Paál, László
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Preysz, Móric (Maurice) (Sopron, 23 July 1829 - Budapest, 24 March 1877) – Chemist. He studied chemistry at the University of Pest in 1844 and at the Polytechnic of Vienna in 1845. He worked in Vienna in 1853 as a demonstrator in chemistry under Professor Schrötter. In 1855 he was a chemistry teacher at the Real-High School of Pest. In 1861 he proved that the after-fermentation of wine may be prevented, if it is warmed in a closed vessel to 70- 80 Cº and then hermetically sealed. His results were demonstrated at the general assembly of the Winegrowers’ Society of Hegyalja in 1862. By doing this, he anticipated Pasteur by four years, who in 1865 similarly demonstrated this procedure now known as “pasteurization”. He took active part in the introduction of gaslighting and the improvement of gas quality as a result of his investigations. By means of the results of his investigations on water-analysis and water supply begun in 1861, it was possible to build the water mains of Pest in 1868. He was Corresponding Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1863). His works include On the Prevention of After-fermentation of the Wine from Tokaj (Hegyalja) (A tokaji bor utóerjedésének meggátlásáról) (1865), and On the Important Content of Well-Waters of Pest (A pesti kútvizek lényeges tartalmáról), co-authored with László Aujeszky (1865). – B: 0883, 1031, T: 7456.→ Unbudding. Prielle, Kornélia (Cornelia) (Priel, Antónia) (Máramarossziget, now Sighetu Marmaţiei, Romania, 1 June 1826 - Budapest, 25 February 1906) – Actress. She first appeared on stage in István (Stephen) Tóth’s company at Szatmárnémeti (now Satu Mare, Romania). Thereafter, she was contracted to Dávid Kilényi, and with him she traveled in the towns of Transylvania. The famous Ede (Edward) Szigligeti took notice of her at Nagyszeben (now Sibiu, Romania), and had her contracted to the National Theater, Pest, for one season. This was followed by years of stage appearances in the countryside. During 1845-1846 she appeared in Debrecen (it was here that the great lyric poet Sándor (Alexander) Petőfi proposed to her); in 1846 in Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania); in 1847 in Pozsony (now Bratislava, Slovakia), Székesfehérvár and Nagyszeben. In 1848-1849 she played on the stages of the Transylvanian towns, directed by Miklós (Nicholas) Feleky. In 1852 she played at Eperjes (now Presov, Slovakia), Kassa (now Košice, Slovakia) and Miskolc, while in 1853 she appeared in Székesfehérvár and Győr with the ensemble of Endre (Andrew) Latabár. From 1856 she was a member of the Company of Ferenc (Francis) Gyulay, Lajos (Louis) Hegedüs, Mihály (Michael) Havi and Gyula (Julius) Miklósy. On 25 April 1859 Kornélia Prielle was again contracted to the National Theater, whose valued and celebrated member she remained until the end of her life, though she still played at Nagykanizsa in the summer of 1860, and at Pécs in the winter. In 1881 she was the first to be given the rank of “life” member. In the course of her six-and-a-half decade career as an actress, she had the oppotunity to meet the greats of the pioneer actors. She was an excellent interpreter of middle-class drawing room scenes. Her roles included Lizi in E. Szigligeti’s Jew; Cordelia in Shakespeare’s King Lear; Melinda in J. Katona’s Bánk bán; Margaret Gauthier in Dumas’ The Lady of the Camellias (Dame aux camellias); Queen Anne in E. Scribe’s The Glass of Water (Verre d'eau; Egy pohár víz); Elmira in Molière’s Tartuffe; Elizabeth in J. Szigeti’s Rank and Mode (Rang és mód), and Modest Countess in G. Csiky’s The Grandma (A nagymama). – B: 0883, 1445, T: 7456.