Paál, László
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Pozsony Yearbooks (Annales Posonienses, Pozsonyi Évkönyvek) – The fourth part of the Pray Codex contains the oldest annals, the Pozsony Yearbooks. This is the oldest Hungarian historical work, which records the events between 997 and 1203. – B: 1230, 1153, T: 7659.→Pray Codex; Codex Literature. Prágay, János (John) (? – Cuba, 1851) – Hungarian Honvéd military officer, and a rebel officer in Cuba. After the completion of his studies, he worked as an officer of the Court Chancellery of Vienna. In 1849, during the Revolution and War of Independence, he went to Tokaj to join General György (George) Klapka’s camp, and stayed with him right to the capitulation of Komárom, as his adjutant with the rank of lieutenant colonel. After the fall of the War of Independence, he emigrated and, late in 1849, sailed from London to the USA, and settled in New York, where he was engaged as a writer in English. Here he became acquainted with the Venezuelan-borne Cuban revolutionary General Narcise Lopez, who lived in exile in New York. Prágay followed General Lopez to Cuba, but their little troop suffered defeat against the Spaniards. After cruel torturing, Lopez was executed. Seeing this, the wounded Prágay shot himself. – B: 0883, T: 7456.→Klapka, György; Freedom Fight of 1848-1849. Pragmatic Sanction (Pragmatica Sanctio of Emperor Charles VI, King Károly III, 1711-1740) – Edict, issued by the last German male member of the House of Habsburg regulating the succession to his hereditary lands. It was read on 19 April 1713 before the ministers and councilors, but was temporarily kept secret. The Law ordained that all the Austrian hereditary lands should always remain united, and that in the absence of male descendants they should pass to the daughters that might be born to the Emperor; and not until their descendants died out should the right of succession revert to the daughters of his brother, Emperor Joseph I (1705-1711), and to their male and female descendants. The Pragmatic Sanction was accepted by the estates of the Austrian lands in 1720; then, in the course of time, it was also recognized and guaranteed by the Powers of Europe, so that, after the death of Charles VI, his daughter, Maria Theresa could succeed. – B &T: 1173.→ Mária Terézia, Empress and Queen. Pray Codex – Manuscripts from the mid 12th to early 13th centuries on 172 folios of parchment. It was found by the priest and librarian György (George) Pray, at the University Library of Nagyszombat (now Trnava, Slovakia), at the end of 18th century. The manuscript bears the name of György (George) Pray (1723-1801). The Codex contains the Funeral Oration and Prayer (Halotti beszéd és ima), the first known continuous prose text in Hungarian. The 32-line funeral oration is a free Hungarian translation of the Latin sermon found in the volume. The Prayer is faithful to the Latin text. The Codex contains, among others, a missal, an Easter mystery play, songs with musical notations, synodic laws from the time of King Kálmán (Coloman, 1095-1116), and the oldest Hungarian annals known as the Pozsony Yearbook. The latter lists the Hungarian Kings up to 1210. A tinted ink drawing of the Passion makes this relic more valuable. – B: 1796, T: 7103.→Funeral Oration and Prayer; Pray, György; Pozsony Yearbook; Codex Literature. Pray, György S.J. (George) (praji) (Érsekújvár, now Nové Zámky, Slovakia, 11 June 1723 - Pest, 23 September 1801) – Abbot Canon, historian. He entered the Jesuit Order in 1740 and studied at the Order's College in Vienna. In 1742 he studied Philosophy in Nagyszombat (now Trnava, Slovakia). Following this he was a teacher in various towns. After his ordination into the priesthood in 1754, he taught at the Teresianum in Vienna, then in the towns of Győr, Nagyszombat and, finally, in Buda. In 1773, when the Order was suppressed, he became a Parish Priest in the Diocese of Esztergom. This was when Queen Maria Theresa (1740-1780) appointed him as Historian of Hungary. In 1777, he became the librarian of the University Library, which was transferred from Nagyszombat to Budapest. He conducted a broad range of activities in the science of History. He was the first who, for scientific purposes, examined the archives of the Treasury, which until then, had been kept behind closed doors. While immersed in researching the older period of Hungarian history, he was the first to draw attention to one of the oldest of Hungarian linguistic records, the Funeral Oration and Prayer (Halotti beszéd és könyörgés). His main work is the Annales Hunnorum, Avarorum et Hungarorum…In it, he promoted the Hun-Avar-Hungarian continuity theory, applying systematic methodology. It is a synthesis of Hungarian History and preceding events from the Huns to 1564, which was published in Vienna in 1761. Representing the first professional summary of Hungarian history, his work entitled: Annales regum Hungariae I-IV, was also published in Vienna between 1763 and 1770. In the Codex, later named after him, he was the first to publish a section of the Funeral Oration and the Margit Legend. His manuscripts are kept in the University Library of Budapest. – B: 0883, 1257, 1153, T: 7659.