Paál, László
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Pilismarót, Massacre of (Pilismarót is north to Visegrád) - On 22 July 1543, Sultan Suleiman with his 100,000-strong army began the siege of Vetus-Buda (Óbuda, then in the Pilis Mountain) and captured it in 3 days. The fate of the fortified monasteries of Pilis is well known in Hungarian history. After the fall of Vetus-Buda, the monasteries were the only defensive line against the Turks, and the members of the Pauline monasteries all died a hero’s death trying to slow down the Turkish advance. Suleiman’s army began the siege of Esztergom on 23 July 1543, and captured it after 17 days of heavy resistance. In 1555, 12 years after the Turkish occupation, Butech, a German diplomat, visited Vetus-Buda and wrote that everything was in ruins there. In his letter of 14 March 1568, Sultan Selim II mentioned the agreement made with the Austrian emperor according to which all the castles on the border had to be destroyed and could not be rebuilt by the Turks. It is known from the 17th century Ottoman traveler and historian, Evliya Çelebi’s book, Seyahatname, or Book of Travels that on the day after the capture of Vetus-Buda, the Turks forced the population out onto a square and massacred 70,000 people. Since Hungarian history only knows of one such massacre, referred to as the “massacre of Pilismarot“, Evliya Celebi’s information points to Pilismarót as the location of Vetus-Buda (Old Buda). At the time of Evliya Çelebi, Old Buda was a 3-hour carriage ride from the grave of Gül Baba (a Moslem Saint, buried in the mound of Buda Castle); but at that time, he only saw vineyards and orchards, which the Turks had established on the site of the castle. – B: 1230, 1020, T: 7665.→Aquincum; Evliya Çelebi. Pilis Range – An elongated range, partly of volcanic (Miocene andesites), partly of sedimentary origin (mainly Triassic limestones and dolomites), between the Buda Hills west of Budapest and the Danube Bend Mountains (Visegrád-Szentendre Range enclosed in the sharp bend of the Danube). It has two peaks, Pilis (757 m) and Dobogókő (700 m), separated by a saddle called Two Beech Trees (Két bükkfa). A well-forested mountainous region touristically developed and botanically interesting for its native habitat of the umbelliferous Ferula sadleriana, while Sesleria budensis, Alyssum arduini var. pilisiense, Pirola secunda, etc. grow at a group of rock cliffs called Iron Gate (Vaskapu). In the Pilis Range there is a series of 7 brown-coal beds of Palaeocene age with a total thickness of 22 m along Pilisvörösvár-Pilisszentiván-Solymár. – B: 1068, 7456, T: 7456. Pillwax Café House (or Pilvax) – The first literary café-house in Pest’s inner city on Urak Street, now Sándor Petőfi Street. In 1841 it was owned by József (Joseph) Privorszky; from 1843 by Károly (Charles) Pillwax, and from 1947 by József (Joseph) Fillinger. From the mid 1840s, it was the meeting-place of the Circle of Young Hungarians, thereafter known as the Society of Ten (Tízek Társasága). From the spring of 1848, it became the famous meeting place of the Radical Young Intellectuals. Here, the great poet, Sándor Petőfi, recited for the first time his famous poem, the National Song (Nemzeti Dal), on 15 March 1848, and where the 12 Points were drawn up – the demands of the Hungarian nation from the Habsburg monarch, and here started the Revolution of 1848 and the War of Independence from Habsburg Austria. – B: 1257, T: 7103.→March Youth; March 15; March 1848, 12 points; Petőfi, Sándor. Pinsec, (Switzerland) Runic Inscription at – Several researchers dealt with the question of the Anniviards’ origin, living in the Val d’Anniviers. Anton Karl Fischer, Transylvanian scientist of Saxon origin, carried out the most complete examination to date, and published the result of his work in 1896, an extensive monograph, the results of his work at Zurich. In his writing he mentioned the peculiar runic script of this small ethnic group. Many others, among them some Hungarian researchers, reviewed his work. In 1990, a filming group of Hungarian Television was working among the valley’s inhabitants, when on the ceiling beam of a several hundred years old dwelling house in Pinsec village, István (Stephen) Kiszely and his research group discovered the runic inscription. Sándor Forrai, runic writing expert considered 15 out of 22 signs as self- standing, and 10 as ligatures, i.e. sign abbreviations, which characterises the Szekler-Magyar runic writing. In his opinion the unknown text is one of the valuable relics of the Szekler-Magyar runic script. – B: 1251, 1287, 1020, T: 7669.