Paál, László
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Pédery-Hunt, de Dóra (Budapest, 16 November 1913 - Toronto, Canada, 29 September 2008) – Sculptress, medal designer. She completed her schooling in Budapest, studied sculpting and pattern-design at the Academies of Fine and Applied Arts, and obtained a Masters Degree from the University of Budapest in 1943. She left Hungary in 1945 and she emigrated to Canada and settled in Toronto in 1948, where she taught creative arts and soon established her reputation with superb technical skills. In 1961 she created a cast bronze medal, and in 1976 she designed the Canadian Olympic gold coin. She designed the Queen’s portrait for the 1-dollar Canadian coin, nicknamed the “Loonie”. This is the first Canadian coin that was designed by a Canadian artist and not by a British one. Her medals/medallions included Canada Council (1961); Canada Centennial Medal (1967); Olympic Cold Coin (1976); Persons Case Medal (1979); National Arts Center Medal; Pearson Medal for United Nations Day (1979); International Year of Peace for Presentation to the United Nations Secretary General (1986); Reach for the Top Trophy; Premier’s Award (Ontario); Bata Shoe Museum; Bethune Medal for for Presentation to Mao Zedong; John Drainie Award (1968); Géza de Kresz Medal; George Faludy Medal; and the Rudolph Nureyev Medal. Her graphics appeared on Canadian postage stamps. She participated in a number of exhibitions, including the International Exhibitions of Contemporary Medals in the capitals of Europe between 1963 and 1977, among them, Budapest, Helsinki, Krakow, Madrid, Paris, Athens, Rome and The Hague. She also exhibited her work at the Canadian Sculpture Center, Toronto (solo exhibition) in 1999. Dóra Pédery-Hunt was the Canadian delegate to the Fédération Internationale de la Médaille. She introduced the ancient art of medal sculpture to Canada. Her sculptures and medallions are in numerous public collections, including the National Gallery of Canada, the Royal Cabinet of Medals, The Hague, the British Museum and the Smithsonian Institution. She was made Officer of the Order of Canada, and Officer of the Order of Ontario. – B: 1786, T: 7103.Pedrazzini, Jean Pierre (France, 1927 - Neuilly, France, 11 November 1956) – Reporter. In response to the news of the 1956 Revolution and Freedom Fight, he arrived in Hungary as a reporter for the Paris Match illustrated magazine. His shocking report of the burial of the victims of the Mosonmagyaróvár atrocities was his first and last report from Hungary. In Budapest, at the siege of the party headquarters on Republic (Köztársaság) Square, he was taking pictures among the freedom fighters, when machinegun fire struck him. He was given first aid at the Péterfy Sándor Street Hospital, where they found 14 bullets in his body. A Red Cross airplane transported him to Paris on 2 November to the Neuilly Clinic, where he passed away. On the day of his burial, the President of the French Republic decorated him with great honor. His passing was remembered by the French newspapers in this manner: “On the altar of freedom one nation’s heroism was too little this time...but this unparalleled heroism was immortalized for us by the photographs of Jean Pierre Pedrazzini sent us from Budapest. With his camera he stood in the front lines like the soldiers. We think of him with respect and we pledge that he’ll remain a model of our profession.”– B: 1020, T: 7644.→Freedom Fight of 1956. Peer Codex – A prayer book of Premonstrian origin, prepared for Simon Csepeli in 1526, the handiwork of six unknown individuals. Its contents are similar to that of the other prayer booklets: it contains prayers, meditations, legends and hymns. Its notable parts are: András Vásárhelyi’s Mária Song, Ferenc Apáti’s Song of Reproach, and the “protecting” prayers (against pestilence, arrow shots, etc). His litany written in rhythmic prose is also noteworthy. Jakab Peer of the Piarist Order was its proprietor, hence the name. – B: 1136, T: 7659.→Codex Literature. Peéry, Rezső (Ralph) (Limbacher) (Pozsony, now Bratislava, Slovakia, 27 March 1910 - Stuttgart Germany, 11 November 1977) – Writer, journalist. His university studies were at Pozsony, Prague and Paris. In 1832 he obtained a BA Degree in Education in Hungarian and French Literature and in Philosophy. He was one of the founders and contributor of Sickle (Sarló) periodical. At first, his writings appeared in leftist journals. However, from the mid-1930s he popularized bourgeois ideas. For a while he taught at a Hungarian High School in Pozsony; in the meantime, he became one of the determining figures of Hungarian journalism in Slovakia. After the First Vienna Award of 1938, he remained in Pozsony, where he became a spiritual leader on the Hungarians remaining in Slovakia – who refuted Fascism. In 1945, at the time when Hungarians in Slovakia suffered the deprivation of their civil rights, he wrote memoranda of their behalf. As its consequence, he moved to Hungary in 1946. For a while, he was a clerk at the office of the Social Democratic Party; then he taught at high schools in Mosonmagyaróvár, and later in Sopron. After the fall of the Revolution and Freedom Fight of 1956, he emigrated first to Austria, then to Germany, where he became a librarian at the Pedagogical College of Reutlingen. He published his writings in Hungarian émigré journals; he also worked for Radio Free Europe. He was a well-respected writer among the émigré Hungarians in the West. His works include Fringe-Hungarians in the Current of Time (Peremmagyarok az idő sodrában) (1941); Réforme et révolution en Pannonie (Reform and Revolution in Pannonia) (Brusseles, 1862), and Requiem for a Country (Requiem egy országrészért (Munich, 1975). – B: 1890, T: 7103.→Radio Free Europe. Pege, Aladár (Budapest, 8 October 1939 - Budapest, 23 September 2006) – Double bass virtuoso and composer. He learned the instrument from his father. He studied at the Béla Bartók Conservatory of Music (1958-1961), and at the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy of Music, Budapest (1964-1969), and earned a Diploma of Classical Bass. He attended the master’s course of Rainer Zepperitz in West Berlin (1975-1978). From 1978 he was a professor at the Ferenc Liszt Academy of Music, Budapest. His musical career commenced in 1963 with his own jazz trio at the Festival of Bled, followed by performances with his various groups, in festivals at Warsaw, Prague, Berlin, Montreux and Vienna. In 1982 he was a guest soloist in the Herbie Hancock Ensemble in Carnegie Hall, New York, with outstanding success. He played with Charly Antolini, Albert Mangelsdorff (1983), Attila Zoller (1984), Karl Ratzer (1985) and Aki Takase (1986), as well as in different duos. He was the best European soloist at the Montreux Jazz Festival in 1970. He issued four records in Hungary and one abroad. He was held as the “Paganini of Double-Bass”. He was a recipient of the Ferenc Liszt Prize (1977), the title of Merited Artist (1986), and the Kossuth Prize (2000). – B: 0874, 1787, T: 7103. Pekár, Dezső (Desider) (Arad, 17 November 1873 - Budapest, 4 July 1953) – Geophysicist. He completed his higher studies at the University of Budapest. From 1895 he was demonstrator for the famous physicist Loránd Eötvös. From 1901 he was on the Semsey scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. In 1908 he participated in the experiment by Eötvös to demonstrate with great accuracy the ratio of heavy and inert mass. In 1915 he was appointed senior geophysicist. From 1919 he was the first director of the Loránd Eötvös Geophysical Institute (Eötvös Loránd Geofizikai Intézet). In the 1920s he led geophysical expeditions into India and France. He constructed a small pendulum suitable for fieldwork, which is named after him: the Pekár Pendulum. From 1922 he was member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences; but in 1949 he was retro-rated as “consultative member” which was virtually tantamount to having been locked out of the Academy. His work co-authored with Loránd Eötvös and Jenő Fekete entitled Beiträge zum Gesetz der Proportionalität von Trägheit und Gravität (Contributions to the Law of Proportionality between Inertia and Gravity) in: Annalen der Physik, Leipzig (1922)- He earned the Benecke Prize of the University of Göttingen. – B: 2129, T: 7456.→Eötvös, Baron Loránd; Fekete, Jenő. Pekár, Gyula (Julius) (Debrecen, 8 November 1867 - Budapest, 19 August 1937) – Writer and politician. He studied Law in Budapest, Vienna and Paris. Thereafter, he became a judge but he soon abandoned Law in favor of literature. He became its model representative of official culture-politics. He was elected as member of the Kisfaludy Literary Society in 1901. He was Member of Parliament for the Liberal (Christian National Unification) Party of the United Front (1901-1918) and later, from 1918 to 1935, for the program of NEP (National Unity Party). During the times of the 1919 Hungarian Council (Soviet) Republic, he was President of the so-called White House Organization. Gyula Pekár played a role in the coup d 'etat of István (Stephen) Friedrich on 6 August 1919; then, for several terms, he was Undersecretary of State in the Ministry of Public Education and Culture. From 27 August 1919 until 24 November 1919, he was a Minister without Portfolio; a member of the Petőfi Society from 1901; then from 1920, its President; he was also a member of the Turán Society, and played a leading role in the Hungarian Society of Foreign Affairs. In his youth, he was an outstanding athlete and rower. His main works include