Paál, László
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Pólya, Tibor (Szolnok, 25 April 1886 - Szolnok, 29 November 1937) – Painter and graphic artist. He studied in Budapest, Szolnok and Paris. As a member of the Art Colony of Kecskemét from 1912 to 1919, he came under the influence of Aba-Novák. Aside from landscapes and figurative compositions, he also did caricatures and designed book covers and posters. He held yearly exhibitions in the Ernst Museum, Budapest, between 1917 and 1924. He traveled to the USA in 1925 and 1928 and published an album covering the journey of the delegation there for the unveiling of the statue of Lajos (Louis) Kossuth. The Fészek Club in Budapest housed the exhibition of his collective works in 1929. From the thirties, he lived in and led the Art Colony of Szolnok. He also illustrated the books of several noted Hungarian writers including Gyula Krúdy, Frigyes Karithy, etc. His works are preserved in the Hungarian National Gallery. Among his paintings are Flowers and Fruits (Virágok és gyümölcsök); Boulevard in Sunshine (Napfényes boulevard); Village in Winter (Falu télen); Marketplace in Szolnok (Szolnoki piactér), and Bohóc (Clown). His paintings are charateized by impressionism, vivid colors, people and marked Hungarian style. A minor plane the Polya (1998 WJ) was named after him. – B: 0883, 1445, T: 7677.→Aba-Novák, Vilmos; Krúdy, Gyula; Karinthy, Frigyes; Kossuth, Lajos. Polyák, Imre (Emeric) (Kecskemét, 16 April 1932 - ? 15 November 2010) – Wrestler. He was Hungarian Champion 12 times between 1952 and 1964. He was a silver medalist at the Summer Olympic Games in Helsinki in 1952, at Melbourne in 1956, and at Rome in 1960, and a gold medalist in Tokyo (1964). He became three times World Champion (1955, 1956, 1960), and twice silver medalist (1961, 1963). From 1965 he was coach of the team of Dózsa Újpest; a leader of its Wrestling Department and finally its Counselor. He also worked for the Hungarian National Wrestling Team. He was inducted into the Wrestling Hall of Fame and made Sportsman of the Nation. – B: 1656, 1031, T: 7103. Polner, Zoltán (Szeged, 24 January 1934 - ) – Poet, journalist. He obtained a Degree in Hungarian Literature from the University of Szeged in 1955. He taught in Pitvaros and Csanádpalota. For a while, he was Assistant Manager for the Theater of Szeged; then he taught again from 1959 in Ferencszállás, and from 1962 in Kiszombor. From 1965 he was a contributor to the Congrád County Newspaper (Csongrád Megyei Hírlap), later became its columnist. In 1966 he obtained a Ph.D. and retired in 1993. His main interest is collecting folk-prayers, and ancient beliefs in County Csongrád. His poetry shows the influence of folk-poetry. From his ethnographic works seven films and two radio-plays were made. He also contributed to the Open-Air Performances of Szeged. Among his works are On the Golden Branch of the Golden Tree (Arany fának arany ágán) (1981); Shadow of Silence (A csend árnyéka), poems (1988); Mud-man (Sárember) (1989), and The Son of Man on the Golgotha (Ember Fia a Golgotán), archaic folk-prayers from the Szeged area (1998). He is a recipient the Creator Prize of Szeged (1971), the For the Socialist Culture Award (1979), and the Gyula Juhász Prize (1989). – B: 1257, 0878, T: 7103. Polónyi, István (Stefan) (Gyula, 6 July 1930 - ) – Engineer, architect. His higher studies were at the Budapest Polytechnic (1948-1952), where he obtained his diploma. Between 1952 and 1956 he was an assistant professor at the Polytechnic of Budapest. Concurrently, he worked as a designer for the State Planning Department (Iparterv). In 1956 he escaped from Hungary and settled in Cologne, Germany, where he worked as staff-member at the Peter Bauwens Bauunternehmung GmbH Company. He opened his own consulting firm, first in Cologne, then in West Berlin. His firm soon became well-known in West-Germany; he designed numerous projects and he became one of the leading structural designers in Western Europe. In 1965, at the invitation of the Polytechnic of Berlin, he accepted a professorship there, and later became Dean. (1965-1973). From 1973 to 1995 he was professor at the new Dortmund University, where he founded the Faculty of Architecture, and was its Dean (1983-1987). He wrote 200 publications and five books including Architektur und Tragwerk; Beton Atlas: Entwerfen mit Stahlbeton im Hochbau, along with others, and he co-authored and edited numerous books. Among his works are the Athletic Hall of Dortmund; Holland Dance Theater of the Hague, and the Museum of Arts of Bonn. He is an Honorary Doctor of the University of Kassel, the Polytechnic of Budapest, and