Paál, László
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Pais, Dezső (Desider) (Zalaegerszeg, 20 March 1886 - Budapest, 6 April 1973) – Linguist. He obtained a teacher’s qualification in Hungarian, Latin and Greek Languages. As an educator, he did linguistic research at the Zalaegerszeg Archives; he was a Secondary School teacher in Sopron, Cegléd and Budapest; between 1933 and 1937, a teacher at the Eötvös College of the University of Budapest and, between 1937 and 1959, Professor of the Hungarian Linguistic Institute, University of Budapest. His scientific work started with literary history essays, among the first of them on Janus Pannonius in 1910. He initiated research on the history of literary language with his books: The Hungarian Literary Language, and From the Linguistic Relics of the Hungarian Ancient Religion (Ősvallásunk nyelvi emlékeiből), the latter published by his estate. Dezső Pais opened new ways for research; he was the first to establish the Semantics of Medieval naming of persons. He created a new genre by examining complete word families. Another area of his activities was the explanation of language relics. (Anonymus; The Nuns of Veszprém Valley; Funeral Oration and Prayer, etc). He translated Anonymus’ Chronicle into Hungarian (1926), then, with Emil Jankovich, he published the Ancient Hungarian Reading Book in 1929. He also worked on the methodology of syntax theories and phonetics history. In addition to more than one thousand scientific publications, he wrote numerous articles popularizing science. As a teacher and scientist, he created a scholarly tradition. He was a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (corresponding from 1930, regular from 1941). He received a number of awards, including the Sámuel Prize (1919), the Kossuth Prize (1951), and the Miklós Révai Memorial Medal (1968). There is a Dezső Pais Prize in Zalaegerszeg. – B: 0883, 1257, 0878; T: 7669.→Anonymus; Janus Pannonius. Pajor, Kornél (Cornelius) (Budapest, 1 July 1923 - ) – Architect, speed skater, world champion. From 1941 he was a speed skater at the Budapest Skating Club (Budapesti Korcsolyázó Egylet – BKE). Because of World War II, there were not many competitions for this young skater. In 1943, in Klagenfurt, Austria, he won the 3000 m competititon. In the 1948 Winter Olympics of St. Moritz he finished in fourth place on the 10000 m. In 1949 he became Hungarian National Allround Champion for the fourth time, and then won bronze at the European Allround Championships, while setting a new world record on the 5000 m. At the 1949 World Allrounds Championships in Oslo, Norway, Pajor won a gold medal, the first Hungarian skater to become World Allround Champion. In 1949, Pajor did not return to Hungary from Oslo. In the 1951 World Allround Championships he won a bronze medal, but he did not represent any country; however, he was allowed to participate as an “independent skater”, representing the ISU. In 1952, skating for IF Castor of Östersund, Sweden, Pajor won a bronze medal at the European Allround Championships. In Sweden he worked as an architect in his own architect firm. – B: 1031, T: 7103. Pajor, Sándor (Alexander) (Melcsic, now Melčice, Slovakia, in former County Trencsén, 4 November 1861 - Budapest, 1935) – Physician. His medical studies were completed at the Universities of Vienna and Budapest, from where he obtained his Medical Degree in 1885. From 1886, he worked in the Rókus Hospital of Budapest, and from 1888, in the Saint Stephen Hospital (Szt. István Kórház), Budapest. In 1888 he went on a European study trip. In 1898 he established his own Hydrotherapy Resort (water-curing) in Szentkirály Street, Budapest. In 1906 he founded the Pajor Sanatorium at No. 17, Vas Street, Budapest, initially with 30 beds, but it developed into a 130-bed Sanatorium. It was the largest private hospital in the country with a good reputation. In 1948 it was nationalized by the Communist regime. First, it was transformed into a Party School, then, a home for Greeks. Finally, in 1954, the János (John) Balassa Hospital opened in it, and functioned until its closure in 1988. His works include Handbook of Dermatology (Bőrgyógyászati zsebkönyv) (1891) and