Paál, László
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Petzval, József Miksa (Joseph Maximilian) (Szepesbéla, now Spišská Belá, Slovakia, 6 January 1807 - Vienna, 17 September 1891) – Engineer, mathematician. He received his Engineering Degree from the Engineering Institute of Pest University in 1828. Then, until 1835, he was the town engineer of Pest and concurrently obtained his Ph.D. in Mathematics. From 1832 on, he gave lectures in Mathematics and Mechanics at the University of Pest, where he was appointed professor in 1835. From 1837 to 1877, the year of his retirement, he was Professor of Mathematics at the University of Vienna. Besides mathematics, he also pursued research studies in mechanics, ballistics, optics and acoustics. He became widely known for the photographic objectives he constructed and, from 1841, using achromatic double lenses that required only a fraction of a second exposure time. The lenses were adopted by the firm Voigtländer in their famous cameras. Around 1860 he carried out photogrammetric measurements with his self-constructed equipment. He also treated the field of differential equations. In the University of Pest, his younger brother, Otto Petzval (1809-1883) became his successor. Joseph Petzval’s works include Bericht über die Ergebnisse einiger dioptrischen Untersuchungen (1843); Integration der linearen Differetialgleichungen I, II, (1853-1859), and Bericht über optische und dioptrische Untersuchungen (Sitzungsberichte) (1857). Since 1828 the Austrian Petzval medal has been awarded to researchers who have achieved outstanding results in scientific photography. There is a Petzval Commemorative Medal in Hungary, established in 1962. A Street in Budapest bears his name. – B: 0883, 1105, T: 7456.→ Petzval, Ottó. Petzval, Ottó (Szepesbéla, now Spišská Belá, Slovakia, 6 January 1809 - Budapest, 28 August 1883) – Engineer, mathematician. He obtained his Degree from the University of Budapest. From 1837 to 1850 he taught at the Institutum Geometricum (1851-1857), teaching Mechanics and Machine Design at the József Technical College. In 1858, he was Professor of Advanced Mathematics at the University of Pest until his retirement in 1883. He was a member of the Hungarian Academy of Science (1858). His works include Advanced Mathematics, vols. i-iv (Felsőbb mennyiségtan I-IV) (1850); Dynamics and Mechanics (Erő- és géptan), with Grand Prix of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in part (1861), and Elements of Astronomy (Csillagászat elemei) ( 1875). – B:0883, T: 7456.→Petzval, József Miksa. Pfeiffer, Zoltán (Budapest, 15 August 1900 - New York, 16 August 1981) – Lawyer and politician. He studied at the University of Budapest, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Political Science in 1923. Later, he qualified as lawyer and judge. He practiced law in Budapest. In 1931 he became a member of the Independent Peasant Party. From 1936 he was its attorney. During the war, his anti-German attitude induced him to join the Independence and Popular Front movements. After the German occupation of Hungary on 19 March 1944, he went underground. He was one of the founders of the Hungarian Front; he took part in the preparation of the 2nd September Memorandum to be presented to Regent Miklós Horthy. After 15 October 1944, following the Arrow Cross coup d'etat, he joined the military Resistance; he participated in the work of the Hungarian National Liberation Committee, headed by Endre Bajcsy-Zsilinszky. On 22 November 1944, he miraculously evaded arrest. In the spring of 1945, he immediately entered the political life. From 4 November he was a Member of Parliament, and he played a role in the first draft of the Republican Bill. On 4 August 1947, he established the Hungarian Independence Party and became its President. Early in November 1947, he left Hungary with his family, and consequently became stripped of his Hungarian citizenship. He continued his political life in the USA. He was Editor for a number of Hungarian Papers, but by the 1970s, became quite isolated, and lived withdrawn from public life. – B: 0883, 1105, T: 7456.