Paál, László
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Protestant School Dramas – One of the early varieties of Hungarian drama. Protestant school-theater began in Hungary in the 16th century, using plays with a humanist slant in the national language. In the 17th century, in an effort to counterbalance the then enforced Germanization, these were in Latin. The noted Hungarian teacher, Ámos János Comenius’ model drama series in Latin, entitled Schola Ludus, which dramatized virtually the whole syllabus of Reformed College of Sárospatak, had a great effect on Calvinistic theater. From the 1660s, the Calvinist and Unitarian schools also produced some historical and biblical plays in Hungarian. Zsigmond Miskolczi’s drama: Cyrus, written in 1698, survived in manuscript form, and Ferenc (Francis) Pápai Páriz’ biblical drama in print form from the Nagyenyed school’s program. Around the turn of the 18th century, the Latin dramas of the Evangelical schools drew their themes from current political events, albeit in style they followed the Jesuit dramas. In the second half of the 18th century, the Calvinists at Sárospatak, Losonc (now Lučenec, Slovakia), Marosvásárhely (now Targu Mures, Romania), Nagyenyed (now Aiud, Romania) and other schools put on satirical comedies in Hungarian; they mainly parodied ancient mythology; but they also produced plays addressing current socially critical issues. – B: 1150, T: 7659.→Comenius, Ámos János; Pápai-Páriz, Ferenc.
Gáspár (Gasper) Heltai, in his Chronicle, published in 1575, wrote that Pál (Paul) Kinizsi, a popular hero at the end of the 15th century, encouraged his soldiers with the saying: Addig hántsd a hársat amig hámlik (Peel the lime tree as long as it can be peeled). This is the first recorded proverb in Hungarian. It is still in use in certain places in Transylvania (Erdély, now in Romania). Now we say: Addig üsd a vasat, amíg meleg (Strike the iron while it is hot). A handful of proverbs from the 16th century are still in use, such as: Sok lúd disznót győz (Many geese overcome a pig); Nem akarásnak nyögés a vége (The end of reluctance is moaning); Olcsó húsnak híg a leve (Cheap meat yields watery soup); Krisztus koporsóját sem őrizték ingyen (Even Christ’s coffin was not guarded for nothing); Minden zsák megtalálja a maga foltját (Every sack will get its patch or rather: every Jack will get his Jill). Some of them still exist in certain regions; others are forgotten, such as: Úgy illik mint bot a tegezbe (It fits like a stick in the quiver); Korán meglátszik mely tejből lesz jó túró (It is quickly apparent which milk yields good cheese, that is: the behavior of a child predicts its adult characteristics). Here are some new proverbs, originating from the Communist past of the country: Ez van, ezt kell szeretni (This is all there is – you have to like it); Ez nem az én asztalom (This is not my desk, i.e. it is not my business); Eszi, nem eszi nem kap mást (Eat it or not, you will get nothing else); Fogjuk meg és vigyétek (Let’s pick it up and you carry it); Ha nem csinálok semmit abból nem lesz baj (If I do nothing, no harm will follow); Kicsire nem nézünk, a nagy meg nem számit (We don’t care about little things – the big ones don’t matter ); Vagy megszokik vagy megszökik (Either get accustomed to it or run for it); Annyian vannak mint az oroszok (There are as many of them as there are Russians) etc. As for origin, the Hungarian proverb can be divided into the following groups: 1) Hungarian proverbs, not present in other languages, such as: Kicsi a bors de erős (Little but strong is the pepper corn); Jobb ma egy veréb mint holnap egy túzok (Better a sparrow today than a bustard tomorrow, or: Egy madár a kézben több mint kettő a bokorban (A bird in a hand is worth two in the bush); Messze van mint Makó Jeruzsálemtől (It is far away as Makó is from Jerusalem); Fából vaskarika (From wood into an iron-ring - that is: nonsense). 2) Proverbs from Greek-Latin classics, or from the Bible, or from the Medieval Latin, such as: Egy fecske nem csinál nyarat (One swallow does not make a summer) (Aristotle); Suszter maradj a kaptafánál (Let the cobbler stay with his last) (Plini Sr); Aki szelet vet, vihart arat (He who sows the wind, shall reap the whirlwind) (Hosea, Old Testament); Nem mind arany ami fénylik (All that glitters is not gold) (Medieval Latin). 