Neurasthenia and its Hydrotherapy (A neurasthénia és vizgyógymódjáról) (1897). – B: 1730, 1160, T: 7456. Pákh, Albert (Rozsnyó, now Rožňava, Slovakia, 1823, 11 March 1823 - Pest, 10 February 1867) – Writer and lawyer. In Sopron, he studied Lutheran Theology (1839-1842), and he studied Law in Debrecen (1842-1843). It was in these cities that he became friends with the great poet Sándor (Alexander) Petőfi. From 1844 to 1846 he interned as a legal practitioner and lawyer in Pest but, after he passed the Bar Examinations, Pákh turned to writing. Beginning in 1845, he was the feuilleton writer for the journal, Pest News (Pesti Hirlap). By 1846 he was a member of the Group of Ten, which brought together democratic writers. In 1846 and 1847 he shared accommodation with Petőfi. He became seriously ill in 1847 and, while he was treated in a hydropathic-establishment near Vienna, his career was interrupted. From 1850 he was editor for various publications; from 1855 Editor for Modern Encyclopedia (Újabbkori Ismerettár), and librarian of the National Casino (Nemzeti Kaszinó). Concurrently, in 1853, he was Editor (with Pál Gyulai) for the Szépirodalmi Lapok (Literary Journal). From 1854 to 1867 he was Editor for the Sunday News (Vasárnapi Újság), playing a significant role in the development of literary life and in the growth of readership. From 1863 to 1865 he was Editor (with Ágoston Greguss) for the paper, Hungarian Press (Magyar Sajtó). In 1864 he became a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. In 1865 Pákh was elected to be a member of the Kisfaludy Society (Kisfaludy Társaság), which published his humorous works. His humorous life portraits and short stories about life in the capital city, written under the pseudonym Ábel Kaján, made him one of the most popular writers of the 1840s. His main works are: Guide to the Library of the National Casino (Kalauz a nemzeti casino könyvtárához) (1852), and The Humorous Life Portraits of Albert Pákh (Pákh Albert humoros életképei) (1870). He was the first corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7688, 7456.→Petőfi, Sándor; Nagy, Miklós. Pakocs, Károly (Charles) (Nagykároly, now Carei, Romania, 17 November 1892 - Bucharest, Romania, 23 October 1966) – Roman Catholic priest and martyr. He attended high school in his hometown, Nagykároly. He graduated from Szatmár (now Satu-Mare, Romania), where he entered the R.C. Seminary. Sent to the Central Seminary, Budapest, he was ordained in 1915. He taught Religion at Máramarossziget (now Sighetu Marmatiei, Romania), and later, in Szatmár. For his dedicated work, he was appointed first Under-Secretary and Archivist, then teacher of Holy Scriptures in the Seminary. In 1926 he served as Secretary to the Bishop and Director of the Bishop’s Office. When, on the orders of the Romanian authorities, the Bishop had to dismiss all the Hungarian personnel from his office, Pakocs was sent to Szinérváralja (now Seini), as Parish Priest and Dean and, in 1937, to Nagybánya (now Baia-Mare), where he was given the title Canon Scholasticus. But, because of his involvement with a Hungarian underground group, called Rongyosgárda (Ragged Guard), he had to escape to Hungary on 14 October 1939. When the northern part of Transylvania (Erdély) was returned to Hungary by the Second Vienna Award on 22 September 1941, Pakocs was back in Szatmár again. He resigned shortly thereafter as Parish Priest and became a Member of Parliament and Vicar General for Áron Márton, the Bishop of Gyulafehérvár (now Alba Iulia). In the summer of 1945 he left Romania again for Hungary to avoid arrest; yet, at the end 1947, he returned to Romania. Soon the Romanian police arrested and jailed him for two years (1949-1951). After his release, he tried to mediate between the Church and the State in Romania. Meanwhile, he taught again in the Seminary of Gyulafehérvár and, in 1956, at the Seminary of Jászvásár (now Iasi). In 1957 he was arrested again for his poem, David and Goliath, and sentenced to imprisonment. He was released in 1963 and sent to Popesti-Leordeni. In 1964 he was invited to participate in the Second Vatican Council in Rome. Back in Romania in the summer of 1966 he was permitted to