→Sulyok, Dezső. Philharmonia Hungarica (1956-2001) – A Symphony Orchestra, based in Germany. It was established near Vienna by Hungarian musicians, who had fled Hungary after the Soviet Military crushed the 1956 Revolution and Freedom Fight. This ensemble had some of Hungary's finest musicians and was directed by its founder, Zoltán Rozsnyai former conductor of the Hungarian National Philharmonic Orchestra. Its honorary president and subsequent leader was Antal Doráti. The Philharmonia Hungarica became one of Europe's distinguished orchestras. During the 1970s, the orchestra, under contract with Decca Record, made a recording of the complete cycle of Joseph Hadyn’s symphonies. Doráti's recording has been considered as a world-first. In 1976 they recorded Jon Lord’s Sarabande album. From the beginning, the West German government generously funded the orchestra throughout the Cold War, even after the Iron Curtain fell in 1990. However, the full withdrawal of state subsidies at the start of 2001, and the decline in concert attendances threatened the orchestra's survival. The ensemble finally disbanded after giving a farewell concert in Düsseldorf on 22 April 2001. Plans to rescue the orchestra failed, because there was no political interest any longer to keep it alive. – B: 1031, T: 7103.→Doráti, Antal; Rozsnyai, Zoltán. Philharmonic Orchestra, National→National Philharmonic Orchestra. Phoenix – A miraculous bird in ancient Egyptian and Greek mythology. It was an eagle- like, scarlet and gold-feathered mythical bird of the ancient Egyptians. The legend says that it lived in Heliopolis, the city of the Sun, and nested on the altar of the Sun. Its nest was made of different spices and, every 500 years, it burned itself to rise again instantaneously from its ashes. The phoenix was also the emblem of the Byzantine Empire. As the symbol of immortality, renewal and perseverance, it has also been the symbol of resurrection since the advent of Christianity. This mystical bird represents the cyclical movement of the Sun, and as such, it became the symbol of immortality and renewal. It was the bird of the Empress of China and the five colors of its feathers represent the five virtues (goodness, fidelity, restraint, wisdom and faith). The same bird, with a wreath of laurel around its neck, is on the coat of arms of the Hungarian Reformed Church and symbolizes the tribulations of the Church and its ability for renewal. – B: 1078, 1153, 1020, T: 7617. Photographic Typesetting – Following the unsuccessful attempts of English inventors, the Hungarians Jenő (Eugene) Porzsolt, Ödön (Edmund) Uher and Elemér (Elmer) Czakó produced the first photographic typesetting machine around 1918. It was called the “luminotype”. After some improvements, the machine was marketed under the name of “Uhertype” in 1927. Uher’s invention was revolutionary, because it was not related to any of the former typesetting methods. The subsequently developed photographic typesetting machines were all based on the principles developed by Uher. – B: 1078, 1226, T: 7662.→Uher, Ödön Jr. Phylloxera (Phylloxera vastatrix, Dactylosphaera vitifolii) – Vine louse, vine pest; an aphid-like insect from the family Chermetidae of the suborder Homoptera. Since Hungary has always been a leading grape grower and vine exporter in Europe, the disease-carrying minute aphids (or plant lice), barely 1 mm long, proved a disaster in her wine industry. The Phylloxera bug has a complex alternation of generations; one generation lays its eggs under the bark and the damage is caused by the generation that lives as a parasite on the vine roots, siphoning off the fluids from the hair-roots and developing bulbous tubercles, which lead to the rotting of the roots and, along with it, the killing of the vine plant. The bug was introduced from North America first into France from 1858 to 1862. In the Carpathian Basin, its presence was discovered in the extreme south at Pancsova (now Panceva, Serbia) in 1875, from where it spread extremely fast and caused tremendous losses in this branch of agriculture so important to the national economy. The damage it caused reached its height near the end of the 1880s, by which time it had virtually destroyed the wine plantations of Hungary. The vineyards had to be entirely newly planted. Because of the damages, fundamental changes in viticulture have taken place: the growers have started to introduce disease-resistant varieties in the new plantings, the phylloxera bug is now destroyed by spraying with chemicals like carbon disulphide or petroleum; furthermore, viticulture has come into general practice also on the flat, sandy areas in addition to the traditional volcanic mountain slopes and most vines in Europe are now grafted onto root stock of the American vine, not so susceptible to the disease. – B: 1068, 1794, T: 7675, 7456.