Paál, László
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Pungur, Gyula (Julius) (Erdő-Szengyel, now Sậngeru de Pădure, Romania, 24 May 1843 - Zelenika Dalmatia, 1 May 1909) – Zoologist, teacher, Minister of the Reformed Church and writer. He studied at the Reformed Colleges of Marosvásárhely (now Targu-Mureş, Romania), and Nagyenyed (now Aiud, Romania). He continued his studies at the University of Hessen-Marburg, Germany. He was on a study trip to France and Southern Germany in 1866 and 1867. In 1867 he was a private tutor for the Ugron family in Mezőzáhony. Here, he met the eminent natural scientist Otto Herman (1835-1914), who turned his interest to zoology. From 1870 to 1877 he served as Parish Minister in Szilágynagyfalú (now Nuşfalău, Romania). In 1878 he was a teacher at the Junior High School of Zilah (now Zalau, Romania). In 1877 he became an appointed teacher to the Senior High School of Zilah. From 1896 he worked at the Ornithological Center, Budapest, with Otto Herman. He was a prolific writer. Some 26 short novels, one play and zoological articles of his were published in newspapers in Budapest, and in the country. He sometimes wrote under pen names Sirius and Tamás Bölöni. His major works include Natural History of the Cricket Varieties of Hungary (A magyarországi tücsökfélék természetrajza) (1891); Animal Kingdom of the Hungarian Empire (A magyar birodalom állatvilága) (1900), and Vocabulary of Latin/Hungarian Animal Names (Orthoptera, Latin/Magyar állatnevek szótára), unfinished manuscript. Some of his works appeared in German, French and Latin. – B: 0907, 0942, 0883, T: 7103. Pungur, József (Joseph) (Dunabogdány, 18 December 1931 - ) – Minister of the Reformed Church in Hungary, and the Presbyterian Church in Canada, theologian, missionary, writer, church musician and organist. He completed his secondary studies at the János Arany Reformed High School of Nagykőrös (1942-1950). He studied Theology at the Reformed Theological Academy, Budapest (1950-1955). He was Assistant Minister in Budafok (1955-1956), Kecskemét (1956-1959), Calvin Square Church, Budapest (1959-1962) and Óbuda (1962-1963). He was Secretary of the Ecumenical Council of Hungarian Churches (1963-1966); Officer of the Foreign Relations Department of the General Synod Office (1966-1976), and Parish Minister in the Baross Square Church, Budapest (1971-1976). He studied Theology at the New College of the University of Edinburgh, Scotland in 1975, and obtained a Doctoral Degree in Systematic Theology from the Reformed Theological Academy, Budapest, in 1976. He was a professor at the St. Paul’s United Theological College, Limuru, Kenya between 1976 and 1983. By invitation, he was a board member of the Theological Education Fund of the World Council of Churches from 1971 to 1978, where he worked in the Africa Committee, chaired by Desmond Tutu; and he was a board member of the Committee on Church and Industry of the World Council of Churches from 1972 to 1976. In 1983, at the invitation of the Presbyterian Church in Canada, he moved to Canada. For this, he was stripped of all diplomas and degrees by his Mother Church in 1983, but fully rehabilitated in 1991. He became Parish Minister in the Calvin Hungarian Presbyterian Church, Edmonton, Alberta (1983-1992). Concurrently, he was first a lecturer at the Department of Religious Studies of the University of Alberta, and then became Adjunct Professor (1984-1993). Joseph Pungur was a guest lecturer at the University of Leeds, UK; the University of Urbana-Champaign, IL; the University of Washington, WA, and the University of Hawaii, USA. He was Moderator of the Presbytery of Edmonton-Lakeland, and Parish Minister of the Calvin Hungarian Presbyterian Church, Calgary, Alberta (1993-2001). Since 2005, he has been a substitute minister in the Calvin Hungarian Presbyterian Church, Edmonton. He was Vice-President of the Canadian National Council of World Federation of Hungarians from 1994; Vice-President of the Protective Body of the World Federation of Hungarians, Budapest in 2001, and from 2004 to 2008, he was President of the Western Region (Trans-Carpathian Region) of the World Federation of Hungarians. He was choirmaster of several congregational choirs, among them the Calvin Choir, Budapest (1961-1968). As Church Musician, he was student of Zoltán Gárdonyi, Kálmán (Coloman) Csomasz Tóth, and privat student of Ferenc (Francis) Ottó, Lajos (Louis) Ákom and László (Ladislas) Lajtha in organ, composition and choir leadership. He received an organist-cantor diploma from the Reformed College of Debrecen (1963). As organist, he