→Kiszely, István; Forrai, Sándor; Hungarian Runic Script. Pintér, Sándor (Alexander) (Budapest, 3 July 1948 - ) – Engineer, lawyer, politician and police lieutenant general. He started his higher studies at the Department of Mechanical Engineering of the Budapest Polytechnic, and continued with further studies at the Police Officer’s College in 1978, gaining a Degree in Law at the University of Budapest, in 1986. At first, he worked as a chauffeur in the Ministry of Justice; from 1972 he was active as an assistant detective in the Zugló District of Budapest. From 1978 to 1985 he was a lecturer at the Investigative Section of the National Police Headquarters; from 1985 he was Head of the Criminal Section of the Central Police Station, Buda. From 1988 he was Head of the Investigative Section of the Police Station of County Pest, and from March 1991 Police Commissioner of Budapest. From September 1991 to the end of 1996 he was National Commissioner of Police. In 1991 Pintér was elevated to the rank of brigadier-general and, in 1993, to lieutenant general. He retired late in 1996. From 1997 he was security adviser and a member of the Directorate of the OTP Bank and, from 2004, again a member of the directorate. From 1998 to 2002, during the first term of the Orbán Government, he led the Ministry of the Interior. In the second Orbán-Government he again became Minister of the Interior (2010 - ). – B: 2072, T: 7456. Pióker, Ignác (Ignatius) (Temesrékás, now Reca, Romania, 17 January 1907 - Budapest, 1 November 1988) – Laborer. He was the last but one child in a family of 15 children. He escaped to Hungary from Romanian rule in Transylvania. From 1928 to 1967 he worked as a planner at the United Incandescent Co. of Újpest (Egyesült Ízzó). During the 1950s, he was founder of the Stakhanovist Movement; he was the Hungarian Stakhanov, that is, a model worker. In 1949 he reached 1470 % in his work, a national peak. From 1953 to 1985 he was a Member of Parliament and, from 1975, a Member of the Presidential Council of Hungary. He was awarded the Kossuth Prize (1951), the Order of Merit of the Hungarian Republic, Class V (1951), and the Hero of Socialist Work (1953). – B: 0883, 1031, T: 7456. Pioneers of Hungarian Aviation – The first small, hydrogen-filled experimental balloons (1784) are associated with the names of István (Stephen) Szablik and József (Joseph) Domin. In 1811, while traveling as a passenger on a gas balloon from Budapest to Gyöngyös (70 km), Dr. Menner dropped to earth various small domestic animals with little silk parachutes, unharmed. The first Hungarian balloon, the “TURUL”, filled with lighting gas, rose with its two passengers to 4040 meters (13,255 feet) on its first aerial journey (1902) and landed smoothly. David Schwarz (1850-1897) said: “Dirigible aero-navigation can be attained with a rigid body of metal construction” In 1897 his truss girder-structured airship, covered with aluminum sheets, achieved a speed of 35 km/h (22 mph). A Prussian officer as a test-pilot controlled the maiden flight. His name was Lajos (Louis) Martin (1827-1897). A university lecturer, he became the first outstanding aeronautical experimentalist known worldwide. He suggested the use of aileron-surfaces in dynamic aviation. In 1893 his hovering wheel model, which applied one of the technological solutions of today's helicopters, reached completion. In 1896 Béla Tóth gave notice of the first Hungarian patent for an airplane. The Aero News (Repülő-Hírlap), the first aeronautical journal, appeared in 1893 and, in 1902, the first professional journal, The Aëronaut was published. In October 1910 the reformed Hungarian Aero Club was accepted as a member of the Fédération Aeronautique Internationale (FAI). In June 1910 it organized international air-races in Budapest. 1909: Blériot flew over the English Channel (La Manche) and, following that, held his first demonstration flight in Budapest the same year. Kutassy, Ágoston (Austin) (1879-1932), owner of the Hungarian No.1 pilot certificate, sacrificed almost all his possessions to buy a French (Far-man) airplane during the summer of 1909 to show it at home. RÁKOSMEZŐ, 1909: The cradle of Hungarian aviation. Here, the first two wooden booth-hangars were built. At the 1910 International Air-Race, already 16 (plus 24 temporary) hangars stood at the disposal of the local Hungarian and the 29 competitors from abroad. The first 3 flying pioneers started from here, flying small Hungarian-built monoplanes successfully. Adorján, János (John) (1882-1964). He was the first Hungarian pilot to fly in Hungary in his own, self-designed airplane (1910). Horváth, Ernő (Ernest) (1883-1943). He won the National Prize in the 2nd International Air-Race in Budapest. He started flying in 1910; but after a crash, he withdrew and