Lieutenant Dodo (Dodó hadnagy) comedy; staged in the Comedy Theater (Vígszínház) (1899); The Woman with Lily (A liliomos asszony), novel (1903); Danton, drama (1921), and The Talisman (A talizmán) novel (1937). – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7456. Pekár, Imre (rozsnyói) (Emeric) (Rozsnyó now Rožňava, Slovakia, 8 December 1838 - Budapest, 12 July 1923) – Mechanical engineer. Between 1854 and 1857 he studied at the Vienna Polytechnic. He earned his degree in Mechanical Engineering in Karlsruhe, Germany. In 1859 he went to England. After having mastered the English language, he was employed as an engineer. His firm also sent him to Paris. In 1863 he returned to Hungary and opened a private office, then became the technical supervisor of the István Mill (István Gőzmalom) in Debrecen. Under the leadership of Imre Pekár, the flourmill’s production multiplied, and was appointed Technical Director. During his years in Debrecen he taught at the School of Economics. In 1874 he returned to private practice. In possession of his patent for flour quality control, he worked all over Europe. His procedure became known as Pekarising. In 1881 he was commissioned by the Hungarian Government to tour the United States, after being on the jury of the World Fair of Paris in 1878. Between 1881 and 1909, he was Director of the Hungarian Discount and Exchange Bank. – B: 1123, 1031, T: 7390. Pekáry, István (Stephen) (Budapest, 1 February 1905 - Budapest, 25 August 1981) – Painter. He studied at the School of Arts in Budapest under Gyula (Julius) Rudnay. His career already began with several appreciated works. In 1932 he received the Marcell Nemes scholarship and, in 1934, he won a silver medal at the Milano Triennale. At the Paris World Fair of 1937, he earned the Diplome d’Honneur; in the 1940, at the Milano Triennale, he won the Grand Prix. From 1935 to 1937 he worked as a teacher at the New York School of the Arts. From 1940 to 1943 he pursued further studies in Italy on a scholarship from Budapest. In Rome, he prepared scenery for numerous operas and ballets, and costume designs for works by Zoltán Kodály and Igor Stravinsky, in cooperation with the ballet dancer Aurél Milloss and composer Sándor (Alexander) Veres. During 1941-1942, he designed for the ballets of the Teatro delle Arti and the Teatro del Opera of Rome; he also designed the stage scene for the opera Woyzeck by Alban Berg - Büchner. His important large-scale works include Alba Regia, a tapestry, for the Town Hall of Székesfehérvár (1937); Saint Stephen, tapestry, in the Ferenc Móra Museum of Szeged (1938). In 1945, Pekáry prepared a scenary for the comedy Crafty Matt, the Goose-herd) (Ludas Matyi) by Zsigmond (Sigismund) Móricz for the Madách Theater (Madách Színház), Budapest. He also prepared scenery for a number of theaters abroad, e.g. Kungliga Teatern, Stockholm, (1948), Maggio Musicale, Florence (1959), and Staatsoper, Vienna (1962). Apart from the painting of frescoes, textile art and scenery designs, he prepared panel paintings as well. His art is characterized by a uniform style, medieval Italian art traditions, craft, and Mediterranean scenes, showing the true with the false, in a quasi fairy-tale, vital representation. The most frequent theme of his paintings is the Bible, and the events of Hungarian folklore and history, e.g. Eden (1975); Sunday (1973), and the Irregular Troops of 1848 (‘48-as szabadcsapat) (1974). The venues of his exhibitions include Tokyo (1937); the Ernst Museum of Budapest (1961, 1975); Turin, Italy (1965, 1967); Zürich (1966, 1971), and Florence, Italy (1968). His works are held in the National Gallery, Budapest, the Móra Ferenc Museum of Szeged, the Janus Pannonius Museum of Pécs; many are in private and public collections as well in Hungary and abroad. Pekáry received the Munkácsy Prize in 1956. – B: 0883, T: 7456.→Kodály, Zoltán; Móricz, Zsigmond. Pelle, István (Stephen) (Budapest, 26 July 1907 - Buenos Aires, Argentina, 8 April 1986) – Gymnast. From 1925 to 1936 he was a gymnast of the Gymnastic Club of Budapest (BTC). At the 1932 Los Angeles Olympic Games he was the Champion of Ground and Pommel Horse, with 2nd place in combined and individual competition and parallel bars; he was in 4th place Hungarian team and finished in 4th place in the Acrobatic Jump. He won 5th position on the Horizontal Bar, and 6th in Horse-Vaulting. He was a member of the Hungarian National Team with 7th place at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin. He took part in the Amsterdam Olympic Games in 1928. In 1930 he was World Champion in the horizontal bar; on the rings, he won 5th place and, as a member of the Hungarian National Team, won 4th place. Between 1927 and 1936 he was 35-times Hungarian Champion. From 1925 to 1931 he was 6-times Team Champion (in 