→Szigligeti, Ede; Petőfi, Sándor; Latabár, Endre. Priests’ Lament (Papok siralma, Margarita pedibus calcatur…) (1308 ?) – A dirge in Latin by an unknown author from the lower ranks of the clergy. He criticized the succession debate; the papacy’s unwarrantable interference in the affairs of Hungary; the luxurious life-style of the prelates of the Church, and the declining respect for science. He offered prayers for the reformation of the clergy and the Church. – B: 1257, T: 7103. Prince – (1) In Hungary during the reign of the Árpád-dynasty (9th century to 1301), a portion of the realm, mostly a third of the country, called ducatus (Principality or Dukedom), was given over to a prince to reign with royal authority. The title of “prince” was given to the king's first son, his younger brother, or to a close male relative. (2) In the 17th century, the Habsburg rulers introduced their own system in this regard. With estate donations, the title of “prince” was given to the Esterházy family in 1687; in the 18th century, to the Batthányi and Grassalkovich families. The Primate of Esztergom also had the title of prince from 1715. All those princes were simultaneously princes of the Holy Roman Empire. After the abolishment of the Holy Roman Empire, from 1806 on, the princes of Hungary became princes of Austria. The title of prince was awarded, for the first time in independent Hungary, to Count Tasziló Festetich in 1911. – B: 1153, 1231, T: 3233. Printing Shops (Early) in Hungary – We know of the products of two early printing establishments in Hungary. (1) The Hess print shop in Buda, whose owner and master printer, András Hess, at the invitation of László (Ladislas) Karai, Vice Chancellor and Provost of Buda, moved from Rome to Hungary in 1472 during the reign of King Mátyás I (Matthias Corvinus) (1458-1490). Hess published his first book, the Buda Chronicle, with the support of László Karai, on the eve of Pentecost, on 5 June 1473. The matrices (printer’s types), used in Buda, he brought with him from the Laurer-Press of the St Eusebius Monastery in Rome, where he earlier served as a printer. The paper used for the Buda Chronicle is of Hungarian manufacture; its watermark is to be found only on paper used in Codices and documents originating in Hungary between 1467 and 1477. The typesetters of Hess were Hungarians, who correctly used contemporary Hungarian abbreviations seldom found in foreign texts, such as ppe co (perpetuus comes), the title of a Hungarian dignitary. Besides experienced printers, he also had to employ an editor and proofreader, familiar with Hungarian history. This person was not only a scholar, but a poet as well. There would have remained a gap at the end of one of the central printing blocks – considered an esthetic flaw at the time – had he not filled it with a funeral ode in hexameters, in memory of King Károly Robert (1307-1342). There is another familiar publication of András Hess from Buda, and that is a booklet of 20 quarto leaves, containing the works of two classical Greek authors, Xenophon and Basilius, in Latin translation. (2) The latest findings of research librarians indicate that there was another printing establishment active in Hungary between 1477 and 1780, probably in Pozsony (now Bratislava, Slovakia). Its first product was a short liturgical text, a Confessionale. As neither the name of the owner of the print shop, nor its location are indicated in any of the three publications, he came to be known as the “mysterious printer of the Confessionale”, after his first significant publication. The author of this book is Antonius Florentinus, Archbishop of Florence. The colophon only gives the publication year, 1477. There are only four extant copies, all originating in early Hungarian monasteries. The Pozsony print shop’s third publication is a Biography of St Jerome by Lauvidius, printed on the same Hungarian paper as the others, displaying the watermark of a scale. The fourth publication is a unique Letter of indulgence written by Canon János Han, dated 11 May 1480, now in the Pozsony City Library which, according to the hand notation, was for the benefit of a woman named “Agnes de Posonio”. János Han was Canon of the St Márton (Martin) Cathedral of Pozsony. – B: 1020, 1091, T: 7617. Prinz, Gyula (Julius) (Rábamolnári, now Püspökmolnári, 11 January 1882 - Budapest, 