzhou, and the King of Shanshan, in fear, fled, and Juqu Wuhui, half of whose soldiers died of thirst on the way between Dunhuang and Shanshan, took Shanshan. Meanwhile, however, the F. W. Liang general Tang Qi (唐契) was attacking another F. N. Liang general, Hei Shuang (阚爽), at Gaochang. Hei sought help from Juqu Wuhui, but as Juqu Wuhui arrived with aid, Hei had already killed Tang in battle and refused to grant Juqu Wuhui admission. In fall 442, Juqu Wuhui made a surprise attack on Gaochang, capturing it, and Hei fled to Rouran. Juqu Wuhui moved his headquarters to Gaochang, and sent messengers to LS's capital Jiankang, submitting as a vassal and seeking an alliance. Emperor Wen of LS created him the Prince of Hexi. In 444, Juqu Wuhui died, and Juqu Anzhou succeeded him. Era name

* Chengping (承平 cheng ping) 443-444 Personal information

* Father o Juqu Mengxun (Prince Wuxuan)

* Children



o Juqu Ganshou (沮渠乾寿)

5) Ju3qu2 An1(peaceful\fix\install)zhou1(circuit) 沮渠安周 444-460 (died 460) N. Liang was seized by N. Wei in 439, and his older brother Juqu Mujian (Prince Ai) was captured by N.Wei, Juqu Anzhou's brother Juqu Wuhui tried to hold out against N. Wei, initially on N. Liang's old territory, and LATER, after that attempt failed, at Gaochang. Juqu Anzhou succeeded Juqu Wuhui after Juqu Wuhui's death in 444, and he continued to use the title of Prince of Hexi, a title used by his brothers and previously by his father Juqu Mengxun (Prince Wuxuan). In 431, when Juqu Mengxun sent him to visit the N. Wei capital Pingcheng (平城 Datong, Shanxi). Juqu Anzhou was the governor of Ledu Commandery (乐都 Haidong Prefecture, Qinghai) at this point, and he abandoned Ledu and fled to Tuyuhun. By winter 441, however, he had joined Juqu Wuhui at Dunhuang, and Juqu Wuhui, who had recently lost Jiuquan to N. Wei, wanted to try to reestablish his rule in Xiyu (modern Xinjiang and F. Soviet Central Asia). He sent Juqu Anzhou to attack Shanshan, but Juqu Anzhou could not capture it initially. In 442, however, Juqu Wuhui arrived to join him, and the king of Shanshan, in fear, fled, and Juqu Wuhui took over Shanshan. LATER that year, they would relocate to Gaochang. In 444, Juqu Wuhui died, and Juqu Anzhou succeeded him. Late in 444, Emperor Wen of LS officially created Juqu Anzhou the Prince of Hexi. At Gaochang he continued to use Juqu Wuhui's era name of Chengping, and after he seized the forces under the command of Juqu Wuhui's son Juqu Ganshou 沮渠乾寿, Juqu Ganshou surrendered to N. Wei. It appeared that Juqu Anzhou tried to maintain a good relationship with Rouran. However, in 460, for reasons unknown, Rouran attacked Gaochang and killed Juqu Anzhou, and then his clan. Rouran forces made Kan Bozhou (阚伯周) the King of Gaochang instead. Era name