visit Budapest, where the secret agents of the Romanian Embassy caught and tortured him, and smuggled him back to Romania, where he was beaten again which proved physically too severe for him and he died. Fr. Pakocs published many articles and some 15 books. A selection of his works: Hot Words (Forró szavak), poems (1924); Spirit Country (Lélekország), poems (1926); The Crashing of the Sprit (Lélekzuhanás), novel (1928); I Came from the City of God (Isten városából jöttem), poems (1929); God of the Seven Gifts (A hét ajándék Istene), (1934); The Prodigal Son (A tékozló fiú), play (1939); The Spirit Returns (A lélek visszatér), stories (1941), and Strange People (Különös emberek), stories (1941). – B: 1000, T: 7103.→Ragged Guard; Márton, Áron. Pakony, Massacre and its Memorial – On 14 November 1944, between the villages of Ócsa and Üllő, a battalion of the Red Army, supported by armed forces, organized a hunt for Hungarian soldiers who were left behind the Soviet lines, many of whom were seriously wounded. By this time, the Soviet Front line was at Vecsés, close to Budapest, and there was no military action in the area. The Soviets captured 17 uniformed but unarmed young soldiers, drove them to the Kos farm, and took away their documents; then, without any interrogation, the drunken Soviet soldiers massacred them. From the barn where they were shot, agonizing groans were heard and, when the commander of the unit ordered two T34 tanks to destroy the barn, the young soldiers were squashed into the ground with the ruins of the building. After the departure of the Soviet unit, the remains of the dead were buried in a mass grave in Ócsa and no one talked about the case until 1985. Since Hungary was under Soviet military occupation, it would not have been advisable to mention the tragedy in public. There was, however, an eyewitness, who saw the massacre, pointed out the exact location of the barn and gave his account of the events for posterity. In 1994 the János (John) Bolyai Technical Military College of Budapest and the municipal government of Ócsa held a memorial service and erected a traditional grave marker post at the site of the massacre. Since the identity of the victims was unknown, the marble plaque contained only the following words; “In memory of the 17 unknown heroes”. – B: 1020, T: 7665. Pákozd, Battle of – The first battle of the 1848 Revolution and War of Independence took place on 29 September 1848. The new Hungarian national Honvéd-army, led by Lieutenant-General János Móga, defeated the Austrian Imperial Army, led by Lieutenant-General Jelačić between Pákozd and Sukoró. The battle was waged for the defense of the shortest route to the capital against the invading combined Imperial and Croatian armies proceeding from Croatia. The Hungarian forces took up their position between the hills of Velence and Lake Velence, thereby closing off the way to the Capital. The invading Croatian army advanced to this position, after coming through and pillaging the towns of Nagykanizsa and Székesfehérvár. At 9 o’clock in the morning, the left wing of the Croatian Army began the first attack against the Hungarian right wing in the field of Patka. The Hungarians repulsed this attack and then frustrated the Croatian attempt to encircle them by a lateral thrust. Following this, the Hungarian right wing began a counter-attack, forcing the Croatian troops to flee; these were further pursued by the national guard of Zámoly arriving from Patka. Seeing the failure of his left wing, General Josip Jelačić - around noon - began the attack with the main body of his army, consisting of about 10,000 men, on both sides of the road leading to Buda. Coming under fire by the Honvéd artillery, the Croatian Army withdrew to Pákozd. Next, in order to force a break-through, Jelačić ordered four unsuccessful attacks under the crossfire of the defending forces positioned in the valleys, which ran north to south. Giving up further action, Jelačić asked for a three-day cease-fire, during which he withdrew to Székesfehérvár and then, through Győr and Mosonmagyaróvár, he fled to Austria. His rear guard at Székesfehérvár on 3 October, and his auxiliaries at Ozora on 7 October, were both disarmed by the National Guard. The victory was, first of all, a moral and political success, which effectively boosted Hungarian morale during the successive victorious period of the Revolution, providing inspiration to continue the struggle. There is an obelisk on the site of the battle and also a museum was established there in 1978. In memory of the victory, 20 September 1990 was celebrated as “The Day of the Armed Forces.” – B: 1153, 1020, T: 7665.