→Pray Codex; Mária Terézia, Prazsmár Fortified Church (now Prejmer, Romania) – This architectural rarity is the largest fortified church in Transylvania. Standing on the main square of Prazsmár, the building of the church dates back to the 13th century and it was fortified in the 15th century. The east-facing church was built in a Gothic style and it has an almost circular ground plan. The fortifications included a moat with a drawbridge and complete double walls, a large bastion incorporating the gate and a system of corridors under the bastion. At the middle of the underground corridor a grated iron door provided added protection. The outer wall was destroyed; only the foundation remained, but the inner 12 m high wall is still standing. The moat and the drawbridge disappeared during the centuries. In the 19th century, a corridor, decorated with columns was built, leading to the church. A total of 275 chambers were constructed against the protected face of the inner wall to provide shelter for the villagers during sieges. These are still in good condition. During the renovation of the fortress church in 1960-1970, architectural relics of different ages were unearthed. – B: 1337, 1020, T: 7663. Pre-Border Land (gyepűelve) – After 896, when the Magyar settlement of the Carpathian Basin was completed, an uninhabited and impassable zone was established along the western border, inside the legal limit, for defensive purposes. That was called the gyepű (marchland). The line was drawn from Moson through Kapuvár and Sárvár, up to Vasvár. The western limit of the gyepű, which was fortified and crossing was permitted only at designated points, was the actual border of the country. Certain clans or tribes were settled nearby to maintain and defend the gyepű. Those were the tribes, which had recently joined the Magyars, like the Khabars, Pechenegs and Szeklers. That border zone was patrolled and the entrance gates were securely guarded by the gate guards. The border guards used their own weapons and sustained themselves without pay, but they received all the privileges of the other free guards delegated by the king. This line of defense, during the 12th century, was slowly moved to the west. In the gyepű region, some forts were erected. In front of the gyepü on the other side of the limit was also an uninhabited strip of land, the so called gyepűelve. This way, Hungary in the middle ages had a double-guarded border. In the 11th century, right behind the gyepű, a chain of earthen fortifications was erected with forts like Csákány, a Benedictine cloister, founded in 1157, which was transformed into a permanent fortification by King Béla III (1172-1196). Right after the Mongol invasion (1241-1242), a chain of stone forts became the backbone of Hungary’s western defense system. The border guards continued their duty after that transformation, but their significance diminished with time. The gyepü system existed until the 14th century, when King Zsigmond (Sigismund of Luxembourg, 1387-1437), entrusted border defense to oligarch families. – B: 1134, 1231, 1798, T: 3233.→Gyepű; Borderland; Kabars; Pechenegs; Szekers. Pre-Hungarians – Early Magyars, a large ethnic group, also called the “late Avars”. They moved into the Carpathian Basin between 670 and 680, as an early group of the Magyars (Hungarians) – a working hypothesis put forward by archeologist Gyula (Julius) László. On the basis of their belt-decorations, they are also called the griffin-tendril people. After their appearance in the Basin, the Avar settlements spread as far as the Little Hungarian Plain and the Vienna Basin in the west and Transylvania (Erdély, now in Romania) in the east. The group appears to be of Asian origin, from the cis-Ural area, NW of the Aral Sea, speaking a now-extinct Turkic language. It is possible that one of their groups – the griffin-wearing Székelys (Szeklers), Várkonys, and Tárkánys – came from the Maeotis (now Sea of Azov) region west of the Caspian Sea. It