  • Chengping (承平 cheng ping) 444-460

[14] Xi Liang Kingdom 400-421(3)
1) Wu3(swordplay/valiant/fierce) Zhao1(obvious/clear) Wang2 武昭王 Li3(plum) Gao3 李□ 400-417 (351 417) aka Xuan2(obscure)sheng4 (flourishing/ energetic/deeply) (玄盛), nickname Chang2(long/strong point)sheng1(birth) (长生), Was the founding duke of the Chinese state W. Liang. (While he claimed only the title of duke during his reign, he was posthumoustly honored with the princely title.) He was initially a N. Liang official, but in 400, he seceded from N. Liang's prince Duan Ye's rule and established his own independent state. His state only lasted for 21 years, but as his descendants would remain key officials and nobles throughout N. Wei, W. Wei, N. Zhou, and Sui Dynasty, and as one of them, Li Yuan, would found the Tang Dynasty in 618. After the founding of the Tang Dynasty, he was posthumously honored as Emperor Xingsheng (兴圣皇帝). Li Gao was born in 351, and was a posthumous child of his father Li Chang (李昶), who traced his ancestry to the Han Dynasty general Li Guang. After Li Chang's death, Li Gao's mother married a man named Song, and she bore him at least one son, Song Yao (宋繇). In Li Gao's youth, he was known to be studious, rational, and open-minded. When he grew older, he also studied the military strategies of Sunzi and Wu Qi. He had, for a time, lived in the same house with his half-brother Song Yao and Guo Nen (郭_), a minister of LATER Liang's founding emperor Lu Guang known for his magical and prophetic abilities. Guo once told Song, "Your place will be among the most honored of all subjects, but Mr. Li will one day found an independent state. This will happen when a mare bears a pony with a white forehead." After Lu Guang's official Duan Ye, with support from the generals Juqu Nancheng (沮渠男成) and Juqu Mengxun, broke away from LATERLiang and established N. Liang in 397, Li Gao became a county magistrate under Duan Ye's governor of Dunhuang Commandery (Gansu), Meng Min (孟敏). When Meng died in 400, the officials of Dunhuang Commandery, because Li Gao was popular with the people, asked him to take over. Initially, Li Gao was hesitant, but Song advised him to accept, stating to him that a pony with a white forehead had just recently been born. Li Gao therefore accepted and requested confirmation from Duan Ye, and Duan Ye agreed. However, Duan Ye's official Suo Si (索嗣), a friend of Li Gao's, warned Duan Ye of Li Gao's ambitions and advised Duan Ye not to allow Li Gao to remain in control of Dunhuang. Duan Ye therefore sent Suo Si to take over Li Gao's post. Li Gao, in fear, initially was going to receive Suo and turn over authorities to him. At the urging of Song and Zhang Miao (张邈), however, Li Gao first sent messengers to flatter Suo, and instead made a surprise against Suo, defeating him and forcing him to flee back to the N. Liang capital Zhangye (张掖, Gansu). Li Gao, angry at what he saw as Suo's betrayal, then sent messengers to Duan Ye demanding that he execute Suo. Juqu Nancheng, who also disliked Suo, advised Duan Ye to execute Suo to pacify Li, and Duan Ye did so. LATER in 400, Li Gao's subordinate Tang Yao (唐瑶) declared a general secession by the six commanderies around Dunhuang and offered the rulership to Li Gao. Li Gao accepted and took the title of Duke of Liang, thus establishing W. Liang.

