Paál, László
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Portugal, Hungarians in – Most of the Hungarian emigrés settled in Portugal during, or following World War II. Their number was estimated to be between 80 to 100 families. Previously almost all of them were connected in some way to former Hungarian Regent Miklós Horthy (1920-1944) and his family, who, after the war, were living in Estoril, Portugal. Elek Újpétery, the last Hungarian Royal chargé d’affaires, worked and lived there. At the beginning of the 1930s, an engineer Andor Buda was to build up the Portuguese chemical industry. The main organizer of meetings and social functions was Baron Frigyes (Frederick) Villani. The periodical entitled Hungarian Clerical Unity (Magyar Papi Egység) put the number of Hungarians in Portugal at 125 in its journal’s 18/1961 edition. In 1969 the Hungarian Office of Statistics in Budapest did not mention Hungarians in Portugal. – B: 1020, T: 3240.→Horthy, Miklós. Pósa, Lajos (Louis) (Nemesradnót, now Radnovce Slovakia, 9 April 1850 - Budapest, 9 July 1914) – Poet, writer and journalist. He attended High School in Rimaszombat (now Rimavská Sobota, Slovakia), and Sárospatak. He acquired a Degree in Education from the University of Budapest. He was a teacher in 1875 and 1876, then a contributor to the journals, Mad Miska (Bolond Miska); the Inspector (Ellenőr); the National Journal (Nemzeti Hírlap), and the Szeged Diary (Szegedi Napló). He was Editor of My Newspaper (Én Újságom), a popular youth magazine from 1889. His selected writings are Poems (Költemények) (1878); 140 Songs (140 Dal) (1887); Soaring Song (Száll az ének) (1899, 1904, 1908); Works of Lajos Pósa vols. i-v (Pósa Lajos munkái I-V) (1905-1907); Children’s Poems of Lajos Pósa (Pósa Lajos gyermekversei) (1914); Patriotic Poems (Hazafias versek) (1926), and The Tulip Chest (A tulipántos láda), edited by. Zs. Vida) (1981). Many of his poems were set to music by Pista Dankó, Géza Lányi and Béla Bartók. – B: 0877, 0883, 1257, T: 7103.→Dankó, Pista, Lányi, Viktor Géza; Bartók, Béla. Pósta, Béla (Kecskemét, 22 August 1862 - Kolozsvár, now Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 16 April 1919) – Archeologist and expert in heraldry. First, he read Law at the University of Budapest and later studied Arts there. In 1885 he was employed by the Hungarian National Museum. In 1897 he took part in the Asiatic expedition of Count Jenő (Eugene) Zichy. From 1899 he was Professor of Archeology at the University of Kolozsvár, and was in charge of the Medal Cabinet and Antiquary Department of the Transylvanian (Erdélyi) Museum. In course of his study trips, he traveled throughout Europe and participated in several archeological congresses. He was the author of numerous heraldic, numismatic and archeological articles. He launched and edited the journal, Papers from the Medal and Archeological Collection of the Transylvania Museum (Dolgozatok az Erdélyi Múzeum Érem és Régiségtárából). His works include Numismatic Proofs for the History of Hungary (Érmészeti bizonyitékok Magyarország történetéhez) (1886), and Archeological Studies in Russia (Régészeti tanulmányok orosz földön) (1905). – B: 0883, T: 7456.→Zichy, Count Jenő. Pósta, Sándor (Alexander) (Pánd, 25 November 1888 - Budapest, 4 November 1952) – Fencer, dentist. He was a student of Santelli Italo, later László (Ladislas) Gerentsér. In the 1924 Olympic Games he was individual Olympic Champion in sword-fencing, where he was a member of the 2nd placement sword-fencing team, as well as 3rd placement rapier team. As a member of the Athletic Football Club (MAFC) of Budapest Polytechnic, he was a 5-times selected rapier-swordsman, and a 4.times selected swordsman. Apart from his work as a dentist, he was engaged in writing for sports newspapers and drawing sports-caricatures. – B: 0883, T: 7456. Postage Stamp – When, on 1 July 1850, the Austrian (Habsburg) Postal Law was extended to the area of the historic Kingdom of Hungary, to acknowledge and prove that the sending of letters and newspapers had been “post-paid”, the use of the so-called “letter-mark”, i.e. stamp, was introduced and the age of stamps began worldwide. From that day onward every Post Office started delivering money and parcels as well. From 1859 the new express delivery came into operation. At that time, a German-Austrian-Hungarian Postal Union was formed, which introduced uniform handling and uniform postal rates and tariffs. – B: 1230, 0899, T: 7456. Pőstyén Agreement→Hungarian-Slovakian Population Exchange. Poszler, György (George) (Kolozsvár, now Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 12 June 1931 - ) – Esthete, literary historian. He attended the Piarist High School in