engaged himself only in design and building. His book, “The Flying Engine” became the textbook of Hungarian and Austrian flying schools. Zsélyi, Aladár (1883-1943). Famous for his innovations, at the time of the international race, he had already flown 3-4,000-meter (7.4 miles) distances on a circular course. His machine was “the first Hungarian aeroplane constructed by an engineer with a master’s degree”. In 1912 he designed the plan of a 500 h.p. Aerobus, to carry 34 passengers. Later, in 1912-1913, he experimented with primitive gas turbines as a new source of power for airplanes. In 1913 he passed the pilot examination in Wiener-Neustadt, Austria, built a fast plane, considered as modern for a 66 kW engine - but crashed at its test-flight and he died from a tetanus infection. Székely, Mihály (Michael) (1885-1959). His achievement won a distinguished place in the history of Hungarian aviation. In 1911 he flew with a Pischof-monoplane (60 h.p. ENV motor) from Wiener Neustadt to Budapest (240 km). This was the first long-distance flight by a Hungarian. He won second prize in altitude and third prize in speed at the National Air Race in 1913. Kolbányi, Géza (1863-1936). He was one of the airplane and aero-engine designers of the initial stages of Hungarian flying from 1909. The Kolbányi-Galcsek 6-cylinder, 60 h.p. air-cooled, fan-type engine was the most valuable part of his first machines. Tóth, József and Kálmán (Joseph, Coloman): two young mechanics. Their machine was the first completely covered, plywood stressed-skin structured plane in Hungary. Svachulay, Sándor (Alexander) (1875-1954). He dedicated his whole life to experiments in man-powered flying machines. He built one of his first planes “ALBATROS” with a boat hull: this was the first Hungarian experiment with an amphibian. Kvasz, András (Andrew) (1884-1974). He worked from 1909 as a mechanic at Zsélyi's aero-experiments. He built several planes of his own from 1911, and was an outstanding pilot, the most popular in the country at the time. Dedics Brothers, Ferenc (Francis) (1874-1929) and Kálmán (Coloman) (1877-1969). They were pioneers of Hungarian aero-engine manufacture from 1909. Kálmán studied in Germany. He built the first airplane engines between 1909 and 1913, when the manufacture of planes was still in its infancy everywhere. He was the first to apply the 6-cylinder radial engine, which caused a sensation in 1911, as it produced 44 kW output with a mere 62 kg (137 lbs) mass. Later, the brothers switched to the production of 7-cylinder rotary engines. Gyula Minár won their greatest success with it, the first prize, in 1914 at Pöstyén (now Piešťany, Slovakia) at the Austro-Hungarian air-race. Bokor, Mór (Maurice) (1881-1942). At the initial stage of flying, he experimented in America. In 1909 he built a machine for the airship-school there and won the $500 Arlington prize. In 1910 he continued working at home. Pfitzner, Sándor (Alexander) (1880-1910). He was an American-Hungarian pioneer, who graduated from the Budapest Polytechnic of Hungary. In 1910 he flew 216 km (134 miles), reaching a height of 1100 meters (3600 feet) within 2 hours. Steinschneider, Lilly (1891-1989?). She was the first Hungarian woman pilot. In 1912 she received, the No. 4 pilot licence. Lányi, Antal (Anthony) came to Rákosmezõ in 1911 and became well-known by his flight over Lake Balaton, the largest lake in Central Europe. Létai brothers, Sándor (Alexander), Lajos András (Louis Andrew) came to the forefront of Hungarian aeronautics by their up-to-date constructions. Their most successful airplane (1913) was a monoplane with closed fuselage, powered by a radial engine, without the common single-skid undercarriage. Between 1914 and 1918 the Hungarian aircraft industry (established by the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy) began developing. The 3 largest factories were: Hungarian Aircraft Factory (1914), Hungarian General Aircraft Factory (1916) and Hungarian Lloyd Aircraft and Engine Factory (at Aszód, 1916). At Aszód, Tibor Melczer designed types according to his own imagination. 287 aircrafts were built during the war: fighter planes, bombers and reconnaissance planes. The first air-to-air combats produced heroic fights with many tragic losses, among them one of the most famous and most successful fighter-pilot of the Monarchy, József (Joseph) Kiss, holder of 3 Great Gold, 4 Great Silver, and 5 Small Silver Medals of Valor (with 19 victories). In 1914, at the 3-day Schicht Air Race between the countries of the Monarchy, out of 10 entrants, 3 were Hungarian. The winner, Viktor (Victor) Wittmann won European fame for himself and shining glory for Hungarian avionics: he flew 1092 km (679 miles) within 15 hours, 50 minutes, 18 seconds.