Li Gao set his capital at Dunhuang. In 401, the important N. Liang照洞੐怹癕⑘∍冂豵㄄퓪쑺寔�쩌늡砑蝎뤍⺽㘬�ờ﵍䭿㘩狚啎鹗ᨪ鳪夑覈焚탆䥏�샪어�痜頶叾읻황妭㱥暲峼텛ძᐸ笫祶Ϣ⼵粔겊鉰ᵄ姮彑腘៓ެ嘖㋁ﰋ﹉殫︕퀈ၹ柴賙鰤ꚟꜳ煸艨댹⩤醪��╳㈮㈟ᭈ딯蒺뢻뫩㟆장ㄪዋ퍴“Ǽ㚕윷䋦ቭ⒆앎ꒁ뺓쫛氄㌤Ꭶഊ℃闡ນ�ᛨག靸텑䨹茟⽘�⳰呵隹ꈏ㥓瑋㷸馮Ƌ톟떷궤⼺謯瀾㝞ꚫ⌍钌탧�苵㝎썶챾肌턩媈⴫攴ᜩ簜鵙怬쏱ਖ깤ꪲ摒⍛䈜槝鞣魻䫌༔㢣⹂彯⼪鏢ᗣ�請ꝥ꟨㭒芝㼲㶟晩ᛖ톮鳠σắ뜮牬멱Ộ値ì唳⎏ヘ떜웬玧鏽歹慄냦䂚奣쏫䠉岞菵䰥眓酮羏挨숪㭗⿴璡庅㜼박贈䀦푃쐳戲�놵䀈⪯썍뿻만⚈쐣竿뾌 LATER Qin, although Juqu Mengxun LATER decided against it and continued his state's existence. In light of LATER Qin's advances, however, Li Gao nominally submitted to LATERQin as a vassalater In 404, Li Gao's heir apparent Li Tan (李谭) died, and he created Li Tan's younger brother Li Xin as the new heir apparent. In 405, Li Gao claimed additional honorific titles, and at the same time, while not renouncing LATER Qin, also sent messengers to Jin, requesting to be a vassalater He also moved his capital from Dunhuang to Jiuquan, closer to the N. Liang capital Zhangye, to put additional pressure on N. Liang. He also wrote a letter to all of his sons, which is still extant, encouraging them to be open-minded and think logically, and be mild in temperament. In 406, Li Gao entered into a peace agreement with S. Liang's prince Tufa Rutan, with an implicit understanding of an alliance against N. Liang, but no actual joint military action was ever taken. LATER that year, Juqu Mengxun made an attack on Jiuquan, and Li Gao suffered a defeat to Juqu Mengxun near Jiuquan and was forced to return to the city to defend it against a siege, but Juqu Mengxun, not having enough strength to siege it, withdrew. In 408, not having received response from Jin when he sent messengers in 405, Li Gao sent another messenger with his petition to the Jin capital Jiankang (建康, Nanjing, Jiangsu). In 410, Juqu Mengxun attacked W. Liang again and defeated Li Gao's heir apparent Li Xin in battle, capturing the general Zhu Yuanhu (朱元虎). Li Gao ransomed Zhu with silver and gold, and Juqu Mengxun returned Zhu and made peace with Li Gao. In 411, Juqu Mengxun, despite the prior peace agreement, made a surprise attack on W. Liang. Li Gao guarded his capital and refused to engage Juqu Mengxun, who was then forced to withdraw when his army ran out of food supply. Li Gao then sent Li Xin to attack the N. Liang troops in retreat, and Li Xin had a major victory over Juqu Mengxun, capturing his general Juqu Bainian (沮渠百年). In 416, Li Gao's subordinate Suo Chengming (索承明) suggested that he attack N. Liang. Li Gao summoned Suo and explained to him that he had insufficient strength to do so -- and that Suo, if he actually had usable plans, should offer them rather than simply suggesting an attack. In fear and shame, Suo withdrew from his presence. In 417, Li Gao grew ill, and he entrusted Li Xin to his brother Song Yao, stating, "After I die, the heir apparent is your son. Please discipline him accordingly." He then died, and Li Xin succeeded him as duke. Although Li Gao only claimed a ducal title, he was posthumously honored as a prince. Personal information

* Father o Li Chang (李昶) (d. 350 or 351), posthumously honored as Duke Jian

* Wives

1)o First wife, name unknown[4]



2)o Lady Yin, mother of Li Xin

* Children

1)o Li Tan (李谭), the Heir Apparent (d. 404)

2)o Li Xin (李歆), the Heir Apparent (created 404), LATER duke

3)o Li Rang (李让), Marquess Mu of Xinxiang

4)o Li Xun (李恂), LATER ruler

5)o Li Fan (李翻)

6)o Li Yu (李预)

7)o Li Hong (李宏)

8)o Li Tiao (李眺)

9)o Li Liang (李亮)