gave recitals in Europe, Africa, USA and Canada. Some of his 250 articles and essays appeared in church papers and periodicals in Hungarian and English. His Dogmatics entitled Theology Interpreted, vols. i,ii, (1987, 1993) are used as textbooks. His other books are Sunrise (Naptámadat) sermons (1991); Renewal (Megújulás) sermons (1993); Being Maintained (Megtartatás) sermons (1994); An Eastern European Liberation Theology, editor, (1994); Fruit-bearing (Gyümölcs termés) sermons (1997); The Theology of National Minorities (A nemzeti kissebbségek teológiája), editor (1999), in English (2000), and Sacramental and Occasional Sermons (Ágendás és alkalmi beszédek) (2001). Since 2004, he has been Editor for the Hungarian World Encyclopedia, vols. i,ii,iii; its first volume was published by the World Federation of Hungarians, Budapest (2008). He is Chaplain of the St. John of Jerusalem Hospitaler Order, and a recipient of the Small Cross of the Order of Merit of Republic of Hungary (1999), and the Gold Medal of the World Federation of Hungarians (2008). – B: 0916, T: 7103.→Pungur, Gyula; Ákom, Lajos; Gárdonyi, Zoltán, Lajtha, László; Csomasz Tóth, Kálmán; Ottó, Ferenc; Kálmán, Lajos. P  uskás, Ferenc (Francis) (Purczeld, nicknames: Öcsi, Higany, Sváb, Száguldó Őrnagy, Pancho, Cañoncito Pum) (Budapest, 1 April 1927 - Budapest, 17 November 2006) – Soccer player and Olympic champion. He was born into a Swabian family, lived in Kispest, a suburb of Budapest, and started playing soccer at an early age. At 15, he already played in a team. As a member of the Hungarian National Team, he entered the soccer-field at the age of 18 years. He was the Captain of the famous Golden Team (Aranycsapa), in the early 1950s, which defeated the unbeatable English National Team by scoring 6:3 on 25 November 1953 at Wembley Stadium. He won a Silver Medal at the World Soccer Championships in 1954, and a Gold Medal at the Helsinki Olympic Games in 1952. He was a member of the World and the European representative team. He left for Spain in 1956. He was a member of the Real Madrid and the Royal Club teams, and brought the Greek Panathinaikos team into the forefront as their trainer. He returned to Hungary in 1988, became an official at the Hungarian Soccer Association, then the Associate Captain of the Representative Team. Between 1943 and 1966, he scored 528 championship goals. His body was buried in the St Stephen Basilica, Budapest. He was a recipient of the Silver Olympic Award (1997); became a member of the FIFA Hall of Fame (1998); was the Honorary Ambassador of Hungarian Sport (1999), the Best Sportsman of the Century (2001), and he was made the Sportsman of the Nation. He is considered one of the best soccer scorer players of the 20th century. The rebuilt People’s Stadium (Népstadion), Budapest, and a square at Zalaszabaró, where his bust was erected, are named after him, and there is a Puskás Academy at Felcsút. In 2009, the FIFA created a Puskás Prize. – B: 1031, 1105, 1656, T: 7675.→Golden Team, The; Bozsik, József; Budai, László; Buzánszky, Jenő; Czibor, Zoltán; Grosics, Gyula; Hidegkúti, Nándor; Kocsis, Sándor; Lantos, Mihály; Lóránt, Gyula; Zakariás, József; Match of the Century.
Puskás, Tivadar (Pest, 17 September 1844 - Budapest, 16 March 1893) – Inventor. He was born into a Transylvanian (Erdély, now in Romania) noble family. His higher studies were at the Theresianum in Vienna. He first studied Law, and later Engineering, but was not able to finish his studies for family reasons. In 1885-1886 he was a private tutor for the Festetics Princely family. In 1886 he moved to London and worked for the Warning Brothers and Eckerly Railway Construction Co. In the early 1870s, he opened a Travel Agency in Vienna to serve the World Fair there in 1873. This was the first such agency in Central Europe. In 1874 he traveled to the USA and opened a gold mine in Colorado. He also worked on his idea for a telegraph exchange when A.G. Bell invented the telephone. He met T. A. Edison and mentioned him the idea of a telephone exchange, and it became a reality in 1877 in Boston. For four years Puskás was Bell’s fellow worker and representative in Europe. In 1887 he introduced the multiplex switchboard, which was a new step in the development of telephone exchanges. He established the first telephone exchange in Paris in 1879 and, in Pest, his brother Ferenc started it in 1881, and Tivadar took it over in 1883. His other important invention was the “Telephone News Service”, by transmitting news over the telephone network, which earned him world fame. This was introduced in Pest, which