1925, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930 and 1931). From 1928 to 1936 he was 11-times in the Hungarian National Team. – B: 0883, T, 7456. Peller, Károly (Charles) (Budapest, 27 May, 1979 - ) – Actor. He graduated from the Károly (Charles) Gundel High School, and thereafter he studied acting, voice, ballet, jazz and tap dance at the Actor Studio of the Operetta Theater of Budapest (1995-1998). Since that time, he has been a leading comic-soloist of the Operetta Theater of Budapest. Between 1998 and 2001 he was a guest actor at the National Theater (Nemzeti Színház) in Győr. Since 2006 he has been a guest soloist of the Volksoper of Vienna. He acts in prose, operetta and musical roles as well. With the Budapest Operetta Company, he has performed at the Konzerthaus Grosses Saal, Vienna; the Deutsches Theater, Munich; the Gewandthaus, Leipzig; Schloss Thurn und Taxis, Regensburg; Amsterdam; Sadler Well’s, London; Teatro Quirino, Rome, and in Prague, Canada, Japan and the USA. He appears regularly also in Russia. His main roles include Boni and Edwin in I. Kálmán’s The Gypsy Princess (Csárdáskirálynő); Zsupán in Countess Maritza (Marica Grófnő); Tóni in Circus Princess (Cirkuszhercegnő); Blissard in F. Lehár’s the Count of Luxemburg (Luxemburg grófja); Brioche and Cascade in The Merry Widow (A Víg Özvegy); Celestin in P. Ábrahám’s Ball in the Savoy (Bál a Savoyban); Fritz in V. Jacobi’s The Marriage Market (Leányvásár), Pierre in Sybill, and Barnaby in J. Hermann’s Hello Dolly. Peller also acts in German. He also deals with the students of the Operetta Academy, the Art School of the Operetta Theater. He is a recording artist as well; his latest CD Album appeared in 2009, entitled This is Operetta (Ez Operett). He acted in the series of TV2 entitled In Good Times and Bad (Jóban, rosszban). Peller is a popular star in the Hungarian operetta world. He is a recipient of the Nivo Prize (2002), and the Marshal’s Baton Prize (2009). – 1031, 2118, T: 7103. Pen (karám) – A rectangular enclosure, either fenced in with pickets or wooden planks, or hedged off. It is usually closed on one side, and often on three sides, with a roofed structure. It used to be winter quarters; but now it is an all year-round pen for cattle, horses, sheep and pigs. The back of its long wall usually faces north or northeast and is reinforced with wooden planks, mud-cakes or manure. Its two shorter sides are also closed in. Only one side of the footed barn is open, facing the courtyard. Originally the pen was the most advanced structure used in areas of extensive animal husbandry. It was widely known and used in those localities, especially in the Great Plains. Even at present the Hungarian gray herd still winters in such a pen in the Hortobágy. – B: 1134, T: 3240 Penavin, Olga (Mrs. Emil Penavin, née Olga Borsy) (Debrecen, 15 July 1916 - Újvidék, now Novi Sad, Serbia, 25 October 2001) – Linguist, folklorist. Her higher studies were at the University of Debrecen, where she studied Hungarian, Latin and Italian literature, for a B.A. Degree in 1939. She taught at the Dóczy Reformed Girls’ High School in 1940; from 1941 she taught Latin language and Hungarian literature in Szabadka (recovered by Hungary in April 1941 and lost again in October 1944; now Subotica, Serbia). She taught at the Teachers’ Training College of Újvidék (now Novi Sad, Serbia) from 1947; from 1957 at the University of Újvidék and, from 1974 after retiring, she continued to teach linguistics. She obtained a Ph.D. Degree from the University of Göttingen in 1956. Her main field of research was linguistics and folklore. She was a corresponding member of the Finn-Hungarian Scientific Institute, and that of the Hungarian Linguistic Institution, as well as Hungarian Folklore Institute. Her lifework is extensive and important. It includes Hungarian Folk-tales in Yugoslavia (Jugoszláviai Magyar népmesék) (1971); Szekler List of Words (Székely szójegyzék) (1980); Collection of Geographical Names of Szenttamás (Szenttamás földrajzi neveinek adattára) (1981); Hungarian Dialects in Yugoslavia (Jugoszláviai Magyar nyelvjárások) (1982), and Folk Calendar (Népi Kalendárium) (1988). She received a number of awards, including the Bálint Csűry Memorial Medal (1979), the Order of the Star of Merit of the Hungarian Peoples’ Republic (1988), the Kornél Szenteleky Prize (1989), and the Üzenet Prize (1995). – B: 1257, 0878, T: 7103. Pentatonic music→Music of the Hungarians. Pentecostal Evangelical Community – At the turn of the 19th to the 20th century, this community was organized in the Anglo-Saxon countries from members of various churches and prayer groups. In Hungary, it has been active since 1923. It is a charismatic Protestant community. According to its confession, the pouring out of the Holy Spirit and its gift is