the Polytechnic of Berlin. He is a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (2007), and a recipient of a number of awards, including the Prize of European Town Construction (1977, 1978, 1987), and the Prize of Architecture of the University of Paris (1993). – B: 0874, T: 7103. Pomegranate as Decoration – An element of the Hungarian folk art brought from the Orient. It is a general ornament with a round, oval or drop-shaped seed, and a lace, or flower petal-type top. Many have a checkered middle section copying a crest motive. It is called “Golden apple” or the “Apple of the Prince” in Transylvania (Erdély, now in Romania). There was a golden pomegranate on top of the Khazar ruler’s private coach. – B: 1134, T: 3240. Pomogáts, Béla (Budapest, 22 October 1934 - ) – Historian of literature. He studied Literature at the University of Budapest (1953-1958). He participated in the 1956 Revolution and Freedom Fight, and was interned from 1959 to 1960; he was a teacher from 1961 to 1965; from 1965 he was an international contributor for the Institute of Hungarian Literature of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences; he was Head of the 20th Century Department. From 1992 he worked at various important posts, including scientific counselor. Between 1994 and 1997, he was a representative of the General Assembly, and a member of the Hungarian Romanian Mixed Committee. After 1990 he was Editor-in-Chief for the periodicals Literatura, Vigilia; Our Language and Culture (Nyelvünk és Kultúránk); Reality (Valóság), and Minority Research (Kisebbségkutatás). Since 1996 he has been a member of the Editorial Committee of the daily Hungarian Nation (Magyar Nemzet). From 1992 he was President of the Mother Tongue Conference (Anyanyelvi Konferencia). From 1993, he was the spokesman for the Democratic Charters, a member of the Executive of the Writers’ Union (Írószövetség) of Hungary; and from 1995 its President. Since 1994, he has been the spokesman for the 1956 Memorial Society (1956 Emlékbizottság). He was the last President of the Illyés Foundation. He received a literary doctorate in 1995. Some of his works are Memories and Magic (Emlék és varázslat) (1982); Small Mirror. Hungarian Literary Profiles (Kistükör. Magyar irodalomtörténeti arcképek) (1985, 1986); Hungarian Literature of the West after1945 (A nyugati Magyar irodalom 1945 után), with M. Bárdy and L. Rónay (1986); Poetry and Popularism (Költészet és népiesség) (1987); Hungarian Reader from Transylvania (Erdélyi Magyar olvasóköny) editor (1989); Politics and Poetry (Politika és poetika) (1996); Blood of Falling Leaves (Hulló levelek vére) short stories (1956,1996); The Other Hungary (Másik Magyarország) (1997), and In Defense of Literature (Az irodalom védelmében) (1998). He wrote literary portraits of Aladár Kuncz, Tibor Déry, Miklós Radnóti and Zoltán Jékely. He is a recipient among others, of the Literary Prize of the Art Foundation (1986), the Academy Prize (1990), the Attila József Prize (1991), the Middle Cross of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (1994), the Nagy Imre Memorial Plaque (1996), For the Minorities (1996) and the István Bocskai Prize (1998). – B: 0874, 1257, T: 7684.→Kuncz, Aladár; Jékely, Zoltán; Randóti, Miklós; Déry Tibor. Pongrátz, Gergely (Gregory) (Szamosújvár, now Gherla, Transylvania, in Romania, 18 February, 1932 - Kiskunmajsa, 18 May, 2005) – One of the leaders of the Hungarian Revolution and Freedom Fight in 1956. After World War II, the family moved to Hungary. He was conscripted into the Army and went through Communist indocrination, which he rejected, together with the national-minded youths. He obtained a Degree in Agricultural Engineering and he worked on a collective farm. Having heard the news of the demonstration in Budapest, on 23 October 1956, he went to Budapest, and joined a group of young resitance fighters at the Corvin Cinema. Soon he emerged as their natural leader, along with his brother. This resistance group had a pair of Hungarian tanks, and they held their position against the first Soviet attack, and also against the second one, and then again, after 4 November, when the Soviets returned in strength. In the vicinity of Pongrátz’ Freedom Fighters was the Killian Barracks, led by Colonel Pál Maléter. He was sent to suppress the rebellion but, on making contact with the insurgents, he decided to support them, although he did not order the men under his leadership to fight alongside the Freedom Fighters. Those who did so, voluntarily joined the Revolutionaries. Maléter later became Minister of Defense in the revolutionary Government of Imre (Emeric) Nagy. The Soviets invited him to negotiate their withdrawal but it was a trick. They captured him and eventually he was executed in 1958 along with Imre Nagy and others. When the Pongrátz Group had to give up their position, they left behind a dozen destroyed Soviet tanks. 