→Móga, János; Freedom Fight of 1848-1849. Pákozdy, Ferenc (Francis) (also known as Vásárhelyi Pákozdy) (Hódmezővásárhely, 7 October 1904 - Debrecen, 11 May 1970) – Poet. He studied Medicine, intending to become a physician, but he switched to law instead, receiving a PhD in Jurisprudence and Political Science. Between 1928 and 1944 he was a journalist for various papers. After 1945 he worked in his native town. From 1952 he was an associate at the Debrecen University Library. During the 1930s, he was a supporter and a critic of the 20th century poet Attila József, and defended his poetry, as seen in his review of the poem Suburban Night (Külvárosi éj) in the Monday News (Hétfői Újság) (2 January 1933). His works include The Seagull of Tisza (A Tisza sirálya) poems (1927); In the Storm (Förgetegben) poems (1943), and Evening Twilight (Esthajnla) poems (1968). His literary translations include Shakespeare’s The Tempest (A vihar) (1955) and his Sonnets (1943). – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7645.→József, Attila. Pákozdy, László Márton (Ladislas Martin) (1910-1993) – Theologian of the Reformed Church. He completed his high school studies at the Reformed High School in Hódmezővásárhely in 1928. He studied Theology and Philosophy at the University of Debrecen (1928-1932), the University of Wittenberg (1932-1943), and Utrecht (1934-1937). He was a lecturer at the University of Debrecen in 1934; Assistant Minister in the Pozsonyi Street Congregation, Budapest (1934, 1937-1939). He was also a teacher of Religion (1937-1946). He obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Debrecen in 1942. He worked with Rev. Albert Bereczky in rescuing Jews during World War II. Pákozdy was a professor in the Department of Religion at the University of Debrecen (1946-1950), then a professor of the Reformed Theological Academy of Debrecen (1950-1966) and, finally, a professor of the Reformed Theological Academy of Budapest (1966-1983). Besides teaching and scientific works, he was involved in church politics. He wrote a number of studies and articles in the field of Theology and Ethics, and was a board member of domestic and international church periodicals. He was the Editor for the newly published Theological Review (Theológiai Szemle), from 1958. He was recipient of the Banner Order of the Peoples’ Republic of Hungary, 3rd Class, and the Medal for Socialist Journalism. – B: 0910, T: 7103.→Bereczky, Albert. Paks Nuclear Power Plant→ Nuclear Power Plant of Paks. Paku, Imre (Emeric) (Hódmezővásárhely, 12 May 1910 - Budapest, 3 April 1975) – Literary historian. After completing his high school studies (1930-1934), he did a variety of casual jobs for a living. In 1939 he completed the Greek-Latin-Hungarian Literary studies at the University of Szeged, and from 1938 to 1941 he was a research student at the Department of Linguistics, and, at the same time, President of several societies. From 1942 to 1964 he worked in various capacities for publishing companies, such as the Atheneum, New Times Literary Co. (Új Idők Irodalmi Rt.), Révay Co., Belles-lettres Publishing Co. (Szépirodalmi Könyvkiadó) and the Seed-Sower Co. (Magvető Könyvkiadó). From 1963 until his retirement in 1973 he was Assistant Editor for the magazine Horizon (Látóhatár). He prepared for the press several literary works, such as Dezső (Desider) Kosztolányi’s Devotion in September (Szeptemberi áhitat) unpublished poems (1939); Collected Poems (1905-1922) of Gyula (Julius) Juhász (1940); Collected Works of Gyula (Julius) Reviczky, introduction by him (1944); The Poor Man’s Justification (A szegény ember igaza), Hungarian folk tales (1949), and Ferenc (Francis) Móra: Painted Chest with Tulips from Szeged (Szegedi tulipános láda) articles (1964). – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7456.