3) Proverbs borrowed from other languages: From German: Aki mer az nyer (Who dares – wins); Várja, hogy a sült galamb a szájába repüljön (He expects a roasted pigeon to fly into his mouth); Iszik mint a kefekötő (He drinks like a brush-maker, or rather: drinks like a fish); Nem sokat hoz a konyhára (It doesn’t bring much to the kitchen). There are proverbs from the surrounding Slav languages: For example: Néma gyereknek anyja sem érti a szavát (Even the mother can not understand her dumb child); Kutyából nem lesz szalonna (From dog one can not make bacon) Turkish relations have the following: Az ellőtt nyilat nehéz visszahozni (It is difficult to retrieve a shot arrow); Eső után köpönyeg (Coat after rain); A kutya ugat, a karaván halad (The dog barks, the caravan proceeds). Taken from English, for example: Az idő pénz (Time is money); Az én házam az én váram (My house is my castle); Látszik a fény az alagút végén (Light can be seen at the end of the tunnel); The first Hungarian proverb collection is the work of János Baranyai Decsi Timor, entitled: Adagiorum Graeco-latino-hungaricorum chiliades quinque, and it was published in 1598, in Bártfa. It contains 900 proverbs, most of them in usage today. Notable proverb collections are from: Péter, Kiss Viczián, 1713; Mór Ballagi, 1850; János Erdélyi, 1851, 1862; Andor Sirisaka, 1890; Ede Margalits, 1898; Gábor O. Nagy, 1966; Gabriella Veő, (Transylvanian collection), 1989, 1999; and Zoltán Újváry, 2001. Gyula Paczolay published 1000 Hungarian proverbs with Estonian, Finnish and German translations in 2000. Gábor O. Nagy’s work: Mi fán terem? (Which Tree Yields It?) provides an explanation of the meaning of proverbs, 1979. Gyula Paczolay’s book: European Proverbs with Equivalents in Arabic, Persian, Sanskrit, Chinese and Japanese points out the European relationship of 106 Hungarian proverbs. – B: 7683, T: 7103.→Heltai, Gáspár. Provinces – Historical Hungary in the age of the kings originating from various royal houses was not a fully unified state. It also had feudal sovereignty over numerous vassal states, up to the time of Ulászló II (Wladislas, 1490-1516) – who even took on the title: king of Tótország (a term which at this period could either pertain to a Slavic region south of Hungary, or to the core of present day Slovakia). The kings of Hungary claimed the royal title to Bulgaria, Dalmatia, Galacia (Halich), Croatia, Cumenia, Lodomeria, Rama (Bosnia) and Serbia. Of these provinces, Croatia, Dalmatia and Cumenia were more closely associated with the Hungarian Crown, while Bulgaria, Galicia, Lodomeria, Rama and Serbia were in looser feudal relationships. The Hungarian Kingdom at that period was surrounded by numerous provinces, and the sovereignty over them increased or decreased in direct relationship with the increase or decrease of the power of the Hungarian Crown. The largest extent of the Hungarian Kingdom was achieved by King Lajos I (Louis the Great) (1342-1382), who added the Polish crown to his titles and possessions. After the death of King Lajos I, these provinces began to separate. On his accession, King Mátyás I (Matthias Corvinus) (1443-1490), controlled no provinces outside Hungary, until he conquered the attached provinces of Bohemia, which included Luzica (a territory between the Elbe and Oder rivers), Moravia and Silesia, as well as Lower Austria and a considerable part of the Austrian provinces. Though after his death the Bohemian provinces remained with Hungary, since Ulászló II and Lajos II (Louis) (1516-1526) were also kings of Bohemia, it was not clear to which of the countries the above province actually belonged. – B: 1020, T: 7665. Psalmus Hungaricus - An oratorial work of international reputation for tenor solo, orchestra and mixed choir by Zoltán Kodály. The Psalmus was commissioned to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the unification of Buda and Pest, and Óbuda, and was first performed in Budapest at the Philharmonic concert on the 19th November 1923. It is based on the paraphrase of Psalm 55 by the 16th century poet, preacher and translator, Mihály (Michael) Vég of Kecskemét (Kecskeméti Vég Mihály). – B: 1197, T: 7684.