→Mathiász, János; Kocsis, Pál; Szegedi, Sándor. Piarist Order in Hungary – (Latin: Regulares paupers Matris Dei scholarum piarum; in short: Ordo Scholarum Piarum – Order of the Pious Schools, commonly known as the Piarist Fathers) – A Roman Catholic monastic order. Its founder was St Joseph Calasanz (from Calasanz, Spain), born in a little village in Spain called Peralta de la Sal in 1556, ordained a Roman Catholic priest in 1583. Nine years later, he was moved to Rome. St Joseph was very moved by the misery of the poor children of Rome. Therefore, he opened a free school for them in 1597. This school, which was open to every child regardless of religion, is believed to be the first modern public elementary school in the world. On 25 March 1617, with the permission of Pope Paul V, St Joseph Calasanz and fourteen other men became the first members of a new religious congregation. On 18 November 1621, Pope Gregory XV raised the congregation to the rank of a new religious congregation (Congregatio Paulina) under solemn vows, calling it The Order of the Pious Schools (Sch.P. = Scholarum Piarum). The Piarists, like other religious orders, profess vows of poverty, chastity, obedience and, according to the wishes of St Joseph, a fourth vow: the education of youth. Pope Clement XIII declared him a saint in 1767, and Pope Pius XII named him the Heavenly Patron of all Christian Schools in 1948. While he was still living, the Piarists began to grow in large numbers and founded many schools. They have nine provinces: Italy, Austria, Bohemia, Moravia, Hungary, Poland, Spain, Chile and Central America. There are more than 1650 Piarists, teaching 115,000 students in 32 countries around the world. In Hungary, Piarist schools started to appear quite early: in Podolin (now Podolinec, Slovakia) (1642), Privigye (now Prievidza, Slovakia) (1666), Breznóbánya (now Brezno, Slovakia) (1673), and also Pozsonyszentgyörgy (now Svätý Jur, Slovakia) in the 17th century. The first independent Piarist province was formed in 1721, which had 33 schools by the end of the 18th century. They were very popular and much respected. The national consciousness was systematically promoted, so were the more modern philosophical ideas (ratio educationis), science and literature. Their outreach to the poor is dominant for them. During the War of Independence against Habsburg rule (1848-1849), almost all their students and many members of the Order were conscripted and fought bravely. For example, in the Battle of Branyiszkó excelled the famous army chaplain Imre (Emeric) Erdősi. In 1939 there were ten Piarist high schools: in Budapest, Debrecen, Kecskemét, Magyaróvár, Nagykanizsa, Sátoraljaújhely, Szeged, Tata, Vác and Veszprém, with about 5000 students. Its tertiary college is the Kalazantinum, with its economic center at Merenye (west of Szigetvár). – B: 0945, 1031, 1068, 1429, 1582, T: 7456.→ Branyiszkó, Battle of; Guyon, Count Richard; Religious Orders, Roman Catholic; Catholic Church in Hungary. Pike (kopja) – An old Hungarian weapon. It is usually a 2-4 m long wooden shaft with an iron or steel head. In the related Votyak and Permic languages, it is still called kopja. The Byzantine cavalry took it over directly from the Avars, or possibly from the Kabars. In Europe, it came into use during the migration period. Below the tip of the pike, a flag was tied as a military symbol, to indicate the particular clan and later, the battle order; this flag was also fitted with a ribbon, shaped like a swallowtail. It spread into the western countries in this form, decked with flags, partly