announced news and “broadcast” programs and it is regarded as the forerunner of the radio. In 1890, he patented a method for a procedure for carrying out controlled explosions, which was the forerunner of the modern millisecond method of operation. In 1957 the Telecommunication Science Society established the Tivadar Puskás Prize. A school in Transylvania and a technical school in Budapest bear his name. – B: 0883, 1068, 1138, 1031, 1803, T: 7103. Püski Publishers (Kiadó) – A Publishing Company, launched under the direction of Sándor (Alexander) Püski, with the co-operation of his family in New York in 1975. Following the example of the earlier Hungarian Life Publishing Company (Magyar Élet Könyvkiadó), he planned and included a wide circle of authors for publishing purposes and, in this way, he enabled the publication of works by authors living in the West, as well as authors in Hungary in the Carpathian Basin, and Hungarian authors in minority conditions, living in the former territories of Historic Hungary, whose works could not appear in published form for political reasons. It was in this way, that the works of many authors were published, such as Sándor (Alexander) Csoóri, István (Stephen) Csurka, Miklós (Nicholas) Duray, Lajos (Louis) Für, György (George) Konrád, Péter (Peter) Püspöki Nagy and András (Andrew) Sütő. Püski’s authors living in the West included Gyula (Julius) Borbándi, György (George) Faludy, Gyula (Julius) Gombos, Klára (Clara) Györgyey, Mihály (Michael) Hőgye, Dezső (Desider) Monoszlóy, Károly (Charles) Nagy, János (John) Ölvedi, Zoltán Sztáray, László (Ladislas) Vatai and Lajos (Louis) Zilahy. The Publishing Company, and earlier the Püski Bookshop in New York annually organized literary and scientific lectures, projection of films and art exhibitions and, in this way from 1971 on, over thirty authors, lecturers and artists living in Hungary, and in minority status in adjoining areas in the Carpathian Basin, were able to appear on these occasions. They also conducted lecturing and performing tours. At the end of 1988, the Publishers were able to join the book publishing business in Hungary. At first they formed a partnership with the Eötvös Publisher and later, since 1989, they have been been independently publishing literary, scientific and political works. – B: 1672, T: 7456. → Püski, Sándor; Vörösváry-Weller Publishing Company; Most of the writers in the article have their own entry. Püski, Sándor (Alexander) (Békés, 4 February 1911 - Budapest, 2 August, 2009) – Book publisher, bookseller. He attended high school in Békés, and obtained a Doctorate in Law from the University of Budapest in 1935, and concurrently worked duplicating, publishing and selling lecture notes in law. In 1938 he opened his bookshop, and in 1939 founded the Hungarian Life Book Publishing Company (Magyar Élet Könyvkiadó), mainly dealing with works of popular writers. He was the organizer of the Szárszó Conferences in 1942-1943. In 1950, the Communist Government nationalized his publishing firm, which thenceforth became a ceramics business. In 1962 he was arrested on false political accusations and imprisoned till 1963. In 1970 he emigrated to the USA and opened a bookstore in New York. In 1975 Sándor Püski renewed his publishing activities under the name of Püski Publishers and published many works banned in Hungary under Communist rule. Toward the end of 1988 he returned to Hungary and established a publishing house and a bookstore in Budapest; he also became an honorary member of the editorial board of the weekly, Credit (Hitel); also a member of the patronage of this paper since January 1990. His main work is: Addenda to the Book of Szárszó, 1943 (Pótlás a Szárszó 1943 c. könyvhöz) (published in New York in 1984). Together with his wife, Ilona Zoltán, he was awarded the Gábor Bethlen Prize in 1990. – B: 0874, 0877, 0878, 1672, T: 7456, 7103.→Püski Publishers. Pusztaszer Constitution (Szer Constitution) – For a long time, there have been arguments about how to interpret the writings of the early 13th century chronicler Anonymus, which first mention the locality name of Szer, and at the same time described the events that took place there: ”… At that place the Leader and his nobles put in order the legal conventions and the laws of the country, so it would be defined how the people would serve the Leader and his high officials and how justice would be determined in connection with any crime..." Anonymus’ writing originated around 1200. (Some historians assume that Anonymus’ real name was Paulus Hungarus, a monk, who lived after 1180). Although, for