31 December 1975) – Geologist, geographer, folklorist. On the advice of Baron Loránd (Roland) Eötvös, the renowned physicist, he registered at the University of Budapest, where he studied Geology, and completed his studies at Breslau, Germany (now Wroclaw, Poland) (1902-1904). He earned a PhD in 1904. In 1906-1907 he participated in the second Central Asian expedition of György (George) Almásy and mapped the Tien-Shan Mountain range. He named one of its peaks Lóczy, after his former Professor; and he named another peak Cholnoky, an eminent geographer. He repeated this journey alone in 1906-1907 and again in 1909, conducting further research in the Tien-Shan and parts of Inner Asia. His scientific achievement has been highly regarded. He wrote about his experiences in a book. In 1908 he became an honorary lecturer (privatdozent) of geology at the University of Budapest. On a study trip, he went to Iceland (1914) and Scotland (1917), but this was interrupted by World War I. He was a professor of geography at the University of Pozsony (now Bratislava) (1918-1919); the University of Pécs (1923-1941); the University of Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania) (1940-1944); the University of Szeged (1945-1957), and was Dean of the University of Szeged in 1948 and 1949, and Assistant Dean from 1949 to 1950. He retired in 1957. From 1920 he was Vice-President, then President of the Hungarian Geographic Society (Magyar Földrajzi Társaság). He was a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences from 1935 to 1949, when he was not recognized for political reasons, but he was rehabilitated in 1989. His works include a Travelogue from a Central Asian Journey (Úti jegyzetek Közép-Ázsiából) in Geographical Gazette (1906, 1907, 1908); My travels in Central Asia (Utazásaim Belsőázsiában) (1910); Folkloristic Observations in Tien-Shan (Néprajzi megfigyelések a Tien-Sánban) (1908); Die Vergletscherung der nördlichen Teiles des zentralen Tien-Schan Gebirges, (Mitt. d. k. u. k. Geogr. Ges. f. Wien) (1909); Geography of Hungary (Magyarország földrajza) (1914, 1926); Forms of settlement in Hungary (Magyarország településformái) (1922); Towns of Europe (Európa városai) (1924); Das heutige Königreich Ungarn (Hungarian Kingdom Today – A mai Magyar Királyság) (1930), and Geography of Six Continents (Hat világrész földrajza) (1943). Together with Jenő (Eugene) Cholnoky and Count Pál (Paul) Teleki he wrote the geographical volumes Hungarian soil – Hungarian race, vols. i,ii,iii (Magyar föld – magyar faj I,II, III), 1936-1938) in the Hungarológia – Series of the University Press. He was a recipient of the Kitaibel Memorial Medal (1939), the Lajos Lóczy Medal (1939). There is a memorial plaque at his birthplace at Püspökmolnári and there is also a Prinz Prize. – B: 1031, 1068, 1105, 1122, 7456, T: 7103, 7456.→Eötvös, Baron Loránd; Almásy, György; Lóczy, Lajos; Cholnoky, Jenő; Teleki, Count Pál. Priskos Rhetor (Latin: Priscus; Greek: rhetor: orator, advocate, diplomat) (5th century A.D.) – Greek historian and diplomat. He was a member of a Byzantine diplomatic delegation led by Maximinos to Attila, King of the Huns, in 448 or 449. In his historical work, he wrote about this mission. He reported on the lifestyle and habits of the Huns, particularly about those of their leaders. In his valued but fragmented work he precisely described one of Attila’s residences, somewhere on the Great Plain of today’s Hungary. The town was surrounded by wooden fences and towers. The banquet was served on rich gold and silver wares, but Attila ate and drank moderately from wooden plate and cup. Priskos Rhetor reported about a secret Byzantine plot to assassinate Attila, which came to nothing because it was revealed. There is a charming novel about this visit by Géza Gárdonyi: The Invisible Man (A láthatatlan ember). – B: 0942, 1160, 1384, +00, T: 7103.