In 1921 the Sporting Flying Club of the University of Technology (MSrE) was set up. Three of its most famous founders were: Lampich, Árpád (1898-1956). An open-minded construction engineer and pilot, prime mover of the MSrE Club, played a leading role in the rebirth of Hungarian aeronautics in the early 20s. Rotter, Lajos (Louis) (1901-1983). While still a university student, he achieved outstanding international success with his dissertation for a Swiss helicopter competition. Later, with his glider “KARAKÁN” (1934) he broke the Hungarian distance and duration records with 276 km (171.5 miles) and 24 hrs 14 minutes flights respectively, scoring in 1935 the first international victory for Hungarian gliding. At the 1936 Olympics, with his masterpiece “NEMERE” he flew a 336 km (209 miles) goal-distance world record to great international acclaim. In 1937 the FAI established the golden ISTUS ring for outstanding work in glider sport - this was awarded for the very first time to Lajos Rotter. Rubik, Ernő (Ernest) (1910-1997). Aircraft engineer, (father of the inventor of the magic cube), was the creator of Hungarian sailplane mass production which enabled pilot training in large numbers. He designed 24 sailplanes archetypes, 5 motor-powered planes, 4 glider UL-aircrafts. Over 1000 of his machines were produced. Bánhidi, Antal (Anthony) (1902-1994). He became world famous with both his aircraft designs and his performance as a pilot. His plane “GERLE” achieved considerable international success. In 1933, with Tibor Bisits on the “GERLE 13”, they flew round the Mediterranean Sea, equal to 12,500 km (7769 miles), in 100 hours, 22 minutes. The moral success of this journey was significant; all known aviation journals mentioned it. The aircraft was rebuilt as an old-timer, and is still flying today. Kaszala, Károly (Charles) (1891-1932). His world records: in 1927 he flew non-stop for 9 hours 21 minutes in a circular course with his light, low-performance machine. In 1928 he flew with the same plane to Rome, where they painted its later name “ROMA” on the aircraft. With this plane (L-2 Roma), its designing engineer Árpád Lampich made 1022 km (635 miles) in 16 hours - another world record. In 1930 Hungarian patriots in the US and Canada set up the Hungarian Transatlantic Flight Committee to enable Hungarian pilots to make a transatlantic flight. British politician Lord Rothermere helped by offering a prize and he decided to name the aircraft “JUSTICE FOR HUNGARY.” György (George) Endresz was invited to be the pilot for this historic flight. In the summer of 1931, in the focus of international interest, he made the 5,800 km distance with his navigator, Sándor Magyar in record time (26 hours 20 minutes). This successful flight evoked immense international acclaim. Kármán, Tódor (Theodore) (1881-1963). He was world famous aerodynamicist and a great scientist of the age. In 1912 he was commissioned to organize and manage the Aeronautic Research Institute in Aachen, Germany. During World War I, he already designed a tethered observation helicopter. In 1926 he was invited by the California Institute of Technology to organize the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory in Pasadena, of which he became Director in 1930. His scientific work is preserved in over 100 scientific papers and books. He created the Theory of Edge Surface and, in connection with this, the theory for the design and measurement of wing surface for supersonic flights. Based on his results, he is regarded as the father of supersonic flight. In 1963 he was the first to receive the greatest scientific award of the United States, the National Medal of Science. He was also holder of the Prandtl Memorial Ring, the Watt International Medal, and the Gauss Medal. His main works were published in all major languages. Besenyei, Péter (1956 -). The most successful Hungarian powered aerobatic pilot of all times, many times Hungarian, European and World Champion. To this day, he is an active member of the FAI World Grand Prix powered aerobatic pilot team, holder of several Gold Medals, and one of the most sought-after air show pilot of Europe. In 1962 the FAI awarded the right to organize the Second World Aerobatics Championship to Hungary. Then there is József (Joseph) Tóth (1933 - ), a glider pilot, holder of a gold diploma with one diamond, who became overall World Champion. This was an achievement never before attained in Hungarian flying sport, and constitutes the most shining pages of Hungarian civilian flying history. In 1966 József Tóth also became the Hungarian National Champion. In 1980, of the two fully trained Hungarian astronauts, Béla Magyari and Bertalan (Bartholomew) Farkas, the latter flew into space in the spacecraft Soyuz-36 (on board Salyut-6 space station). In 1999 in Fairford, England, Major Gyula (Julius) Vári, accompanied by Péter Kovács, won for the second time the prize awarded for the best solo demonstration flight of military pilots, controlled maneuvering flight beyond the stall limit with the X31 as test vehicle. – B: 1739, T: 1739, 7103.