10)o Li Jingshou (李敬受) (d. 437), wife of Juqu Mujian, prince of N. Liang



2) Li3(plum) Xin1(pleased/moved) 李歆 417-420 (died 420) aka Shi4(master/bodyguard/scholar/piece in chess)ye4(profession) (士业), nickname Tong2(phoenix tree/tung tree/paulownia)zhui1(vertebra) (桐椎), Was a duke of the Chinese state W. Liang. He succeeded his father Li Gao (Prince Wuzhao) in 417 and aggressively tried to pursue campaigns against rival N. Liang's prince Juqu Mengxun, but fell into a trap set by Juqu Mengxun in 420 and was killed in battle, bringing destruction to his state (although his brother Li Xun tried to hold out but was defeated soon as well). His mother Lady Yin was his father Li Gao's wife or concubine. He was Li Gao's second son, and so after Li Gao declared independence from N. Liang and founded W. Liang in 400, it was not he, but his older brother Li Tan (李谭), who was created heir apparent. In 404, when Li Tan died, and Li Gao created him heir apparent to replace Li Tan. In 410, Li Xin fought a battle with the N. Liang prince Juqu Mengxun when Juqu Mengxun attacked W.Liang, but was defeated by Juqu Mengxun, and his general Zhu Yuanhu (朱元虎) was captured, forcing Li Gao to use gold and silver to ransom Zhu. In 411, he returned the favor, as after Juqu Mengxun made another attack on W.Liang but was forced to withdraw after his food supplies ran out, Li Xin attacked the N.Liang army and dealt Juqu Mengxun a defeat, capturing Juqu Mengxun's general Juqu Bainian (沮渠百年). In 417, Li Gao grew ill, and after entrusting Li Xin to his own half-brother Song Yao (宋繇) -- telling him that Li Xin was now his son -- died. Li Xin succeeded him as duke, and Lady Yin was honored as princess dowager. Li Xin made his uncle Song Yao the prime minister, but meanwhile carried out cruel punishments and favored palace construction projects, both of which made the people feel burdened. He also made plans to attack N. Liang, further burdening his state. LATER in 417, Juqu Mengxun tried to trick Li Xin by having his governor of Zhangye Commandery (张掖 Gansu), Juqu Guangzong (沮渠广宗) pretend to surrender to Li Xin. Li Xin, as requested by Juqu Guangzong, mobilized forces to try to relieve Juqu Guangzong at Zhangye, and Juqu Mengxun waited to ready to ambush Li Xin. However, on the way to Zhangye, Li Xin realized that there was a trap, and he withdrew. Juqu Mengxun tried to attack him, but he defeated Juqu Mengxun. In 418, Juqu Mengxun attacked W. Liang again, and Li Xin was preparing to meet him in battle. His official Zhang Tishun (张体顺) persuaded him against it, however, and instead he stayed in his capital Jiuquan (酒泉 Gansu), and Juqu Mengxun, not willing to siege the city, withdrew. LATER that year, because he had previously sent messengers to Jin, offering to be a vassal, Jin created him the Duke of Jiuquan. In 419, with Li Xin's punishments and construction projects overburdening his people, his officials Zhang Xian (张显) and Fan Cheng (泛称) advised him to be more lenient and more thrifty, pointing out that he would otherwise not be able to defeat Juqu Mengxun. Li Xin ignored their advice. In 420, Juqu Mengxun set another trap for Li Xin. He pretended to attack W. Qin's city Haomen (浩□ Haidong Prefecture, Qinghai), but once reaching Haomen, immediately withdrew and hid his army at Chuanyan (川岩, near Zhangye). Li Xin, believing wrongly that Juqu Mengxun's defenses were down, decided to attack Zhangye, against the advice of Song Yao and Zhang Tishun. Princess Dowager Yin also spoke against it, pointing out that he had insufficient strength to conquer N. Liang and warning him that a defeat would destroy his state. He ignored them, but as they had predicted, as he approached Zhangye, Juqu Mengxun intercepted him and defeated him. His generals then advised him to quickly withdraw to Jiuquan, but Li Xin, stating that he had disobeyed his mother and would only be able to see her again after a victory, engaged Juqu Mengxun again, suffering an even greater defeat, and he was killed in battle. Juqu Mengxun quickly captured Jiuquan, and by 421 would take over the rest of W. Liang territory. Era name * Jiaxing (嘉兴 ji_ x_ng) 417-420 Personal information