through direct Hungarian influence, partly through Late-Avar mediation. The flag-pike was one of the weapons of the Hungarian cavalry until the 17th century. – B: 1153, 1020, T: 7456. Pikéthy, Tibor (Kisfaludy) (Komárom-Újszőny 28 March 1884 - Vác, 21 July 1972) – Organist, composer, choirmaster. He acquired his teacher’s diploma from the Teachers’ Training School in Győr (1904). As a private student he completed his music teacher training at the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy of Music, Budapest (1907). First, he was the organist at Pannonhalma Abbey; then, from 1915, at the Cathedral of Vác, where he was organist and choirmaster. In the meantime he studied composition and conducting at the Academy of Music and received a diploma. For a while, he taught at the National Music School (Nemzeti Zenede), Budapest. Later, he founded a music school in Vác, where he taught music theory and harmony. His first piano piece appeared in 1902. He composed some 105 pieces for piano, choir, and organ, including a Te Deum (1923); Organmusic (1925, 1976); Missa pro Pace (1934); Bach Phantasie (1949), and Introduction and Fugue (Introdukció és Fuga) (1960). A Musical High School is named after him in Vác. – B: 1160, 1792, T: 7103.→Lehotka, Gábor. Pilgrim (Pilgrin) (?- 20 May 991) – Bishop of Passau from 971 to 991. His ambition was, with the help and friendship of Emperor Otto II, and the Hungarian Reigning Prince Géza, to baptize Hungarians and create a bishopric under his own archdiocese of Laureacum, became Bishop of Passau (971-991). His priests converted Géza and his son Vajk to Christianity. In 974, in his letter to Pope Benedict VII, he proudly reported the conversion of five thousand Hungarians and asked for his appointment as archbishop. He planned to achieve his goal through spurious means, falsified documents etc., which are known as the forgeries of Lorch. Since Prince Heinrich of Bavaria brought Géza into an anti-Otto alliance, and Pilgrim remained a supporter of Otto, Géza turned away from the German missionaries and Pilgrim had to give up his plan. It was to Pilgrim’s credit however, that having collected in Latin the German legends dealing with the Huns and Burgundians, his name appeared in the Nibelungenlied. In his conversion and baptism, Vajk (from Baj, a Turkic name for a dignitary), son of Géza, received the name István (Stephen), the name of the patron saint of Passau, St. Stephen the Martyr. – B: 0942, 1138, 1153, 1068, T: 7456, 7103.→István I, King. P  ilinszky, János (John) (Budapest, 25 November 1921 - Budapest, 27 May 1981) – Poet, writer. He completed his studies at the Piarist High School of Budapest, then registered at the Faculty of Arts of the University of Budapest, but did not complete his studies. His writings were published in the periodicals, Sunrise (Napkelet), Life (Élet), Vigilia and Stars (Csillagok) (1938-1944). In 1944 he was conscripted into the army; he was sent to Harbach, Germany, where the concentration camp exercised a lasting impression on him. He was Co-Editor for the literary paper New Moon (Újhold) (1946-1948). His poems were published in the journals Hungarians (Magyarok) and Response (Válasz) (1947-1948). He was on scholarship in Rome in 1947-1948. Since he had a Roman Catholic world-view, he was banned from publishing from 1949 to 1957. During this time, he wrote children’s poems. From 1957 he was a contributor to the Roman Catholic weekly, New Man (Új Ember). From the 1960s, he was allowed to travel to western countries. Pilinszky visited America in 1975 and London in 1976. He also wrote religious philosophical meditations. Some of his poems are touched by apocalyptic visions. His selected writings include Trapeze and Rail (Trapéz és korlát) (1946); Harbach, poems (1944, 1946); By the Time You Arrive (Mire megjössz) poems (1948); Golden Bird (Aranymadár) tales (1957); On the Third Day (Harmadnapon) (1959); Requiem (Rekviem), film story, poems, oratorio (1964); Icons of Nagyvárad (Nagyváradi ikonok) (1970); Splinters (Szálkák) poems (1972); Life Scenes (Életképek) play (1980); Poesie, poems, (Bologna, 1983). Some of his poems were translated into English by Ted Hughes, and