→Kodály, Zoltán; Kecskeméti Vég, Mihály. Pseudo Nobility – In the County Fogaras, Transylvanian (Erdély, now in Romania), this was the status of some settlers and the defense militia of the palisade of the fort. They enjoyed the status of the semi-nobility. They were duty-bound to serve as defenders of Fort Fogaras (now Fagaras) and, in exchange, they obtained some privileges of the nobility. Their rights were carefully circumscribed and were less numerous than the rights of the nobility. They were subjected to the authority of the district judges, the jurors, the fort-commander, and ultimately to the supreme commander of the Fogaras military district. – B: 1078, T: 3233. Psota, Irén (Irene) (Budapest, 28 March 1929 - ) – Actress, singer. From her childhood, she wanted to become an actress. Early in her career, she appeared under the name of Irén Dávid. She completed her studies and training at the Academy of Dramatic Art, Budapest, in 1952. She was a member of Madách Theater (Madách Színház) (1952-1980, later, of the Folk Theater (Népszínház) (1980-1982) and of the National Theater (Nemzeti Színház), Budapest (1982-1989); then, since 1989, she has again been a member of the Madách Theater. She is a multi-faceted actress with a deep voice; her scope in acting is quite wide. She depicts with as great a force the tragic heroines as she does the tormented womanly figures, or the extremely grotesque stage characters. She is also at home in the world of musical theater; her singing and dancing ability is quite impressive. She sings chansons and appears on stage in cabarets. Her roles include Polly in Brecht-Weill’s Beggar’s Opera (Koldusopera); Joan in Shaw’s Saint Joan; Dolly in Shaw’s Hello Dolly; Queen Margaret in Shakespeare’ Richard III; Gertrud in Shakespeare’s Hamlet; Aase in Ibsen’s Peer Gynt; Mrs. Alving in Ibsen’s Ghosts; Hanna in Schiller’s Mária Stuart; Mrs. Pearce in Shaw’s Pygmalion; Gertrudis in Katona’s Bánk bán; Mum in F. Molnár’s The Guardsman (A testőr), and Mrs. Orbán in Örkény’s Cat’s Play (Macskajáték). She acted in a number of film, TV and radio roles. There are more than 50 feature films to her credit, including St. Peter’s Umbrella (Szent Péter esernyője), (1958); Be Good Unto Death (Légy jó mindhalálig) (1960); The Gypsy Princess (Csárdáskirálynő) (1971); Peer Gynt (1977); Deliver Us from Evil (Szabadíts meg a gonosztól) (1979); The Five Cops (At öt zsaru) (2998), and Psota 80 (2009). She was awarded the Mari Jászai Prize (1959, 1962), the Kossuth Prize (1966, 2007), the titles of Artist of Merit (1976) and Outstanding Artist (1982), the Erzsébet Prize (1992), the Middle-Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (1995), she is Life Member of the Society of Immortals (1996), She was named Actress of the Nation (2000), the Pro Urbe Budapest Prize (2003), and the Prima Prize (2009). – B: 1445, 1031, T: 7456, 7103. P. Szabó, György→Pápai Szabó, György. Puerperal Septicemia – An infectious disease, caused by Staphylococcus or Streptococcus bacteria, particularly resulting from vaginal examination, performed with unclean hands. This disease was very common in maternity rooms after childbirth or abortion and was almost always lethal. Ignác (Ignatius) Semmelweis recognized this in 1847 and he introduced new medical procedures (meticulous washing of hands in lime water before vaginal examination) to prevent this disease. Present day puerperal septicemia is very rare and it occurs only in neglected childbirths or criminal abortions. Since the usage of antibiotics, the number of cases that end in death is very low. – B: 1138, 1068, 7456, T: 7660, 7456.