→Kosztolányi, Dezső; Juhász, Gyula; Reviczky, Gyula; Móra, Ferenc. Pál (Paul) (13th century) – Court judge of King Béla IV (1235-1270). He freed his younger brother, Dalmad, and 12 other noblemen from the Castle of Klissza. At the Castle of Kális in Galicia, he repulsed an attack on the king, and repulsed another army and retook the castles at Borostyán and Landeck from the Germans. On the River Mura, he had a dam built on the other side of the river, in view of the Germans and, by doing so he prevented the flooding of many communities. He held off for a long time the crossing of the River Danube by the Mongol-Tartar army and, after they withdrew, he had a large number of thieves captured or killed a1ong the Danube River, and the Partium Region. He regathered the local people in hiding and gave them work at the local salt mines. For his efforts in rebuilding the nation, King Béla IV gave him great benefits and possessions. – B: 0942, 1031, T: 7644. →Béla IV, King. Pál, George (György) (Cegléd, 1 February 1908 - California, USA, 2 May 1980) – Cartoon filmmaker. He attended the Budapest Academy to train as an architect, but finished in illustration classes. In his first job, he was an animation illustrator at the Hunnia Film Studio. Soon he moved to Berlin, where he found similar work at the UFA Studio. Within sixty days, he was in charge of their cartoon production. In 1933 he left for Prague; then went on to Paris, where he became famous with his animated advertisements. He moved to Eindhoven, Holland, where he opened his Dollywood Studio. In 1939 Pál settled in America, where Paramount Pictures made a long-term contract with him to produce Puppetoons. The Puppetoons were animated wooden puppets set against papier-maché and cardboard backgrounds. The puppets and backgrounds were intricately detailed and richly decorated. The Puppetoons were an extension of his unique imagination. Among other films, from 1949, he made in succession: Destination Moon; War of the Worlds; The Time Machine and The Seven Faces of Dr. Lao; When Worlds Collide, and The Power and Doc Savage. His films are some of the most purely optimistic ever made. He won five Academy Awards for Special Effects. – B&T: 1041. Pál, Tamás (Thomas) (Gyula, 16 July 1937 - ) – Conductor. He studied at the Department of Conducting and Composing at the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy of Music, Budapest under János (John) Viski and András (Andrew) Kórodi from 1956 to 1965. Between 1960 and 1975 he was chorus master and later conductor of the Opera House, Budapest. From 1975 to 1983 he was Music Director of the National Theater and the Symphony Orchestra of Szeged; later, he became Director of the Theater. From 1983 to 1985 he was Conductor of the Opera House, Budapest. From 1986 to 1989 he was Music Director of the Art Weeks of Budapest, and member of the Board of Directors of the Open-Air Theaters. From 1989 he was Artistic Director of the Szeged Symphony Orchestra; from 2001 the Szombathely Symphony Orchestra and, since 2008, the first conductor of the Opera Company of the National Theater of Szeged. Pál’s international career began with the opening of the Opera House of Caracas in 1978, where he conducted Verdi’s Aida. Since then, he has been a welcome guest of the opera houses of the world and at European opera festivals. Among his discs, his newly discovered operas are known worldwide: Salieri’s Falstaff, Cimarosa’s Il Pittor Parigino, Liszt’s Don Sanche. Recording of several operas were made with his conducting. He was awarded the Franz Liszt Prize, and received the Outstanding Artist title. – B: 1031, 1445, T: 7456.