was there that they joined the tendril-wearing Onogurs and together they entered the Carpathian Basin, forming the late phase of the Avar rule. While they still abided in the Maeotis area, according to an ancient legend (in the Hungarian Chronicle or Gesta Hungarorum), their ancestral heroes Hunor and Magor (Magyar) had their abduction adventure with the two daughters of the Alan prince Dula, tracing the origin of the Magyars and Huns to the union of these two pairs. The last reference to an Avar Khagan by a contemporary Byzantine source is dated 677, marking the end of the hundred-year rule of the Avar Khanate in the Carpathian Basin and ushering in the age of the “Late Avars” (Early Magyars). The Avar presence in the Carpathian Basin lasted for more than three hundred years – B: 1230, 1068, 1647, T: 7456.→ Avars; László, Gyula, Griffin-Tendril Group; Pre-Scythians – Early Scythians, possibly of eastern origin, lived on the northern slopes of the Caucasus Mountains including the Kuban River flats and the adjoining Steppes of southern (European) Russia. They are considered to have consisted of a basic ethnic layer of Mongolian tribes, gradually mixed over the centuries with a superimposed series of Indo-Germanic tribes; who called themselves Skolots. They spoke an Indo-Iranian language, but had no system of writing. They were nomadic conquerors and skilled horsemen. In their early history, their economy was based on animal husbandry; they formed a variety of settlement types, without living in permanent houses, with characteristic burial habits and steppe art (famous for their goldsmith work), all unknown by the neighboring peoples in Europe and the cis-Ural area. Pressed by the westward drive of the Iranians in the 8th century BC (when they were attacked by the Huns, who were defeated by the Chinese), the Scythians or Scyths moved into southern Russia, leaving behind the Sakas. The Scyths, in turn, attacked the Cimmerians. In 516 BC Darius I., marched against the Scythians, but could not defeat them and ended with a humiliating Persian defeat. The Scythians survived the attack by Alexander the Great about 325 BC. In their early history, they did not reach the Carpathian Basin, only the outer, eastern foothills. At the end of their history, the Sarmatians drove the defeated Scythian remnants to the Danube delta and the Crimea. In the later phases of their history, from about 600 BC, they did move into, and settled on the Great Hungarian Plain and in Transylvania, and persisted there until the appearance of the Celts, with famous Scythian sites, containing richly decorated gold stags, excavated at Tápiószentmárton and Zöldhalompuszta. Recent excavations in the Altai Mountains, especially at the Pazyryk site, suggest that their origins could have been in western Siberia, before they migrated west into southern Russia in the early first millennium BC. Other archeologists insist that Pre-Scythians moved from south to north since Scythian tombs were found from Persia to Pazyryk, which is in the lower Siberian region, and from Ukraine to Hungary. At one stage in their history they could have reached the borders of China. – B: 1068, 1230, 1582, 1789, 1647, 1800, T: 3240, 7456.→Scythians; Huns, Pre-Hungarians; Pazyryk Scythian Graves, Russia. Preisz, Hugó (Ruma, now in Croatia, 21 September 1860 - Budapest, 5 July 1940) – Physician, bacteriologist. He obtained his Medical Degree from the University of Budapest in 1885. During 1890 and 1891 he carried out research in German, French and Belgian institutes. From 1885 to 1901 he worked in the Institute of Pathological Anatomy and Forensic Medicine at the University of Budapest. Between 1891 and 1906 he was Head of the Bacteriological Laboratory of the Veterinary College, where he was a professor from 1894 to 1895. Then, from 1895 to 1931, he worked at the University of Budapest, where he was Professor of Bacteriology, and from 1914 to 1931 also Professor of General Pathology and Therapy. He was the founder of Bacteriology in Hungary. On the authority of the Minister of Agriculture, he set up the Bacteriological Stations. During World War I, he was in charge of the production of vaccines against cholera and typhoid and later, also of diphtheria. He was the discoverer of the P-Nocard-bacterium, causing tuberculosis in sheep, similar to the pseudo-tuberculosis of rodents. His research was aimed at the infectious diseases of cattle and pigs, the investigation of bacteriophages and the connections caused by the disparate behavior of anthrax bacteria. He was a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (corresponding 