→Semmelweis, Ignác. Puhl, Antal (Anthony) (Dunabogdány, 30 October 1950 –) – Architect. His higher studies were completed in the Department of Public Building Design of the Faculty of Architecture of Budapest Polytechnic between 1970 and 1975. From 1979 to 1981 he did further studies in the Master Program of the Hungarian Architects’ Association, where his teachers were Miklós (Nicholas) Hofer, Ferenc (Francis) Török and József (Joseph) Finta. In the years 1977-1987, he was demonstrator, then assistant lecturer in the Department of Public Building Design of Budapest Polytechnic. From 1987 to 1992 he worked in the studio of József Finta in the firm; and in 1991-1992 he worked in his own studio, also called Lakóterv. In 1992 he had his own office at Szentendre, an artist colony north of Budapest. He worked on a scholarship at the University of Delft, Holland from 1979 to 1988, and was also on scholarship in Singapore in 1994. He is a member of the Hungarian Architects’ Association, and of the Hungarian Chamber of Architects. The years he spent in Holland proved to be decisive for him. The ideas of the Dutch structuralism architecture affected him not in terms of form, but in its essence. He took part in more than 50 national competitions successfully. His works include Enchanted Castle (Elvarázsolt Kastély) (with Ferenc Török (1987, Budapest); Commercial and Credit Bank, with Anikó Havas (1992 Budapest, Oktogon); Offices of Zwack Unicum Co. with Ferenc Szekér, Krisztina Torday (1993, Budapest); the Building on Andrássy Boulevard of the CIB Bank, and a number of family houses. His one-man shows include the House of Culture (1993, Prague); Oaktree Gallery (1994, Budapest), and the building of the University of Debrecen (1996). His collective show is the Exhibition of Young Architects in the Hungarian National Gallery (1981, Budapest). His awards are the Diploma Prize (1975), and the Ybl Prize (1993). – B: 1654, T: 7456. P  uli – a medium-sized Hungarian shepherd dog, with long hair; its height is about 40-50 cm at the shoulder level. The male weighs 13-15 kg, while the female, called ”szuka” is around 10-13 kg. The Puli has a fine bone and lean muscle structure, covered by a long, felt and ribbon-like, or naturally braided thick coat that sometimes touches the ground. It comes in black, gray, white, fallow or masked colors, while its skin is always dark gray. It has a black nose, dark eyes; it is lop-eared and curly-tailed. It is a brave and very intelligent dog with a quick understanding, a lively temperament and abundant energy. Its breeding has become international and selective only since the beginning of the 20th century. Since then the Pulis have not really been used for shepherding; instead they are used to guard private houses. – B: 0151, 1020, T: 3240.→Hungarian domestic animals; Herding dogs; Sheepdog, Hungarian; Komondor; Mudi, Pumi; Kuvasz.
Pulitzer, József (Joseph) (Makó, 10 April 1847 - Charleston, SC. USA, 29 October 1911) – American newspaper publisher. He was born into a Hungarian Jewish family. His father was a grain merchant. He was educated in private schools in Budapest. In 1864 he emigrated penniless from Hungary to the United States. The Austrian and the French army had rejected him on account of his weak eyesight; but in America, he served in the Cavalry until the end of the Civil War. Then he went west and worked as a waiter, buried cholera victims of 1866, and finally worked as a reporter, first in St. Louis on the German Westliche Post, where he proved to be a talented reporter. In 1871 he acquired a part ownership of that paper. In the 1860s, he participated in politics and studied Law. In 1869 he was elected to the Missouri Legislature and, in 1874, he was admitted to the Bar in Washington, DC, where he worked as a Correspondent for the New York Sun. The purchase of the New York World in 1883 made him wealthy. In 1885, he was elected to Congress from New York, but resigned after a few months. In 1887 he founded the Evening World in New York. In 1886 he paid tribute to Mihály (Michael) Munkácsy, when the renowned painter visited the USA, and greeted him with Hungarian lines in his newspapers. In the same year, he contributed to the erection of the Statue of Liberty. At the age of forty, he was struck blind, but he still continued to run his press empire. In 1907 he suffered from a serious nervous disease and, for this reason he continually traveled on his “Liberty” luxury yacht. He died on his yacht in the port of Charleston. At the time of his death, the daily circulation of his newspapers was 700,000. In the 1890s, he had a circulation war with William Randolph Hearst. Through his will, he established the Columbia University School of Journalism, and the annual Pulitzer Prizes for literature, drama, music, and journalism. In this, he followed the example of Alfred B. Nobel (1833-1896), who established the Nobel Foundation with its awards. The Pulitzer Prizes are awarded annually at Columbia University, New York City. – B: 1078, 1153, T: 7103.