a long time it was questionable whether a nice legend was born about the completion of the Magyars’ settlement, or whether actual events were described by the “Unnamed” chronicler. Some researchers in recent times feel that the Chronicle of Anonymus could be historically verified with respect to the information base regarding location and time. Accordingly, the settling of the Magyars in the Carpathian Basin, which he described, took place between 888 and 895. This opinion would place the Nyitra and Borona military campaign in alliance with Amulf, in 892, which is supported by the yearbooks of St Gallen. Other researchers believe that Anonymus recorded actual events heard from the minstrels, but the dates he designated differ from newer researchers. The return of the “Hungaruses” in 667 and Árpád’s reclaim of the homeland in 888 had already been mixed up in his time. Namely, the chieftain Ond conquered the last Bulgarian-Avar-Slovak Prince, Zalán. Tribal leader Ond was the predecessor of the Baán-Kalán clan, which owned Szer (Pusztaszer) and vicinity. Conducting a szer (a meeting) was an Ongur custom; Árpád’s clan established a tábor (a camp), and the Khabars gathered in a szem. The Pusztaszer gathering, assembled to write the Constitution, possibly took place after 677. On 5 July 1896, the members of the Hungarian National Assembly went to Pusztaszer, where ”1000 years ago the Hungarian nation with Khagan (Reigning-Prince) Árpád took into szer the first Constitution of Hungary.” On the same day, the Árpád memorial was dedicated. On 4 August 1902, the Pusztaszer Árpád Association was established; the region’s residents held a ceremony at the Árpád Memorial, and planted lime trees in memory of the Seven Tribal Leaders. On 15 March 1945, after the ceremony held at the Memorial, the redistribution of land was started at Pusztaszer. In memory of this event, a land redistribution memorial was dedicated south of the Árpád memorial. During the archeological excavations, which started in 1971, the archeological artifacts found there are of the same significance as the written texts of Anonymus. It is most likely that lawmaking of such great importance was undertaken not only verbally, but it was also recorded in writing. However, such written documents were never found, which is understandable, since documents recorded with runic writing of that time were destroyed in all possible means after the adoption of Christianity, because they were deemed to represent pagan traditions. The artifacts of the archeological excavations, however, definitely support the written texts of the chronicler, Anonymus. – B: 0942, 1138, 0883, 1020, T: 7644.→Anonymus; Szalán. Putnoky, Gyula (Julius) (Körmöcbánya, now Kremnica in Slovakia, 14 November 1901 - Budapest, 17 October 1985) – Physician, pathologist. He obtained his Medical Degree from the University of Budapest in 1925, and from then on, he worked in the Pathological Anatomy Section of St. László (Ladislas) Hospital of the University. From 1929 to 1935 he worked at the Pathological Anatomy and Histology Institute of the University of Szeged and, from 1935 he worked in the Pathological Anatomy Division No. 2 of the Medical School of University of Budapest. On a scholarship, he continued his studies in Germany (1936) and England (1938). From 1942 to 1945 (when the northern part of Transylvania was returned to Hungary by the 2nd Vienna Award) he was Director of the Pathological Anatomy Institute of the University of Kolozsvár (now Cluj Napoca, again in Romania), and from 1946 to 1953 similarly at Marosvásárhely (now Targu Mureş, again in Romania), where he was also a professor and Dean of the Pathological Anatomy Department from 1953 to 1962. From 1962 he was professor and Head of the Department of Clinical Diagnostics. He dealt primarily with serology connected with tumor immunity; later, he investigated the pathological histology of the myocardium, mycoderm and struma. He proved experimentally the effect of Salmonella causing suppuration; he introduced tissue culture, and he was the first to show the importance of bacteriological investigations, using material from dissections. His works include Indication of Laboratory Investigations and their Evaluation (with A. Fischer) (Laboratóriumi vizsgálatok indikációja és értékelése) (1961). A Few Problems of Experimentally Produced Tumor Illnesses. Few Problems of the Relationship of the Tumor, the System and the Outside World (A kisérletes daganatos betegség néhány problémája. A daganat, szervezet és külvilág viszonyának néhány kérdése) (1963). – B: 1730, 1160, T: 7456.  |