200,000 Hungarians fled to the West. Gregory Pongrátz fled to Austria with others who intended to return in the spring, with the slogan: M.U.K. meaning: Márciusban Újra Kezdjük (We will start anew in March). Finally, Pongrátz emigrated to the U.S.A, and remained there until the collapse of the Communist System in Hungary. In 1991 he returned to Hungary. In Kiskunmajsa, he founded a Museum to record the events of 1956, and a chapel to commemorate the Revolution’s fallen heroes. He wrote a book on the Revolution entitled: Corvin Circle (Corvin köz) (Chicago, 1982, Budapest, 1989, 1992). He became President of the World Federation of Hungarians in 1956 later, Vice-President of the National Society of Political Prisoners (Politikai Foglyok Országos Szövetsége – POFOSZ). He created and led the Kids of Pest Foundation of 1956 (1956-os Pesti Srác Alapitvány). He also ran a summer camp to tell young Hungarians about the heroic time in Hungary’s 20th-century history. During a demonstration in Budapest, he was injured. In 1993, he participated in the foundation of the Jobbik Movement a political movement for a better Hungary . He is remembered as one of the emblematic figures of the Revolution and Freedom Fight of 1956.– B: 1031, T: 7103.→Freedom Fight of 1956; Maleter, Pál; Nagy, Imre. Pongrátz, József (Joseph) (Ete, 4 June 1885 - Pápa, 6 November 1963) – Minister of the Reformed Church, theologian, writer. He attended High School in Pápa (1902), and then studied Theology at the Reformed Theological Academy of Pápa (1906). He was on scholarship in Scotland and in the USA, then Bishop’s Secretary in Komárom from 1908. He was Professor of New Testament Studies at the Reformed Theological Academy, Pápa (1915-1951). He earned his Doctoral Degree in Theology at Debrecen. He was involved in library works from 1902. From 1917, he was Director of the Library of the Reformed College of Pápa, and later, of the Church District Library, Pápa until the end of his life. He organized the Papensia Collection. Pongrátz was publisher of the journal Student World (Diákvilág), Pápa, and Editor for the Transdanubian Protestant Journal (Dunántúli Protestáns Lapok). His writing appeared in the Theological Review (Theológiai Szemle), and in the Reformed Journal (Reformátusok Lapja), as well. His works include Epistle to the Ephesians (Az efezusi levél) (1911); The Epistle of Paul to the Galatians (Pál apostol levele a Galatákhoz) (1913); Commentary on the Gospel of John (János evangeliumának magyarázata) (1914); Hungarian Students in England (Magyar diákok Angliában) (1914), and Introduction to the New Testament (Újszövetségi bevezetés). He was one of he renowned theologians of the Reformed Church in the first half of 20th century. – B: 0932, T: 7103. Ponori Thewrewk, Aurél (1) (Pozsony, now Bratislava, Slovakia, 13 February 1842 - Geneva, 2 September 1912) – Anthropologist and physician. He was a descendant of the Thewrewk family of Ponor in Transylvania (Erdély, now in Romania). He obtained his Medical Degree from the University of Vienna in 1866. From 1867 to 1869 he was a demonstrator in the Physiology Department of the Medical School of the University of Pest. From 1869 he was Professor of Physiology at the Medical-Surgical College of Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania), and between 1869 and 1872 Professor of Physiology there. When this College became incorporated into the University of Kolozsvár, he continued as a professor from 1872 to 1881. For a while, during 1880, he carried out research in P. Broca’s Institute in Paris. He studied the anthropological material at the Paris World Fair in 1878, and this made him resolve to devote his life to the anthropological study of Hungarians. Between 1881 and 1912 he was professor in the newly established Anthropology Department within the Faculty of Arts of Budapest University, and Director of the Institute of Anthropology there. Ponori Thewrewk was a keen follower of Darwinism and, together with Géza Entz, translated into Hungarian Charles Darwin’s famous work entitled On the Origin of the Species. At his own expense he launched the Anthropological Fascicules (Anthropológiai Füzetek) in 1882; in its first and only issue he published 16 studies of his own. The center of his research was the anthropological nature of the Magyars at the time of their entry into the Carpathian Basin (A.D. 896), and he also studied the exhumed