* Father o Li Gao (Prince Wuzhao)

* Mother o Lady Yin

* Children



o Li Chong'er (李重耳), the Heir Apparent, LATER official under LS and N. Wei
3) Li3(plum) Xun2(sincere) 李恂 420-421 (died 421) aka Shi4(master/bodyguard/scholar/piece in chess)Ru2(in compliance/as if/go to) (士如), He tried to hold out against the conquering N. Liang armies under its prince Juqu Mengxun, after his brother Li Xin's death in 420. He was only able to hold the city of Dunhuang (敦煌 Gansu) for several months, before Juqu Mengxun successfully sieged the city, and Li Xun committed suicide. Brief reign Maybe was the son of his brother Li Xin's mother Princess Dowager Yin. Under his father Li Gao (Prince Wuzhao) and/or Li Xin, Li Xun successively served as the governor of Jiuquan (酒泉 Gansu) and Dunhuang Commanderies. His rule of Dunhuang was said to be benevolent and favored by the people. In 420, while trying to attack N.Liang, Li Xin fell into a trap set by Juqu Mengxun and was killed in battle. Juqu Mengxun then quickly reached the W. Liang capital Jiuquan, and Li Xin's other brothers abandoned Jiuquan and fled to Dunhuang. Once they reached Dunhuang, they and Li Xun, then the governor of Dunhuang, abandoned Dunhuang and fled to the hills north of Dunhuang. Juqu Mengxun commissioned Suo Yuanxu (索元绪) to be the governor of Dunhuang. However, Suo quickly lost favor with the people by being rude, dishonest, and cruelater Some people of Dunhuang, under the leadership of Song Cheng (宋承) and Zhang Hong (张弘), secretly invited Li Xun back to Dunhuang, and in winter 420 he did so, forcing Suo to flee. Song and Zhang offered Li Xun the titles of General Guanjun (冠军将军) and Governor of Liang Province (凉州刺史), and he changed the era name to signify that W. Liang was still a state. Juqu Mengxun then sent his heir apparent Juqu Zhengde (沮渠政德) to attack Dunhuang, and Li Xun defended the city, refusing to engage Juqu Zhengde. However, Juqu Mengxun soon arrived, and he built levees to accumulate water around Dunhuang. Li Xun offered to surrender, but Juqu Mengxun refused. At this point, Song Cheng betrayed him and offered the city to Juqu Mengxun. Upon hearing this, Li Xun committed suicide, and Juqu Mengxun slaughtered the city. W. Liang was at its end.
[15] Qian Qin Empire 351 AD - 394 AD(6)