→Munkácsy, Mihály Pulitzer Prize→Pulitzer, József. Pulszky, Ferenc (Francis) (Eperjes, now Prešov, Slovakia, 17 September 1814 - Budapest, 9 September 1897) – Politician, writer, archeologist and art historian. Pulszky studied in Miskolc, then in Eperjes. In 1832 he completed his studies in Law and became an articling student at a law firm. From 1833 he traveled, and stayed in Italy and Western Europe for longer periods. As an articling student he took part in the youth movements during the 1832- 1836 Diet, and in 1836 he again traveled throughout Western Europe. In 1839 and 1840 he was the representative of County Sáros. In the 1840s, he wrote articles for the Pester Daily (Pesti Hírlap), and for the Allgemeine Zeitung of Augsburg. He became a member of the Reformist Opposition. In 1848 he worked beside Lajos (Louis) Kossuth as Undersecretary of State for Finances, then in the Hungarian External Affairs Ministry in Vienna, also as an Undersecretary of State. He went to England, where he carried out successful activity for the press and unsuccessful diplomatic work in the interests of Hungary. Remaining an émigré, he accompanied Kossuth on his trip to the USA, and, in 1860, as Kossuth’s representative, he went to Turin. However, after he didn’t succeed in obtaining the military support of Cavour, Napoleon III, or Garibaldi, he resigned from his commission and settled in Florence. Because of his extremely vacillating views, urging direct military attack or diplomatic compromise, he fell out with Kossuth. In 1866 he returned to Hungary and adopted Ferenc (Francis) Deák’s policies (Deák was the chief architect of the 1867 Compromise with the Habsburgs). At first at Szentes, then at Szécsény, he was elected as Member of Parliament with a Deák-party program. He was active in the cultural fields: he was President of the Society of Fine Arts and the Archeological Society, and took part in the negotiations for purchasing the works of the Esterházy Picture Gallery, and also in the organization of the exhibition of the works of industrial arts in Vienna, which was to form the basis of the Museum of Industrial Arts to be established in Budapest. Between 1869 and 1894 he was Director of the Hungarian National Museum, which he developed to European standards, and President of the Society of Industrial Arts. From 1847 on, he was a member of the Kisfaludy Society, and also one of the founders of the Petőfi Society. In 1873 he became the Chairman of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences; in 1895 he became its Vice Chairman; he was a corresponding member of the Academy from 1838 an ordinary member in 1840, and an honorary member in 1841. He maintained an extensive literary and political activity: wrote works in the literary field, in history, philosophy and, above all, in the history of art and archeology. His works include Jacobites in Hungary, vols i, ii (Jakobinusok Magyarországon) (1851, 1861-1862); White, Red, Black, vols. i-iii (London, 1853), and My Life and Times, vols i-iv (Életem és korom, I-IV) (1882-1884). A Street in Budapest bears his name. – B: 1068, 0883, 1257, T: 7456.→Kossuth, Lajos; Deák, Ferenc; Compromise of 1867. Pulvári, Károly (Charles) (Pulvermacher) (Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic, 19 July 1907 - Alexandria City, Virginia, USA, 1999) – Electrical engineer. His higher education was completed at the Budapest Polytechnic, where he obtained a diploma in 1929. In his first position, he was an engineer in the Telephone Factory of Budapest from 1929 to 1933. Then, between 1933 and 1935, he was a technical adviser at the Budapest Radio. From 1935 until 1949 he was technical Director at the Hungarian Film Studios and (partly concurrently) Director of the Pulvári Electrophysical Laboratories from 1943 to 1949. One of his inventions was an acoustic ignition device, employed in the Hungarian- designed and developed Lidérc air-to-air anti-aircraft rocket missile; some 50 of