1912, ordinary 1923). He earned international recognition with his research work. His works include Bacteriology (1899); On the Bubonic Plague (A pestisről) (1900); Die Bakteriophagie vornehmlich auf Grund eigener Untersuchungen (1925); Infection and Immunity (Infekció és immunitás) (1936), and Outline of General Pathology, (Az általános kórtan vázlata), co-author with I. Went and K. Sántha (1939). – B: 1068, 1160, 1730, 1780, T: 7456. Press in Hungary – Serial publications, especially daily newspapers developed relatively late in Hungary, compared with Western European countries, since Hungarian feudal society was less interested in the events of distant countries. The first Hungarian newspapers were, in fact, prepared mainly for foreign readership to provide information about the country. The Mercurius Hungaricus of the Rákóczi War of Independence (1703-1711) also mainly strove to inform other countries; the Nova Posoniensia (Pozsony, now Bratislava. Slovakia), published by Mátyás (Matthew) Bél in 1721 and, after him, a few other papers endeavored to further the education of the young. Newspapers published for a wider readership at first appeared in German. The Hungarian Newspaper (Magyar Hírmondó), published in Pozsony in 1780, was the first newspaper in the Hungarian language. The Hungarian papers of the late 18th and early 19th century (Magyar Kurir; Hadi és más Nevezetes Történetek; Hazai és Külföldi Tudósitások, etc.) despite the limitations of Habsburg censorship, endeavored to give voice to political opinions and supported the burgeoning literary and language movements. These aspirations brought about the first Hungarian language periodicals, such as the Magyar Museum, Orpheus, Urania, etc. The reform efforts, beginning in the 1820s, required a press with more definite political viewpoints. Count István (Stephen) Széchenyi used the paper Present Age (Jelenkor) (1832), and its supplement Conversing (Társalkodó). For spreading his reform plans. Lajos (Louis) Kossuth, earlier on, could only publish his impressive papers in manuscript and duplicated form: Parliamentary Reports (Országgyűlési Tudósitások) and Municipal Records, 1836-1837 (Törvényhatósági Tudósitások, 1836-1837. Then, in 1841, the newspaper Pest Journal (Pesti Hírlap) was launched. In its editorials, Lajos Kossuth gave direction to the political struggle. It was during this period that the first important scientific journals appeared, such as the Scientific Collection (Tudományos Gyűjtemény); Physician’s Magazine (Orvosi Tár), and Scientific Magazine (Tudománytár), as well as literary journals (Kritikai Lapok, Athenaeum and Figyelmező) and the so-called fashion magazines (Regélő, Pesti Divatlap, and Életképek). One objective of the political aspirations of the Reform Age was to attain freedom of the press. Actually, the 1848-1849 War of Independence against the Habsburg rule began with the people of Pest rising on March 15th, 1848, declaring a free press. For the duration of the war the censorship-free press proved to be very helpful, such as Március Tizenötödike (March 15th); Workers’ Paper (Munkások Újsága) and Gazette (Közlöny). During the years of oppression after the collapse of the war in the fight against Austrian absolutism, the papers Pest Diary (Pesti Napló); Hungarian Press (Magyar Sajtó) and Fatherland (Hon) played an important role. After the Compromise of 1867, in the developing bourgeois press, many new papers and journals appeared. At the same time, numerous important scientific journals were started: Centuries (Századok); Hungarian Language (Magyar Nyelv); Budapest Review (Budapesti Szemle), and Hungarian Book Review (Magyar Könyvszemle). In the early 1900s, newspaper trusts were formed (the papers of the Légrády Brothers, Evening Papers, etc.). It was a significant event, when the paper of the progressive literary movements, West (Nyugat), was launched. During the First World War, censorship allowed only articles supporting the war effort. The more important newspapers in the inter-war years were the National Paper (Nemzeti Újság); New Generation (Új Nemzedék); Hungary (Magyarország); Independence (Függetlenség); New Hungarians (Új Magyarság); Pest Diary (Pesti Napló); Evening Messenger (Esti Kurir); World (Világ), and later on, the Hungarian Newspaper (Magyar Hírlap). During the first years after World War II, there were still many bourgeois papers in existence, but, after 1948, with special press censorship introduced by the Communist regime, only those directed and inspected by the Hungarian Communist Party could exist, among which