Kolozsvár and in 1945, moved to Budapest, where he completed his studies, graduating in 1949. He studied History at the University of Budapest, and acquired a B.A. Degree in Education in 1953. He taught in the countryside for eleven years: at Mosonmagyaróvár and Szombathely. From 1964 to 1968 he was Department Head at the Public Education Institution (Népművelési Intézet) and between 1968 and 1972, was Deputy Department Head at the Ministry of Culture (Művelődésügyi Minisztérium). In 1972 he became Lecturer in Esthetics at the University of Budapest and concurrently at the Academy of Dramatic Art. In both institutes, he became a professor in 1983, and taught and researched Esthetics, Literary Theory and Literary History at the Academy. From 1982 to 1987 he was Deputy Rector at the University. He wrote a great number of articles and studies and more than a dozen books, among them The Beginning of Antal Szerb’s Career (Szerb Antal pályakezése) (1965); The Crossroads of the Novel…(A regény válaszútjai…) textbook (1981); Principles, Ideas, Nostalgias (Eszmék eszmények, nosztalgiák) (1989); Encounters, Essays (Találkozások, esszék) (1992), and Light-signs, Essays (Fényjelek, esszék) (1995). He is member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (corresponding in 1990, ordinary in 1995). He is the recipient of a number of awards, including the János Apáczai Csere Prize (1992), the Life Achievement Prize of the Soros Foundation (1996), the Middle Cross of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (1997), and the Széchenyi Prize (1998). –: B: 1257, 0878, 1774, T: 7103. Pőthe, István (Stephen) (Alsónyárasd, now Dolni Náražd, Slovakia, 27 June 1947 - ) – Actor. He completed the Agricultural Technical High School of Dunaszerdahely (now Dunajská Streda, Slovakia) (1962-1966). From 1966 to 1969 he worked in factories in Nagymegyer (now Vel’ký Meder, Slovakia), while attending classes at the School of Arts of Pozsony (now Bratislava, Slovakia). From 1969 to 2007 he was an actor in the Hungarian Regional Theater (Magyar Területi Színház), and in its successor, the Jókai Theater of Komárom (Komáromi Jókai Színház), Rév-Komárom (now Komárno, Slovakia) and, from 1976 to 1980, and 1981 to 1986 he was President of that theater. His main roles include Jenő Baradlay in Mór Jókai-Koppány’ Sons of the Stone Hearted Man (A kőszivű ember fiai) (1975); Rodrigo in W. Shakespeare’s Othello (1975), and Etiene in E. M. Labiche’s An Italian Straw Hat (Un Chapeau de paille d'Italie, Szalmakalap) (1990). From 1973 on, he had regular radio-play roles in the Hungarian broadcast of Radio Pozsony. His film roles include Baker (Pék) in T. Rényi’s At the Beginning of Time (Idők kezdetén); Refugee (Menekült) in Medved’s Catacombs (Katakombák). He was Editor for his Literary Broadcast entitled: Not everything that shines is Humour (Nem minden humor, ami fénylik) (1986). – B: 1083, 1890, T: 7456. Potsdam Conference – The Conference between the leaders of the three Allied Powers: Sir Winston Churchill, Clement Attlee, Prime Minister of England, the American President, Harry S. Truman, and Soviet leader Joseph V Stalin, held from 17 July to 2 August 1945, in the hunting lodge of Cecilienhof in Potsdam, near Berlin. The decisions made at the Conference included the demilitarization of Germany, the punishment of war criminals, the liquidation of German military industries, the dissolution of German monopolies, the extent of war indemnities, the delineation of the western borders of Poland, the re-settlement of the German population of Czechoslovakia, Poland and Hungary, and the cession of the city of Koenigsberg and its surrounding areas to the Soviet Union. The Conference rejected the Czechoslovakian demand for the deportation of Hungarians from Czechoslovakia. To carry out its decisions, including the preparation of the Peace Treaties with Italy, Hungary, Bulgaria, Finland and Romania, the Conference set up the Allied Control Commission and the Council of Foreign Ministers. The Potsdam Agreement reached at the conference was signed by President Truman of the United States, Prime Minister Attlee of England, and Stalin, the President of the Soviet Council of Ministers. The deportation of some 3 million Germans, mainly from the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia, was accompanied by grave cruelties. In Hungary and Poland it was done in a rather orderly manner. In total, about 14 million Germans were forcibly resettled from other Eastern European countries into German territories. The Hungarian government’s Order No. 12,330/1945, dated 29 December 1945, set the stage for the removal of 136,000 ethnic Germans from Hungary. Slovakia expulsed some 100,000 Hungarians, and sent 60,000 to forced labor in Czech territory. The bulk of Hungarian population in Czechoslovakia was designated as “collective war criminals” and stripped from properties and basic human rights by the inhuman “Benes Decrees” in 1945. – B: 1230, 1153, 1020, T: 7665.