→Horváth, Ernő; Zsélyi, Aladár; Kolbányi, Géza; Svachulay, Sándor; Létai, Sándor; Petróczy, István; Lampich, Árpád; Rotter, Lajos; Endresz, György; Kármán, Tódor; Farkas, Bertalan; Simonyi, Charles. Piros, Ildikó (Kecskemét, 23 December 1947 - ) Actress. She completed her training at the Academy of Dramatic Art, Budapest. Since 1970 she has been a member of the Madách Theater (Madách Színház), Budapest. Her roles are characterized by her refined beauty and the kindness and purity radiating from her soul. Her husband is actor Péter Huszti. She played a long list of dramatic leading roles including Lujza and Lady Milford in Schiller’s Love and Intrigue (Ármány és szerelem); Nina in Chekhov’s The Seagull (Sirály); Irina in Chekhov’s The Three Sisters (Három nővér); Desdemona in Shakespeare’s Othello; Ophelia and Gertrud in Shakespeare’s Hamlet; Jolán in F. Molnár’s The Devil (Az ördög), and Mira in I. Sarkadi’s Lost Paradise (Elveszett paradicsom). Among his numerous film roles are The Sparrow is a Bird too (A veréb is madár)é Marci Kakuké Cat’s Play (Macskajáték); The Music of Life (Az élet muzsikája); Abigél, and Small Town (Kisváros). She taught at the Academy of Dramatic Art, Budapest. She was awarded the Mari Jászai Prize (1983), the best Fenale Acting Prize (1993), the Déryné Prize (1994), and the Merited Artist title (2003). – B: 1445, 1795, T: 7456.→Huszti, Péter. Piroska-Eiréné of Hungary (St. Irene) (Esztergom, 1088 - Bythinia, 13 August 1133) – She was the daughter of King László I, (St. Ladislas) of Hungary (1077-1095), and Adelaide of Swabia. Her mother died when Piroska was about two years old, and her father died in 1095, when she was seven; King Kálmán (Coloman, 1095-1116), was her nephew and became her guardian. In order to improve relations with the Byzantine Empire, Kálmán negotiated the marriage of Piroska to John II Komnenos, the son and heir of the Emperor. Piroska married John in 1104, following her conversion to the Eastern Orthodox Church. She was renamed Irene (Eiréné, meaning Peace). They had four sons and four daughters. Their youngest son, Manuel I., became Emperor of the Empire and ruled from 1143 to 1180. Irene, instead of playing a part in the government, devoted herself to piety. She established Byzantium’s most important monastery, consisting of not only three churches, but a hospital as well. She never felt comfortable with the life of the court. Finally, she retired to a cloister in Bythinia, where she died; but she was buried in Byzantium and, later, she became venerated as Saint Irene. The mosaic portrait of Piroska is in the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, formely Constantinople. – B: 1031, T: 7103.→László I, King (St. Ladislas); Kálmán, King, (Coloman); Constantinople, Pantocrator Monastery. Pitti, Katalin (Catharine) (Szentes, 7 December 1951 -) – Opera singer (soprano). She was born into a teacher’s family and educated in her hometown. Her singing talent was revealed early in life. She started singing in the choir of St. Anna’s Church, Szentes. In 1972 she registered at the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy of Music, Budapest, and graduated in 1977. In the same year, she became a singer at the Opera House of Budapest. Her repertoire includes all soprano roles of the Italian operas. She excelled with her technique and charming singing, performing in concerts and oratorios, as well as in operetta roles. She became famous internationally, appearing as guest star on the stages of the great opera houses of the world. She is also a recording artist. Her main roles include Pamina in Mozart’s Magic Flute (Varázsfuvola); Violetta in Verdi’s La Traviata; Leonora in Il Trovatore (A Trubadur); Mimi in Puccini’s La Bohème (Bohémélet), Cio-cio-san in Madama Butterfly (Pillangókisasszony); Antonia in Offenbach’s Tales of Hoffmann (Hoffmann meséi); Marie in A. Berg’s Wozzeck; Melinda in Erkel’s Bánk bán, and in operettas, e.g. in F. Lehar’s The Land of Smiles (A Mosoly országa); The Merry Widow (A víg özvegy), and in Strauss Jr’s The Gipsy Baron (Cigánybáró). She is a recipient of the Ferenc Liszt Prize (1985), the Gusztáv Oláh Memorial Plaque (1986), the Déryné Prize (1995), the Merited Artist title (2011), and the Pro Urbe Szentes Prize. – B. 1445, 1105, T: 7103. |