into French by Pierre Emmanuel. His collected writings were published in five volumes. Pilinszky’s ideals were Hölderlin, Emily Brontë, Dostoyevsky and Attila József. His poetry – similar to that of Attila József -- has cosmic features. He was the poet of cosmic human sin and faith in God, the fallible human and cosmic divine mercy, the consciousness of guilt, and the hope in salvation. The recurring themes in his poetry are the confrontation with the unforgivable sin of the killings in the death camps and paying tribute to the innocent victims. His self-determination was: “I am a writer and a Catholic”. He was the most important Roman Catholic poet in 20th century Hungary. His poetry belongs to world literature. He was a recipient of the Baumgarten Prize in 1947, the Attila József Prize in 1970, and the Kossuth Prize in 1980. – B: 0881, 0878, 0877, 1257, T: 7103.→József, Attila.
Pilis Abbeys – The site of the Abbeys is in the Pilis Mountains on the right side of the Danube-bend. It was a royal hunting ground in the Árpád era, with only a few villages. Along the way from Buda to Esztergom, there were four monasteries: three were owned by the Pauline Order (Pálosok), the only Hungarian monastic order, and one by the Cistercians. These were: (1) The Pilisszentkereszt Cistercian Abbey. It was founded by King Béla in 1184 as a daughter abbey of the Acey Abbey in France. Probably there was a Benedictine Monastery before the Cistercians founded their own. The Abbey burned down in 1526, the year of the lost battle with the invading Turks, and it was never rebuilt after the Turkish occupation in 1686. The ruins are still there and, in the 19th century, there were archeological excavations on the site; László (Leslie) Gerevich, has conducted archeological research from the 1970s on. The broken sepulchral monument of Queen Gertrudis, with finely carved statues, was found. The excavations also unearthed a metallurgic workshop, a fishing lake, and a water system outside the once walled lot of the Abbey. The findings proved that the Abbey had been built in French Gothic style. (2) The Pilisszentlászló Pauline Monastery. The monastery was founded in 1294 in honor of King László I (St Ladislas, 1077-1095). The monastery functioned until 1526. The monks fled, from the Turks, and the remnants of their buildings were built into the walls of the existing Parish church. The village was built on top of the ruins of the Monastery. (3) The Pilisszentlélek Pauline Monastery. Its ruins can be found in the vicinity of the village. It was founded by King László IV (Ladislas the Kun, 1272-1290) in 1280, in honor of the Holy Spirit. The Paulines were living there until 1541, the year of the Turkish occupation of the Fortress of Buda; thereafter, the building was reduced to ruins by the Turks. As the result of restoration works, the ancient monastery is now open to the public. – B: 1078, 1793, T: 7103.→Pauline Order. Pilis, Archeological Site – The Pilis Mountains are in the center of the Carpathian Basin. From the north and east the area is protected by the sharp bend of the Danube River and, in the south and east, the mountains provide shelter. It was already settled in the Old Stone Age (Paleolitic, 100,000 to 40,000 B.C), which is proved by the ruins of a house discovered in 1963. Recently, a bone flute, estimated to be 20,000 years old, was found in a cave by archeologists. On a castle mound, remnants of an ancient copper-mine and smelter were unearthed. Near the ruins of a castle from the Árpád-era, József (Joseph) Korek, the Deputy Director of the National Museum, found some brick works dating from the Hallstatt-period (Hallstatt Culture, 8th to 6th century BC. European Early Stone Age), indicating to him that an Illyrian-Celtic settlement had existed in the area. Before Roman rule, this area was probably the location of Sicambria, though historians are still not in complete agreement about its exact location. According to 13th century chronicler Simon Kézai, the Huns crossed the Danube at Sicambria and defeated the Romans in the battle of Sicambria. They then buried their fallen leaders at Keveaszó (now Kajászó) in the Köves Valley where the stone-idol