→Benes Decrees; Atrocities against Hungarians. Pottery – Between 1015 and 1031, Gerencsér-puszta (the Plain of Gerencsér) was donated by King István I (St. Stephen, 997-1038) to the Greek Nuns of Veszprém Valley, which was known by the surrounding villages as a community of potters. Many objects were found attesting to pottery, partly from the graves and partly from the settlements: pot-shaped ceramics found in graves, kettles and shards of cauldrons made of clay. Hungarian pottery flourished between the 17th and 19th centuries with the establishment of guilds. The potters’ productivity and social interests in the agricultural towns and cities were protected by guilds. Among the earliest potter guilds, the one in Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania) was founded in 1512; in Pozsony (now Bratislava, Slovakia), in 1569; in Kassa (now Košice, Slovakia) in 1574, and almost at the same time in Dés (now Dej, in Romania). In Transdanubia (Dunántúl), and on the Great Plain (Nagyalföld) the guilds could be founded only after the Turkish rule (1699 on). The statistics of 1890 show that 7000 potters made annually 30-40 million pieces of crockery. At that time there were several thousand settlements where potters plied their trade and there were villages where almost all the people were potters. – B: 1134, 1020, T: 7680. Pozsgay, Imre (Emeric) (Kóny, 26 November 1933 -) – Politician. After graduating from the Lenin Institute in Budapest with a Degree in English, he started his political career at the Bács-Kiskun County Committee of the Hungarian Socialist Worker’s Party (MSZMP). He was posted to Budapest and started working as a deputy administrative officer for the Central Committee of the Party in 1970. In 1975 he was promoted to Deputy Minister and then, in 1976, to Minister of Culture. In 1980 he became Minister of Education. Pozsgay held this office for only two years, mostly because of disagreements with János (John) Kádár, the Party Leader, and György Aczél, the Party’s Chief Ideologist. Between 1982 and 1988 he worked as the Chairman of the Patriotic People’s Front (Hazafias Népfront), an umbrella formation representing organizations and institutions not formally affiliated with the MSZMP. It was his radical report, Turning Point and Reform, which started the debate that led to political changes in 1989. He was a key player in Hungary’s path to democracy. After Kádár was removed from his office in 1988, Pozsgay’s career accelerated, and he was appointed Minister of State. In this capacity he oversaw the political and legal work that, by the spring of 1990, led to the political transformation of Hungary from a Communist model ‘people’s democracy’ to a Western-style parliamentary democracy. After the MSZMP reconstituted itself into the Hungarian Socialist Party (Magyar Szocialista Párt – MSZP) in October 1989, he became its Deputy President. However, he soon left the MSZP and, in 1991, formed the National Democratic Alliance (Nemzeti Demokratikus Szövetség), which he headed until it was dissolved in 1996. Pozsgay was also a Member of Parliament between 1983 and 1994. In 1995 and 1996, he was the President of the Movement for Hungarian Unity (Magyar Egységért Mozgalom). Between 1996 and 2000 he was a Presidium Member of the World Federation of Hungarians (Magyarok Világszövetsége), and Rector of the St László Academy (1995-2000). Since 1991 he has been Professor of Political Science at the University of Debrecen. He is the author of many articles and books, among them the periodicals Socialist Society and Humanism, and was Deputy Editor-in-Chief for the Society Review (Társadalmi Szemle) (1975-1976). His other works include Socialist Society and Humanism (Szocialista Társadalom és Humanizmus) (1978); Democracy and Culture (Demokrácia és Kultúra) (1980); Questions of October (Októberi kérdések) (1988); After One Year, Before Election (Egy év után, választás előtt) (1988), and Political Career in the Party-State and in the System-Change (Politikus pálya a pártállamban és a rendszer váltásban) (1998). – B: 1110, 1014, 1061, 0873, T: 7103.