them were used as surface-to-surface rockets toward the end of World War II. He designed the telephone time-check service in 1948. He decided to settle in the USA in 1949. He became a professor at the Catholic University of Washington, DC, USA in 1953. He had some 70 patented inventions. One of his important writings is entitled: Memory Matrix using Ferro-electric Condensers as Bistable Elements. J.ACM 2(3): 169-185 (1955). He was President of the Washington Group, Association of American Hungarians and also a member of New York Academy of Science. Since then, there has been no data about him. – B: 0969, 1037, T: 7456. Pumi – A terrier-type Hungarian shepherd dog. In the 18th and 19th century, the Puli was cross-bred with French and German shepherd dogs, with the purpose of guarding the newly-arrived merino herds. Its breeding became intentional only at the beginning of the 20th century, when the new breed, the Pumi, was separated from the Puli and used as a guard dog. The Pumi is medium sized with a lean muscle structure, a high belly and neck, while its back is low and slanted. Its tail is high and curly. It comes in many colors, mostly in gray, but it never has mixed or patchy colors. Its hair is medium long, sometimes in braids or curls. Although it has pointed ears, they curl down at the tip. Its lanky figure is in line with its highly-strung temperament. It is always actively busy. The Pumi is an intelligent dog with a quick understanding and its own “opinion”. It requires little upkeep and nourishment. – B: 1020, T: 3240.→Hungarian Domestic Animals; Herding Dogs; Sheepdog, Hungarian; Komondor; Mudi; Puli; Kuvasz. Pungor, Ernő (Ernest) (Vasszécsény, 30 October 1923 - Budapest 14 June 2007) – Chemist. He completed his High School studies at Veszprém in 1943, and studied Chemistry at the University of Budapest (1948), where he earned a Doctorate in Natural Sciences in 1949, then a Doctorate in Chemistry in 1956. He was a lecturer, then an Assistant Professor and Adjunct Professor of Inorganic and Analytic Chemistry in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Budapest (1948-1962); a professor at the University of Veszprém (1962-1970); a professor at the Budapest Polytechnic (1970-1990); Dean of the Chemistry Faculty there (1972-1981); Minister without Portfolio (1990 -1994), and Chief Director of the Zoltán Bay Applied Research Foundation from 1994. Concurrently he was a board member or president of many scientific and civilian societies and associations. Among others: President of the World Association of Hungarian Engineers and Architects from 1997; a member of the Advisory Board of the Anti-Chemical Weapon Committee of the United Nations from 1988; Co-President of the Pro Patria Association from 1999. Ernő Pungor was a member of editorial boards, such as: Chemical News (Kémiai Közlemények) (1964-1990); Hungarian Chemist Review (Magyar Kémiai Folyóirat) (1987-1990), and the Hungarian Scientific Instrument Review from 1977. His main fields of research were: analytical chemistry, ion-selective electrodes, electro analytics, oscillometry, flame photometry and atom adsorption, adsorption indicators and voltametry. Among his major works are: Flame Photometry Theory (1962); Oscillometry and Conductometry (1963); A Practical Guide to Instrumental Analysis (1994); For the Development of Hungary (Magyarország fejlődéséért) (1996); Theory of Ion Selective Electrodes (Az ionszektív elektródok elmélete) (1998), and My Years and My Researches (Éveim, kutatásaim) (2000). Ernő Pungor was a corresponding member, then ordinary member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1967, 1976). He was an honorary doctor of the University of Veszprém; Babes-Bolyai University, University of Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania); the University of Bucharest; Lomonosov University of Moscow, and the Technical University of Vienna. He was a member of many international institutes, such as the European Academy of Sciences, The Royal Society of Chemistry and the Academy of Sciences of India. He was a recipient of 37 prestigious awards, among them the Robert Boyle Gold Medal, the Great German Service Cross, and the French Legion of Honor. – B: 0873, T: 7103. |