→Attila; Ildico; Gárdonyi, Géza. Prisoners of World War II (Hungarian)→Hungarian Prisoners of World War II in Soviet Camps; Hungarian Prisoners of World War II in Western Camps Prohászka, Lajos (Louis) (Brassó now Braşov, Romania, 2 March 1897 - Budapest, 16 June 1963) – Philosopher, educator. He completed his studies in the Faculty of Arts at the University of Budapest, and in German Universities. From 1923 he worked as a librarian in the National Széchényi Library, Budapest; from 1928 in the University Library. He became an honorary lecturer in 1929 at the University of Pécs; in 1930 at the University of Budapest; then, from 1935 to 1948 full Professor of Education at the University of Budapest. Between 1931 and 1940 he was Editor for the journal Athenaeum. In 1934 he published a monumental cultural-philosophical work entitled: The Wanderer and the Exile (A vándor és a bujdosó), in which he attempted to define the spiritual characteristics of the Hungarians, and also tried to justify, with the history of ideas, the German-Hungarian common fate. It caused a great deal of debate, even with the leading historian Gyula (Julius) Szekfű who, with his circle of scholars, attacked him on a wide front. During World War II, as President of the Hungarian Educational Society, he raised his voice against the fascist and militaristic education of the youth. His works include Life as Action and Work (Az élet, mint tett és mű) (1926); The Soul and the Absolute (A lélek és az abszolutum) (1930); Spirit of the Age and the Responsibility of Education of the Youth (A korszellem és a nevelői felelősség) (1943), and History and Culture (Történet és kultúra) (1946). – B: 1068, 0883, 1257, T: 7456.→Szekfű, Gyula. P  rohászka, Ottokár (Nyitra, now Nitra, Slovakia, 10 October 1858 - Budapest, 2 April 1927) – Roman Catholic Bishop, theologian, writer and orator. His high school studies took place in Losonc (now Lucenec, Slovakia), Nyitra, Kalocsa and Esztergom, and he studied Theology in Rome. He was ordained in 1881, and taught in a Lyceum in Esztergom; from 1888 he was a teacher at the seminary there. In 1904 he became a professor at the Theological Department of the University of Budapest. In 1906 he was consecrated Bishop of Székesfehérvár. From 1903 he was one of the leaders of the Christian Socialist Movement. During World War I, in 1916, he was the first to propose that the peasant soldiers returning from the front should be provided with land. He also headed the movement to establish orphanages for war orphans and this is how, among others, the “Ottokár Orphanage” of Pomáz (North of Budapest) came into being. From 1920 to 1922 he was a Member of the Parliament, but he did not accept the Prime-Ministership, offered to him. However, he became President of the National Christian Uniting Party (Keresztény Nemzeti Egyesülés Párt). He was the leading figure in the religious revival of the Hungarian middle class with his conferences, his religious exercises and his orations. In his books, he strived to lift their spiritual life. His fearless thoughts, acquainted with the needs of the times, his new, individual, idiosyncratic language, his poetic nature, warm personality, captivating appearance and voice lent irresistible force to his orations. In his books, he was the psychologist and specialist, the excellent observer of individual spiritual needs and social deficiencies. He fought against the excesses of materialistic capitalism, as much as against the danger of atheistic Marxism. His social thinking and Christian humanism attracted the youth of the country. He was accused of nationalism, chauvinism and anti-Semitism, but he was the spirited advocate of social equalization, and the much-needed agrarian reform. In his theology, elements of neo-Thomism and those of Bergson’s irrationalism can be found. His works in 25 volumes were published by Antal (Anthony) Schütz. His personal life was characterized by modesty and lack of need. It was while delivering a sermon from the pulpit of the University Church of Budapest, that he suffered a stroke and died. Prohászka was a leading figure of the early 20th Century Roman Catholicism of Hungary, as