stood. The probable ruins of the Sicambers’ capital of Sicambria (Herculia), containing a remarkable hall of columns, were unearthed early in the 20th century. The original Óbuda, or as it is referred to in Latin Vetus-Buda, was built on the ruins of Sicambria. In medieval documents, the village of Hábod in the vicinity of Pilismarót is mentioned as “Obad” (Obad-Hábod), which is the shortened form of the original Óbuda. This documentary evidence also confirms Óbuda’s original location. According to the Nibelung Song (Nibelungenlied), which is based on an 11th century Hungarian source, Attila’s city was Gran (near Esztergom), called Etzelburg. Anonymus, late 12th century Hungarian chronicler, in his work Gesta Hungarorum, refers to old Buda as the city of Attila. It is known from various sources that Old Buda was built and named by Buda, Attila’s co-ruler and, on his death it was taken over by Attila. After the arrival of the Hungarians, seven smaller fortresses were built around Vetus-Buda, since each of the Hungarian tribal leaders built one for himself. In the 14th century, in pictures in the Illuminated Chronicle (Képes Krónika), the royal castle is always shown surrounded by seven smaller mountain fortresses. According to Medieval Hungarian sources, the Royal Court of Géza-István, King István I (St. Stephen) was in Esztergom. Similarly, Anonymus relates that both the military command and the royal court were here and that Árpád, the ruling prince, was buried in Attila’s city, near the head of a small creek, where the converted Magyars later built the Church of Alba Ecclesia in honor of the the Blessed Virgin. Until the 15th century the Pilis area remained a royal center. In the Medieval period, according to the custom of the times, the royal court and the religious center remained near Esztergom. King István I (St. Stephen) (997-1038) was born in Esztergom; his son, Imre (Emeric), died allegedly in a hunting accident in the Pilis area. It was at Dömös that the royal throne collapsed under King Béla I (1060-1063), and Prince Álmos and his son, who later became king as King Béla II (1131-1141) was blinded at Dömös. Thus, a large part of the tragedies of the Hungarian Royal House is connected to the Pilis. The best period of the area was under the House of Árpád, and the building of the Pilis Monastery is a good illustration of peacetime activity. It is presumed that the royal cemetery was at Alba Maria, which already existed in 1015, and later on was destroyed by the Turks. (Alba, in Latin means: white - fehér). Among the ancient Hungarians, the color white always meant something excellent, distinguished; it was the royal color (Székesfehérvár – White Castle of the royal family). Archeological digs, carried out recently opposite the mouth of the Ipoly River at Basaharc, revealed huge burial grounds. The upper class graves found here date from the Celtic and Avar periods. The location of the ancient burial ground had been accurately described by Simon Kézai in his ancient chronicle, Gesta Hungarorum, written approximately between 1282 and 1285. Felhéviz, earlier known as Geysavásár, near Esztergom, was also destroyed by the Turks. In 1992, archeologists of the Balassa Bálint Museum in Esztergom, found the 180 cm wide foundation wall of the Saint Thomas (Szent-Tamás) church on the Szent-Tamás Mount. This church was built by Bishop Job at the end of the 12th century under King Béla III. It was destroyed during the Turkish siege of Esztergom in 1543. The Pilis Mountain is full the remains of buildings and structures from the Árpád-period. In the Dömös-Pilisszentkereszt-Esztergom area, many ruins of mountain top castles, walls, moats, ramparts, fortifications, paved roads, dams and monasteries can be seen. However, as yet, no systematic archeological excavation has been conducted in the Pilis region. In the years after 2000, private archeological research resumed and yielded some significant findings, including what is assumed to be the assumed burial site of Reigning Prince Árpád. – B: 1230, 1174, 1020, T: 7665.→Anonymus; Attila; Árpád; Kézai, Simon; Illuminated Chronicle; Géza-István, Prince; István I, King; Béla I, King; Béla II, King. |