→Patriotic People’s Front; Kádár, János; Aczél, György. Pozsony (German: Pressburg; Slovakian: Bratislava) – Capital of Northern Hungary or Upland (Felvidék) of Historic Hungary of the Carpathian Basin, now capital of the newly established state of Slovakia (1993). It is situated at the southern foot of the Little Carpathian Range, on the left bank of the Danube, 130-200 m above sea level. The history of the town started in the 9th century, when it was the stronghold of the Moravians. During the time of the ingress of the Magyars into the Carpathian Basin, it fell to the Magyars in 892, and it was in the area of this town that the Magyar forces defeated the Bavarians in 907. Emperor Henry III besieged it in vain. In 1291, King András III gave the town autonomy. After the Hungarian defeat at Mohács in 1526 by the Turks, Pozsony came under Habsburg domination as part of Royal Hungary. The Holy Crown was kept in the Castle of Pozsony between 1552 and 1784. It became the Capital of the Royal part of Hungary as the coronation town between 1563 and 1830, while the central part of Hungary was under Ottoman Turkish occupation, and Transylvania (Erdély, now in Romania) was an independent Hungarian principality. The first Hungarian daily paper Magyar News (Magyar Hírmondó) appeared in Pozsony in 1780. The Treaty of Pozsony was signed with Emperor Napoleon I on 26 December 1805. The castle and part of the town were burned down in 1811. The New Laws of 1848 were sanctioned here by Emperor and King Ferdinand V on 11 April 1848. Until 1919, it was a royal free borough. Pozsony is an industrial, commercial, political and cultural center. It has manufacturers of machinery, chemicals, electrical equipment and textiles. It has petroleum refineries as well and it is a leading Danube port. It is the meeting point of three ethnic groups: Hungarian, Austrian-German and Slovak. Its population was 65,867 in 1901 (33,202 German, 20,102 Magyars and 10,715 Slovaks); 142,520 in 1930; 381,000 in 1981, and 428,672 in 2001 (391,762 Slovaks, 16,451 Magyars, 7,972 Czechs, 1200 Germans, 461 Ruthenians, 452 Ukrainians and 417 Gypsies). On the Castle Hill (Várhegy), at 85m are the ruins of the castle, built in its present form during the reign of Empress Maria Theresa. East of it stretches the Old Town, originally bounded by a wall (only some remnants of it still exists), from where the suburbs radiate in all directions. The Old Town is very rich in distinguished buildings of Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque and Neo-Classical styles. The many notable buildings include the Town Hall, consisting of three parts - its oldest part has been in existence ever since 1288; the middle part with a Gothic tower dating from 1387, and the Apponyi family’s Rococo palace, added to it in 1867; the building is now the archive and a museum for Pozsony. The municipal Mayor’s office complex has been housed in the Primate’s Renaissance palace since 1903. In front of the old town hall is the Renaissance Roland Fountain of 1572. The reform diets of 1753 were held in the Parliament Building. Cardinal Péter Pázmány (1570-1637) had a palace built for the Jesuits in 1626, which later became the Academy of Jurisprudence and, in 1914, it was taken over by the Erzsébet (Elizabeth) University of Pozsony, established in 1914. In 1923, the University was transferred from Pozsony to Pécs, after the 1920 Dicateted Peace Treaty of Versailles-Trianon. Its buildings in Pozsony became the home of the Slovakian University. It was in the Royal Residence of the 15th century, reconstructed in the 18th century, that the 9-year-old Ferenc (Franz) Liszt gave a recital in 1820. The building of the Royal Hungarian Mint was originally the University, established by King Mátyás I (Matthias Corvinus, 1458-1490). The crypt of Cardinal Esterházy’s mausoleum holds the mortal remains of Cardinal Péter Pázmány and other church and lay dignitaries. The churches of Pozsony include the Gothic St. Martin Church of the 13th century, which acted as the Hungarian coronation cathedral between 1563 and 1830; the Holy Trinity Church (1672-1728), the Capuchins Church (1708-1718), and the Elizabeth Nuns Church (in existence since 1420, rebuilt in 1744,). Pozsony became increasingly Hungarian ethnically during the Hungarian era; but this trend was reversed when it came under Czechoslovak rule in 1920. By the Dictated Peace Treaty of Versailles-Trianon of 1920 the town was ceded to the newly created state of Czechoslovakia; in 1939 to the independent Slovakia, and again to Slovakia in 1993. – B: 1031, 1068, 1582, 1647, 1789, 1799, 1816, 7456; T: 7456.