well as its spiritual life. His writings include God and World (Isten és világ) (1891); Triumphant Worldview (Diadalmas Világnézet) (1903); Modern Catholicism. Culture and Revolution (Modern katolicizmus. Kultúra és forradalom) (1918), as well as Soliloquia; Culture and Terror; Meditations; Dominus Jesus; Bread of Life, and Earth and Heaven. His works were also translated into German. Sándor (Alexander) Sík, in his book Gárdonyi, Prohászka, Ady, treats him as one of the reformers of the poetic aspect of the Hungarian language. The Prohászka Breviary was collated by Frigyes (Frederick) Brisits. – B: 0942, 1068, 1257, 1285, T: 7456, 7103.→Schütz, Antal; Sík, Sándor.
Prőhle, Károly Jr. (Charles) (Sopron, 22 February 1911 - Budapest, 10 May, 2005) – Lutheran theologian. He completed his secondary school in his place of birth (1921-1929). He studied Theology at Sopron and in the Lutheran Theological Faculty of the University of Pécs (1929-1933). Then he did his post-graduate studies in Rabbinic and Talmudic Literature and New Testament subjects at the University of Tübingen, Germany (1933-1934). In 1934-1935 he attended the University of Königsberg, Germany, (now Kaliningrad, Russian Federation) where, through Professors Schniewind and Iwand, he came in close contact with the youth wing of the anti-Nazi German Confessing Church. He was ordained in 1935, and worked as Assistant Pastor in the congregations of Kéty, Sopron and Szentgotthárd. In 1937 and 1938 he studied at the University of Halle, Germany. Between 1939 and 1951 he was Pastor in Sopronbánfalva, and lecturer of German language at the Lutheran Theological Faculty, Sopron (1941-1950). He earned a doctoral degree in Theology in 1965. First, he was an assistant professor, then a full professor at the Lutheran Theological Academy, Budapest, from 1950 to his retirement in 1988. He taught Practical, Systematic Theology and New Testament Studies. He served as Dean of the Theological Academy, (1963-1964 and 1967-1969). After his retirement, he continued lecturing in History of Philosophy and History of Religions. He made two lecture tours in the USA: in 1967 and in 1969. He was a member of the Theological Committee of the Lutheran World Federation (1957-1970); President of the New Testament Translation Committee of the Hungarian Bible Council (1965-1975); General Secretary of the Ecumenical Churches in Hungary (1972-1982); Editor-in-Chief for the Pastor (Lelkipásztor) (1967-1973), and of the Theological Review (Theológiai Szemle) (1973-1982); a member of the Editorial Board of the periodical Diakónia (1979-1993); Study-Director of the Lutheran Church (1982-1988), and President of the Lutheran Society of Theological Science (1986). From 1990 he lectured Liturgics at the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy of Music. From 1995 he was a presidium-member of the Hungarian Philosophical Society. He wrote many articles, studies and books in Hungarian and German, including The Truth of the Gospel – Christian Dogmatics and Ethics (Az evangélium igazsága – keresztyén hit és erkölcstan) (1958, 1990); Introduction to the New Testament (Újszövetségi bevezetés) (1959, 1979); Church Service Book (Ágenda) with L. Benczúr, L. Várady (1963); Gospel of Luke (Lukács evangéliuma) commentary (1956, 1991); Hoffnung ohne Illusion (Hope without Illusion) (1970); Unsere Sendung in der Welt… (Our Mission in the World…) (1970), and Hidden Words of Jesus (Jézus rejtett szavai) (1990). – B: 1050, T: 7103. Prőhle, Károly Sr. (Charles) (Rábabogyoszló, 17 March 1875 - Sopron, 11 December 1962) – Lutheran theologian. His theological studies were completed in Sopron, Greifswald and Tübingen, Germany. In 1918 he obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Budapest. Following his work as an assistant pastor, teacher of religion and later, as a pastor from 1907, he became a professor at the Lutheran Theological Academy in Sopron. He was Professor of Theology in the Department of Theology, established there in 1923, and four times