1) Jing3(view/situation/respect)Ming2(bright/clever/distinct/explicit/ understand) Di4 景明帝 Fu2(angelica anomala) Jian4(healthy/be good at/invigorate) 苻健 351-355 (317-355), originally named Pu2(cattail) Jian (蒲健, name changed 350)aka Jian4(build/propose/advocate) ye4(trade/propert/already) (建业) Pu Jian was born, as Pu Hong (蒲洪)'s third son, by Lady Jiang, in 317, while Pu Hong was a Di chieftain under Han Zhao. However, he grew up largely during the time when Pu Hong served under LATER Zhao's emperor Shi Hu. Shi Hu, while outwardly appreciative of Pu Hong's service, was deeply apprehensive of the loyalty Pu's Di soldiers had for him, and so secretly killed Pu Hong's two oldest sons. However, impressed with Pu Jian's bravery, archery, horsemanship, and generosity, Shi Hu favored him greatly and spared him. In 349, as Shi Hu was gravely ill, he commissioned Pu Hong to be the governor of Yong Province (雍州 central and N. Shaanxi). However, it appeared that Pu Hong did not immediately proceed to his post, but was slow in preparing his Di troops for assignment while at his base at Fangtou (枋头Hebi, Henan). After Shi Hu died LATER that year, he was succeeded by his youngest son Shi Shi, but the power was actually in the hands of Shi Shi's mother Empress Dowager Liu and her ally Zhang Chai (张豺). Dissatisfied with Empress Dowager Liu and Zhang, Pu, along with several other generals, persuaded another son of Shi Hu, Shi Zun the Prince of Pengcheng to march on to the capital Yecheng, overthrowing Shi Shi. Shi Zun became emperor, but he was apprehensive of Pu Hong taking over the Guanzhong region, and therefore stripped Pu Hong of his title as governor of Yong Province. Pu Hong became angry, and immediately returned to his troops at Fangtou and sought assistance from Jin. Pu Jian appeared to have been with his father during this time and supportive of his ambitions. LATER in the year, Shi Zun was overthrown by his adoptive nephew Shi Min, who supported another son of Shi Hu, Shi Jian the Prince of Yiyang, as the new emperor. As the turmoil continued, the Di and Qiang that Shi Hu had previously forced to move to E. China began to disregard LATER Zhao laws and seek to return to their ancestral homes in the west. They supported Pu Hong as their leader. In 350, when after Shi Min had issued an order for the slaughter of the non-Han, but particularly the Jie and the Xiongnu and began to show intent to take over the empire, Pu Hong was one of the generals resisting Shi Min. LATER in the year, Jin created him the Duke of Guangchuan, and created Pu Jian the Duke of Xiangguo. However, Pu Hong did not hold onto the Jin-created titles for long, and soon declared himself the Prince of Sanqin (i.e., the prince of the Three Qins) and the Grand Chanyu, and changed his family name from Pu to Fu, in response to a prophecy. He intended to march west to occupy the Guanzhong region; however, as he was planning, he was poisoned to death by his general Ma Qiu (麻秋); on his death bed, Fu Hong ordered Fu Jian to take over the Guanzhong region. Fu Jian, as his father's heir apparent, took over his troops and put Ma to death. He discarded the titles that his father had claimed, and again claimed the Jin-created titles. LATER that year, Fu Jian readied for a campaign west, but did not want to let the general Du Hong (杜洪), who occupied Guanzhong's main city Chang'an, know his intention, so he pretended to be ready to permanently settle at Fangtou. Once Du became relaxed, Fu marched west, dividing his army into two groups, one commanded by his brother Fu Xiong (苻雄) and himself, and one commanded by his nephew Fu Qing (苻菁) and Yu Zun (鱼遵). Both armies advanced west quickly, and in winter 350, Chang'an fell to Fu Jian's forces. In spring 351, Fu Jian's advisor Jia Xuanshuo (贾玄硕) suggested that Fu Jian claim the title the Prince of Qin and request Jin to create him that title. Fu Jian was displeased, because he was ready to declare independence from Jin. He soon declared himself the "Heavenly Prince" (Tian Wang), formally breaking from Jin (and LATER Zhao) and establishing F. Qin. ----As the ruler of F. Qin, Fu Jian appeared to be a diligent and thrifty ruler, and he abolished many of the harsh LATER Zhao laws and invited able people to join his administration, but he was also violent and easily offended. For example, LATER in 351, he became increasingly angry that Jia had initially only suggested that he claim a princely title and not an imperial title, and he falsely accused Jia of conspiring with Jin's general Sima Xun (司马勋) and put Jia and his sons to death. In 352, Fu Jian claimed the title emperor. He continued to engage both F. LATER Zhao generals who controlled small fiefdoms and F.Yan and Jin forces, as the three states settle their borders by force in the aftermaths of LATER Zhao's final destruction in 351 and the subsequent of Ran Min (F.ly known as Shi Min)'s fall to F. Yan in 352. In 353, Fu Xiong and Fu Qing also repelled an attack by the nominal Jin vassal F. Liang. In 354, the Jin general Huan Wen launched a major attack on F. Qin, in coordination with F. Liang forces. Fu Jian gathered all of his available forces and put them in the hands of his sons Fu Chang (苻苌) the Crown Prince, Fu Sheng the Prince of Huainan, Fu Shuo the Prince of Beiping, along with Fu Xiong and Fu Qing, ready to resist Huan. Huan, however, was able to advance all the way to Chang'an's vicinity, defeating all F. Qin resistance on the way. However, Huan hesitated at making a final siege against Chang'an, and as Fu Jian, anticipating the Jin attack, had already harvested all of the wheat, Jin forces began to run out of food supplies and was forced to withdraw in late summer 354. The success against Huan came at a price, however, as Fu Jian's crown prince Fu Chang suffered an arrow wound in the campaign against Huan, and died in winter 354. Fu Jian's wife Empress Qiang wanted to create their youngest son Fu Liu (苻柳) the Prince of Jin crown prince, but Fu Jian, believing in a prophecy that appeared to indicate that he should create Fu Sheng crown prince, did so in 355 -- notwithstanding Fu Sheng's violent and capricious nature. In summer 355, Fu Jian grew illater During his illness, his nephew Fu Qing the Prince of Pingchang, believing that Fu Jian had already died, made a surprise attack on Fu Sheng's palace, intending to kill Fu Sheng and take over as emperor. Fu Jian, in his illness, quickly emerged and showed himself to the guards; as soon as Fu Qing's army saw Fu Jian as well, the soldiers panicked and abandoned Fu Qing. Fu Jian executed Fu Qing but no one else. He died five days LATER, leaving his new empire in the hands of his unstable son. Era name * Huangshi (皇始 huang sh_) 351-355