→Pozsony, Battle of; Pozsony, Szent Márton Cathedral; Pozsony Yearbooks; Liszt, Ferenc. Pozsony, Battle of (Pozsony, now Bratislava, Slovakia since 1920) – The decisive Battle of Pozsony was fought between Louis the Child (Gyermek Lajos) (893-911), the last true Carolingian ruler, the King of East Francia (Germany), and Reigning Prince Árpád, ruler of the Magyars, on 3-7 July 907. Louis’s aim was to destroy the Magyars (decretum…Ugros eliminanda esse). This was written even on the battle flags of a huge army assembled and led against Hungary. According to the chronicles, the united Bavarian and Frankish army lost 35,000 men, among them the commanding General Ditmar, two bishops, three abbots, ten counts, most of the navy and supplies. Three sons of Prince Árpád also fell in the battle; even Árpád was wounded and died after the battle. However, their sacrifice was not in vain because, for a hundred years the German army did not even attempt to enter Hungarian territory. Neither Slavs nor Germans forgot this gigantic battle. If Ditmar had prevailed, the Slavs of the North and the South could have been united, or the territory of Hungary could have been part of the German empire. – B: 1285, 1031, T: 7103.→Pozsony; Pozsony, Szent Márton Cathedral; Pozsony Yearbooks; Zolta. Pozsony Codex (from 1520) (Pozsony now Bratislava, Slovakia) – The only Codex of Hungary extant in the form of a copy. The original, ever since its copy was made in 1837, was lost without a trace. This copy could only be regarded approximately accurate and it is held in the manuscript archive of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest. According to some, the book is a duodecimo paper codex, while others regard it as octavo on basis of the facsimiles. The Codex was written by three hands. Among the writers, only the first writer’s name is known: he called himself Scribe Michael. The date of his writing (1520) is noted in two places. The Codex contains prayers and some Gospel verses used for the main feasts. It appears to be a compilation from a number of sources and its content largely agrees with that of the Gyöngyös and Thewrewk Codices. It was prepared for nuns. The original belonged to the library of the Franciscan monastery of Pozsony (Pressburg, now Bratislava, Slovakia). – B: 0942, T: 7456.→Codex Literature. Pozsony, Ferenc (Francis) (Zabola, now Zabǎla, Romania, 16 April 1955 - ) – Ethnographer. He studied Hungarian Linguistics and Literature at the University of Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania), completing his courses in 1981. He obtained a Ph.D. in Philology in 1997. He was a high school teacher in Kézdivásárhely (now Targu Secuesc, Romania), from 1981 to 1990. From 1990 he worked as lecturer; from 1998 as a reader in Hungarian Language and Culture at the University of Kolozsvár. His works include On the Shores of Dream-water. Hungarian Folk Ballads from the Black-Ügy River Area (Álomvíz partján. Fekete-ügyvidéki magyar népballadák) (1984) and On the Shores of the River Seret. Moldvan Csángó Folk Poetry (Szeret vize partján. Moldvai csángómagyar népköltészet) (1995). He has been an honorary member of the Hungarian Ethnographical Society since 1998. He was awarded the János Jankó Prize (1989). – B: 1036, T: 7456.→Pragmatic Sanction; Károly III, King; Mária Terézia, Empress and Queen. Pozsony, Szent Márton Cathedral (St.Martin) (Now Bratislava, Slovakia) – This Gothic church is the most significant work of art in Pozsony. Originally there was another church in the same place, where the cathedral now stands. It was the St Savior Church, which was built in 1221, and destroyed during the war between the Hungarians and the Czech King Ottokar II (c. 1233 - 26 August 1278). The new church was erected in early 1300. It was designed as a three-aisled Gothic basilica. All three aisles have the same height. The tower was used as a watchtower as well, because the church building was situated beside the trench. It had cannons and was used as a fortress until 1557. Later, the church walls and the tower lost their significance as The Neo-Gothic tower is 85 m high and, at the top, there is a 300-kg golden crown to commemorate the fact, that between 1563 and 1830, Hungarian Kings and Queens were crowned in the church. The names of 11 kings and 8 queens are displayed on a marble wall on the left side of the sanctuary. During the Turkish occupation, Pozsony was the capital city of Hungary. There is a bronze baptismal font from 1403, and a holy water container from 1517. The relic of St Martin of Tours is above the main altar in a silver coffin. In the undercroft there are burial places of bishops, the Pálffy and the Pázmány families, and Count István Illésházi, who was a founding member of the Hungarian Academy of Science, as well as Cardinals: Ágost Keresztély, György Lippay, Imre Losy and Péter Pázmány. There are the sarcophagi of Count Miklós Pálffy, who was a military commander during the Turkish War, and his son, Count János Pálffy, Palatine of Hungary. – B: 1144, 1020, T: 7663.→Pozsony; Pozsony, Battle of; Pozsony Yearbooks; Pázmány, Péter; Illésházy, Count István (1,2); Pálffy, Count János. |