Dean. He participated in international organizations, such as the Luther Akademie in Sonderhausen, World Conference on Faith and Order, Lutherischer Weltkonvent, which he kept up until his retirement. His works include The Augsburg Confession (Az Ágostai Hitvallás) (1930); The Task of Theology in the Present Age (A teológia feladata a jelenkorban) (1933); Luther and the Reformation (Luther és a reformáció) (1940); Humanity, Hungarians and Christianity (Emberség, Magyarság, Kereszténység) (1941); Crisis in Our Theological Culture (Hittudományi kultúránk válsága) (1944), and The World of Faith (A hit világa) (1948). The Theological Faculty of the University of Leipzig awarded him an honorary doctorate. – B: 1050, T: 7456. →Prőhle, Károly Jr. Proletarian Dictatorship→Council (Soviet) Republic in Hungary; Hungary, History of (Hungary in World War II (1939-1945) Soviet occupation, Communist rule and after); Rákosi, Period of; Kádár, Period of. Prónay, Pál (Paul) (Romhány, 2 November 1874 - ?, 1944 or 1945) – Hussar military officer. He completed his studies at the Ludovika Royal Hungarian Military Academy of Budapest. In World War I, he fought in the Jászkun Hussar Regiment. In 1916 he was seriously wounded and was discharged as a captain. After the proclamation of the Hungarian Council (Soviet) Republic (21 March - 1 August 1919), he moved to Szeged and, during the Soviet Republic, in June 1919 he formed a task-force from demobilized officers and non-commissioned officers, who, after the collapse of the Soviet Republic, took retaliatory action, including summary executions against Communist leaders. As a Hussar lieutenant colonel he was one of the leaders of the Western Hungarian struggles to retain the Őrvidék (now Burgenland, Austria) and not to allow Austria to keep them permanently. He organized the so-called Lajta Banate, but this movement had to be stopped for external political reasons and he was forced into retirement in 1921. From then on, he criticized the government from the extreme right and participated in the right-wing actions (e.g. the Vannay putch). During the rule of the Arrow-Cross Government, he started to organize another detachment. He disappeared in the last months of World War II. His notes, written for the Arrow-Cross men in 1942-1943, were found in Czechoslovakia and published in 1963. – 1068, 0883, T: 7456.→ Ludovika Royal Hungarian Military Academy; Council (Soviet) Republic in Hungary; Lajta-Banate; Zadravecz, István O.M.F. Proszt, János (John) (Budapest, 6 February 1892 - Budapest, 5 July 1968) – Chemist. His higher studies were at the University of Budapest, where he read Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics and obtained a Ph.D. in 1913. Having worked for a year at the Institute of Chemistry of the University, he went with a scholarship to the Nernst and Planck Institute of the University of Berlin. During World War I, he was in the army and in service on the Front. In 1919 he worked as Assistant Professor at the No. III Chemical Institute and, from 1924 he taught at the Academy of Mining and Forestry, Sopron. From 1934 he was a professor at the Budapest Polytechnic, where he worked in various capacities until his retirement in 1964. Then he was active in the Society of Hungarian Chemists; he helped in the creation of the Hungarian Chemistry Museum, and organized the training of chemists. His research field included the electrokinetic phenomena and the production of silicon. He was a pioneer in polarographic research. He worked out a number of patents. He was interested in science history as well. His works included Physical Chemistry Exercises (Fizikai kémiai gyekorlatok), with T. Erdey-Grúz (1926); General and Inorganic Chemistry (Általános szerveztlen kémia) with others (1954); and Introduction to Polarography (Bevezetés a polarográfiába) with K. Győrbíró (1959). He was a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1956), and a recipient of the Kossuth Prize in 1953. – B: 1160, 1122, T: 7103.→Erdey-Grúz, Tibor. |