Personal information

* Father o Fu Hong (苻洪), originally Pu Hong (蒲洪, name changed 350), self-proclaimed Prince of Sanqin, posthumously honored as Emperor Wuhui (poisoned by Ma Qiu (麻秋) 350)

* Mother o Lady Jiang

* Wife o Empress Qiang (created 351, d. 356)

* Children (note: all of Fu Jian's sons, except where as noted, who were created dukes in 351, were promoted to princes in 352 and subsequently redemoted to dukes in 357 because Fu Ji_n, who took the throne that year, claimed the title of "Heavenly Prince" (Tian Wang) rather than emperor; they will only be referred to here as dukes rather than princes to avoid repetition)

1)o Fu Chang (苻苌), Crown Prince Xian'ai (created 351, d. 354)

2)o Fu Jing (苻靓), the Duke of Pingyuan (created 351)

3)o Fu Sheng (苻生), initially the Duke of Huainan (created 351), LATER the Crown Prince (created 355), LATER emperor

4)o Fu Di (苻觌), the Duke of Changle (created 351)

5)o Fu Fang (苻方), the Duke of Gaoyang (created 351)

6)o Fu Shuo (苻硕), the Duke of Beiping (created 351)

7)o Fu Teng (苻腾), the Duke of Huaiyang (created 351, executed 364)

8)o Fu Liu (苻柳), the Duke of Jin (created 351, executed 368)

9)o Fu Tong (苻桐), the Duke of Ru'nan (created 351)

10)o Fu Sou (苻叟), the Duke of Wei (created 351, forced to commit suicide 368)

11)o Fu Wu (苻武), the Duke of Yan (created 351, executed 368)



12)o Fu You (□7b幼), the Duke of Zhao (created 351, killed in battle 365)
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