skeletons of historic individuals on whom he performed anthropological measurements: Reigning Prince Ferenc Rákóczi II, Count Imre Thököly, and King Béla III; their identities were thereby confirmed. He was well known for the construction of an instrument called a Craniometer for measuring aspects of the human skull. The Anthropological Museum, which he established at the University of Budapest, became one of the most famous in Europe. In his study series, Über den Yezoer Ainoschädel (1888-1900), he demonstrated his craniometric methods with practical examples. He was a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (corresponding 1892). As an anthropologist, he became world-famous. His other works include Über den Bau der Nervenfasern (1872); Über ein Universal-kraniometer (1888); Grundzüge einer systematischen Kraniometrie (1890), and Report on the Physical Remains of King Béla III and his Queen (Jelentés III-ik Béla király és neje testereklyéiről) (1894). – B: 0883, 1068, 1730, T: 7660, 7456.→Ponori Thewrewk, Aurél (2); Craniometer; Lentz, Géza; Rákóczi II, Prince Ferenc; Thököly, Count Imre; Béla III, King. Ponori Thewrewk, Aurél (2) (Budapest, 2 May 1921 - ) – Astronomer. He came from an intellectual family. His higher studies were at the University of Budapest, where he obtained a B.Sc. Degree in Education (1939-1944). From 1943 to 1948 he worked as an honorary junior clerk at the Institute of Astronomy of the University. Between 1947 and 1951 he was a teacher at a technical school. From 1951 to 1961 he was a research engineer at the Geophysical Measuring Equipment Works (Geofizikai Mérőműszerek Gyára), Budapest. He worked as Editor for the Táncsics Publishing House (Táncsics könyvkiadó) (1961-1975), Budapest. From 1963 to 1975 he was Deputy Director of the Urania Observatory, and between 1975 and 1981 he was its Director. In 1981 he retired, but he lectured on History of Astronomy at the University of Budapest from 1983 to 1988, and from 1994 to 1997. Between 1989 and 2000 he was President of the Hungarian Astronomical Society. His field of research is History of Astronomy and Chronology of Astronomy. His works include ca. 200 articles and books, such as Biblical Wonders (Bibliai csodák) (1965); Modern Astronomical World View, vols. i,ii,iii (Modern csillagászati világkép, I,II,III), co-author (1969, 1972, 1975); History of Astonomy (Csillagászattörténet), Stars in the Bible (Csillagok a Bibliában) (1993). and Divina Astronomia... (2001). He was awarded the György Kulin Memorial Medal (2002) – B: 1306, 1031, T: 7103.→Ponori Thewrewk, Aurél (1); Kulin, György; Astronomy in Hungary. Poór, Imre (Emeric) (Dunaföldvár, 13 October 1823 - Budapest, 20 August 1897) – Physician and dermatologist. At first, he became a Piarist monk and teacher. During the 1848-1849 War of Independence against Habsburg rule, he joined the Hungarian national army as a “Honvéd” (defender of the motherland), and he saw the war through. After the war, he left the Piarist Order. In 1855 he obtained a Medical Degree from the University of Pest. From 1857 he was a demonstrator in the Medical Clinic of Pest; from 1857 to 1859 co-Editor for the journal Medical Weekly (Orvosi Hetilap) and, in 1859 he became an honorary lecturer in Dermatology. He organized the Dermatological Division of the Rókus Hospital, Budapest, also becoming its Chief Physician. In 1860 he founded the journal, Medical Therapy (Gyógyászat). He was a notable dermatologist, Editor for a technical dictionary, and the organizer of the movement to safeguard the interests of the medical profession. He was a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1864). His works include Addenda to the Medical Practicability of Nature (Adatok a természet orvosi célszerűségéhez) (1865) and The Natural System of Skin Diseases (A bőrbetegségek természetes rendszere) (1869). – B: 1730, 0883, 0907, T: 7456. Popper, Péter (Budapest, 19 November 1933 - Budapest, 16 April 2010) – Psychologist and writer. He studied Philosophy, Logic and Psychology at the University of Budapest (1952-1957), and worked as a child psychologist at various clinics. He became a professor at the Medical School of the University of Szeged (1984-1992). He was a guest professor of the Bar-Ilan University, Israel from 1992 to 1994. Then he was a counselor of the Prime Minister and, from 1994 to 1996 he taught at the University, the Academy of Dramatic Art, and at the Rabbi Training School in Budapest. Between 1974 and 1990 he was Editor-in-Chief of the Psychological Review (Pszichológiai Szemle), and participated in many psychology-related committees. He authored 26 books, some of them are: Formation