the leading role was played by the official paper of the party, Free People (Szabad Nép). After the defeat of the 1956 Revolution and Freedom Fight, the ruling Party’s official paper People’s Freedom (Népszabadság) came out, in addition to the Voice of the People (Népszava), the Party’s central paper. In the 1980s, with the political opposition to the regime, illegal, clandestine papers, the Samisdats, became increasingly popular. After the political system change, from 1989 on, many papers appeared again with bourgeois tendencies, beside some old papers. Upon the withdrawal of the Soviet Forces from Hungary, the press censorship ceased. In 1991 there were 36 dailies and 81 other papers and magazines. Among them, the old People’s Freedom (Népszabadság); Hungarian Forum (Magyar Fórum); Hungarian Nation (Magyar Nemzet); Hungarian Newspaper (Magyar Hírlap), and political, religious, as well as literary papers and periodicals, including the Life and Literature (Élet és Irodalom); 168 Hours (168 óra); Weekly Response (Heti Válasz); the New Man (Új Ember); Reformed (Presbyterians’) Paper (Reformátusok Lapja); Evangelical (Lutheran) Life (Evangélikus Élet); Vigilia; Confessio, and, in increasing numbers, electronic portals. Hungarians living in foreign states in the Carpathian Basin since the Peace Dictates of 1920 and 1947, also have their Hungarian newspapers and magazines, such as: Hungarian Word (Magyar Szó) (Serbia); Krónika (Romania), and New Word (Új Szó) (Slovakia), to mention only a few. – B: 1051, 1343, 7103, T: 7456, 7617.→Bél, Mátyás; Kossuth, Lajos. Press of the Hungarian Emigrés – The first Hungarian language paper of the Kossuth emigration was The Hungarian Exiles’ Paper (A Magyar Száműzöttek Lapja). Since World War I, about 10,000 papers were founded abroad, of which about 2500 still existed in the late 1980s. About half of them were published regularly, the rest either occasionally or not systematically. Their types: weekly, monthly or bi-monthly. About 60-65% of them are published in printed form, published mainly by Hungarian Cultural Centers; the rest are on microfiches issued by Churches and other societies. Some are avaiable on Internet websites. The number of copies is relatively small. Even the largest newspapers do not publish more than 15,000 copies. Their importance is quite significant in keeping alive ‘national identity’. Their information is open and comprehensive. On Hungarian subjects, more than 15 Hungarian emigré publishers regularly review books. Most of the publishers’ main business is newspapers and periodicals. Besides them, there are many smaller, occasional publishers, partly cooperating with the permanent ones or foreign publishers. The number of annually published books is about 240,000 volumes. Hungarian emigrants comprise approximately 90% of the purchasers of these books. In 1986, the total number of books dealing with Hungarian emigrant subjects reached 40-50 million volumes. Emigrés published 6 million volumes. With the passing years, this figure is declining with regard to Hungarian books, but increasing in English books with Hungarian subjectmatters. The Corvinus Library-Hungarian History (electronic) is active in this respect (www.corvinuslibrary.com website). – B: 1020, 7103, T: 7680.→Magyaródy, Szabolcs. Presser, Gábor (Gabriel) (Budapest, 27 May 1948 - ) – Musician, composer and singer. He completed his music studies at the Béla Bartók Special School of Music. He became a member and leader of the Omega, later, the Locomotive GT ensembles. Since 1978 he has been Music Director of the Comedy Theater (Vígszínház). He composed several hundred songs, wrote music for films and incidental music for the stage. His records appeared in Hungary and abroad. His stage works include Imaginary Report on an American Pop-festival (Képzelt riport egy amerikaai popfesztiválról) (1973); Good Evening Summer, Good Evening Love (Jó estét nyár, jó estét szerelem) (1977); The Rehearsal (A próba) ballet (1982); Attic (Padlás (1989), and St. István Boulevard 14 (Szent István Körút 14) (1998). He also produced a number of albums such as the Electromagnetic (1982); Only Songs (Csak dalok) (1994), and Angels and Men (Angyalok és emberek) (2000). In 1993 he was appointed, along with Judit Halász, “good-service” ambassador of UNICEF. Presser is an outstanding representative of Hungarian light-music. He is a recipient of the Ferenc Erkel Prize (1977), the Artist of Merit Award (1990), the Jenő Huszka Prize (1996), the Kossuth Prize (2003), and the Prima Primissima Award (2004). – B: 1445, 1031, T: 7456, 7103.→Halász, Judit. |