→Koródi, András; Viski, János (2). Palace of Buda Fortress – The southern area of Buda Castle on Buda Hill of Budapest is occupied by the Royal Palace. The original construction was initiated by the Anjou King Lajos I (Louis the Great, 1342-1382), at the start of the 14th century, when he relocated the Royal Court from Visegrád to Buda. This period of construction lasted nearly 2 centuries and, during the reign of King Mátyás I (Mathias Corvinus, 1443-1490), the castle became one of the finest buildings in Europe. During and after the Turkish occupation, starting in 1541, the castle badly deteriorated. In 1881, Miklós (Nicholas) Ybl received the contract to rebuild the castle. During World War II, the complex was heavily damaged again, but it was reconstructed during the 1970s and ‘80s. During the reconstruction, archeological explorations found many valuable relics. Now the palace is a cultural center, containing the Historical Museum of Budapest, the Hungarian Workers’ Museum, the Hungarian National Gallery, and the National Széchényi Library. – B: 1020, T: 7 656.→Ybl, Miklós; Buda Castle. Palágyi, Menyhért (Melchior) (M. Salamon Silberstein) (Paks, 16 December 1859 - Darmstadt, Germany, 14 July 1924) – Mathematician, literary historian and philosopher. He studied Mathematics and Natural Sciences at the Budapest Polytechnic. His Doctoral thesis dealt with projective geometry, and this scored considerable success in mathematical circles, and was published by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. At this stage, he turned away from mathematics and, together with his brother, Lajos (Louis) Palágyi, he started publishing a literary journal, Present Age (Jelenkor) (1896-1897), becoming one of the outstanding literary critics and literary historians of his age. His studies, dealing with the poetry of Sándor Petőfi and János Vajda, and Imre Madách’s The Tragedy of Man (Az ember tragédiája), are significant to this day. In Madách’s great work he used in-depth psychological analysis, anticipating the later Freudism. Sándor (Alexander) Ferenczi, the founder of the Hungarian psychoanalytic school, specifically refers to him. Similarly significant is his esthetic study dealing with the paintings of Bertalan (Bartholomew) Székely. Toward the end of the 19th century, Palágyi turned to philosophy. In his epistemological writings, he attempted to rise above the dichotomy of psychology and logical formalism (the so-called German Psychologismusstreit). His work, New Theory of Space and Time (A tér és az idő új elmélete) appeared, anticipating Minkowski and Einstein. He was the first to integrate space and time into a model as a four-dimensional mathematical space-time continuum, and in the course of this work, similarly to the Minkowski-space, he had the imaginary axis correspond to time. After its publication, he subjected Einstein’s Theory of Relativity to philosophical analysis and, in addition to the virtues of the theory, he criticized its one-sided, calculative-formalistic, mathematical stance. From 1905 he was a professor at the University of Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania), where he came under the influence of the eminent physician, biologist and zoologist, István (Stephen) Apáthy. In his work, Naturphilosophische Vorlesungen, under the influence of Apáthy, he embraced vitalism, athough he criticized its traditional forms. According to him, the problems arising from the criticized, one-sided aspects of vitalism could only be avoided by creating a new philosophy of consciousness. In his attempt to elaborate such a philosophy, he anticipated the cognitive psychology of our times in a number of respects. His views, set forth in Naturphilosophische Vorlesungen, exercised a strong influence on Ludwig Klages and Max Scheler. In his last years, Palágyi settled in Germany. His works include Petőfi (1889); The Law of Reason (Az ész törvénye); The Life and Poetry of Imre Madách (Madách Imre élete és költészete) (1900); Neue Theorie des Raumes und der Zeit (1901); Naturphilosophische Vorlesungen. Über die Grundprobleme des Bewusstseins und des Lebens (1908), and Die Relativitätstheorie in der modernen Physik (1914). Related writings include Németh G. Béla (1980): The Hungarian Literary Critical Thinking in the Age of Positivism (A magyar irodalomkritikai gondolkodás a pozitivizmus korában), and L Székely: Melchior Palágyi’s Space-Time and the Polar Structure of Ultimate Reality and Meaning in Interdisciplinary Studies in the Philosophy of Understanding, in vol. 19, No. 1, 3-15 (1996). – B: 1028, 0883, 1257, T: 7617, 7456, 7688.→Petőfi, Sándor; Vajda, János; Madách, Imre; Székely, Bertalan; Ferenczi, Sándor; Apáthy, István. |