of the Criminal Personality Disturbance (A kriminális személyiségzavar kialakulása) (1970); Book of the Inner Ways (A belső utak könyve) (1981); Trainig der Gefüle (1989); Physicians of the Future (A jövő orvosai), editor (1990); Is it Painful to Die? (Fájdalmas meghalni?) (1999); Some Important Questions on the Psychology of Religion (A valláspszichológa néhány fontos kérdéséről) (2001) and Pelony or the Testament of Pilate (Peloni avagy Pilátus testamentuma), novel (1997). He is one the leading psychologists in Hungary. – B: 0874, 0878, T: 7103. Population of Hungary→Hungarians (Magyars), Ethnogenesis of (1,2,3). Pór, Bertalan (Bartholomew) (Bábaszék, now Babiná, Slovakia, 4 November 1880 - Budapest, 29 August 1964) – Painter. He studied under the direction of László (Ladislas) Gyulay at the School of Industrial Design, and went to Munich for a year. He received the Harkányi Prize in 1901 for his self-portrait. He studied in Paris at the Julian Academy from 1901 to 1903, and became a popular portraitist. Returning home after his studies in Italy, he became a member of the group of “The Eight”, founded in 1910, and exhibited continuously at the Art Gallery of Budapest (Műcsarnok). His work can be categorized as formalistic. In 1911 he painted an 11-meter-long fresco on the facade of the Folk Opera building and worked with mosaics. After the collapse of the Council (Soviet) Republic in 1919, he moved to Czechoslovakia, and made a living by painting portraits, landscapes and animals. Pór was in the Soviet Union from 1936 to 1938, then in Paris, where the Germans arrested him in 1941. After regaining his freedom, he supported the anti-German effort with his posters. In 1948 he returned to Budapest and taught at the Academy of Fine Arts. His paintings include Sermon on the Mount (Hegyi beszhéd) (1911); Bull (Bika) (1948); Self-portrait (Önarckép) (1902, 1953), and Family (Család) (1909). He made posters, such as Proletariat of the World, Unite! (Világproletárjai egyesüljetek!) (1919). He also illustrated books, and had several exhibitions, including Berlin (1913), Vienna (1914), UNESCO (1946) and Paris (1955). He was a recipient of the Kossuth Prize (1949) and the Munkácsy Prize (1950). He received te title of Outstanding Artist in 1955. – B: 0883, 1445, T: 7677.→Berény, Róbert; Czigány, Dezső; Czóbel, Béla; Kernstok, Károly; Márffy, Ödön; Orbán, Dezső; Tihanyi, Lajos; Eight, The Group of. Porter, Anna (née Anna Mária Szigethy) (Budapest, during World War II - ) – Novelist, publisher. She participated in the 1956 Revolution and Freedom Fight in Budapest. She had to escape from Hungary and found refugee status in Christchurch, New Zealand, where she studied English Literature at the University of Canterbury, and earned her BA and MA degrees. After two years in England, she moved to Toronto, Canada, worked for Collier Macmillan Canada and McClelland and Stewart from 1969, and became President and publisher of Seal Books. In 1982 she founded the Key Porter Books and is its CEO and Director. In 1986, she purchased a majority stake in Doubleday Canada of Key Porter Books. She is one of the most respected publishing professionals. Her published novels include Hidden Agenda (1984); Mortal Sins (1987); The Book-fairs Murders (1997); The Storyteller (2000), Kasztner’s Train (2007), which won the 2007 Nereus Writers' Trust Non-Fiction Prize, and The Ghosts of Europe (2010), for which she was presented the Saughnesswy Cohen Prize. Since 2007, she has been writing about Central Europe for Maclean’s and The Globe and Mail. She is the writer-in-residence at the University of Toronto’s Center for European, Russian, Eurasian Studies (CERES). She was made Officer of the Order of Canada in 1991, and was awarded the Order of Ontario (2003). She has also been awarded three honorary degrees from universities and by a professional society. – B: 0892, 1031, T: 4342. Portisch, Lajos (Louis) (Zalaegerszeg, 4 April 1937 - ) – Chess player, master-coach and writer. From 1961 he was an International Grand-Master. He was one of the strongest non-Soviet grandmasters in the 1960s and 1970s. He was qualified for the World Chess Championships five times. Among his successes was the tournament of Skopje in 1968. He led the Hungarian chess team to the Gold Medal in the 23rd Chess Olympiad, held in Buenos Aires in 1978. He participated in twenty Olympiads between 1956 and 2000, more than anyone else. He won one Gold, three Silver and two Bronze Olympic medals. He won many international tournaments during his career. He was in the 4th place on the world list in 1980. He was made the Sportsman of the Nation in 2004. – B: 1656, 1031, T: 7103. |