true for our age. Its forms of manifestation are the same as at the first Pentecost and the age of the Apostles. It can be experienced as the Baptism of the Holy Spirit, which makes possible for men to possess special abilities (charismas), for example speaking in tongues. They believe in the imminent return of Jesus. In their services, they rule out order and set liturgy. A believer becomes a member by the baptism of immersion and only such people can take communion. An important part of their faith is the power to perform miracles, healing and prophecy. They are engaged mostly in charitable activities. They have about 5500 members in Hungary and have 3 diaconal institutes. – B: 1042, T: 7390. People's Commissar – (1) Was the name of Ministries’ Directors in the Soviet Union between 1917 and 1946. Their position was identical with that of a minister. (2) Members of the Revolutionary Governing Council during the Hungarian Council (Soviet) Republic in 1919. After its demise, the ten captured People's Commissars were prosecuted for the mass murders committed during the dictatorship of the proletariat. Four were sentenced to death and six to life imprisonment; but the death sentences were suspended. According to the terms of the prisoner exchange agreement made with the USSR in 1921, all of them were allowed to go to the Soviet Union. – B: 1134, 1231, T: 7665.→ Council (Soviet) Republic of Hungary. People's Courts, Hungarian (Tribunals) – They were created in 1945, in order to prosecute and punish all those responsible for war crimes, crimes against the people, and political crimes. Already on 22 December 1944, the Provisional Government in Debrecen promised to punish war crimes. The No. 81/1945 M. E. Order-in-Council was announced on 5 February 1945. Originally, the 25 people’s courts were considered as temporary ones until ordinary courts could function again. Actually they functioned until 1 April 1950. The 25 People’s Courts in major towns across the county consisted of 7, and later, 24 members. The President of the whole organization was Ákos Major, and Ferenc (Francis) Szabó was the public prosecutor. The judge and lawyers were appointed by the Minister of Justice, while the people’s jury members were delegated by the five political parties, united in the Independence Front and by the National Council of Trade Unions. Appeals, in theory, could be made to the National Council of the People’s Courts. The first sentences of the People’s Court were carried out on 4 February 1945 at the Oktogon Square in Budapest, where Péter Rotyis and Sándor (Alexander) Szivós were hanged in public. The courts soon became an instrument for political purposes in the hands of the Communists, backed by the Soviet military. During their existence, the People’s Courts handled 59,424 persons; among them 26,997 received either the death penalty – 447, (actually executed 168) – or a prison sentence of 1-10 years duration; 14,527 were acquitted. The rest were extradited to other countries or died during the investigation. – B: 1031, 1020, T: 7665, 7103. People’s Republic – A Communist-controlled Government system established in the Soviet occupied areas of Europe after World War I and World War II. Hungary twice had this form of government: (1) Between 21 March 1919 and 1 August 1919. After the loss of World War I, with the so-called “Aster Revolution” (Őszirózsás Forradalom), power ended up in the hands of leftist extremists. This group, without any elections, appointed by its own decision, a “National Council” which, on 16 November 1918, formulated a “People’s Resolution”, which was to serve as the legal basis for governing the country as a Republic. The President of the Republic was Count Mihály (Michael) Károlyi. However, due to the ultimatum of the Entente Powers on 1 March, 1919 Károlyi handed over the governing of Hungary to the leftist radicals, to Béla Kun and associates, who announced the formation of the Council (Soviet) Republic in Hungary on 21 March, 1919. It was a People’s Republic with Communist dictatorship. It collapsed on 1 August 1919. (2) Following World War II, Hungary was under Soviet occupation, and the Communist Party, in a fraudulent election, grasped the power; they were eager to transform Hungary into a People’s Democracy. On the basis of Bill XX. 1949, the law passed by Parliament formulated Hungary’s new constitution and determined Hungary’s form of government as a “People’s Republic”. This was followed by the organization of the (Soviet) council system from the village administration up to the President of the Republic. This alien form of government could only be maintained by the presence of the Soviet occupational forces and, in the crumbling days of the Communist system, Hungary became a Republic in the classical sense, on 23 October 1989. – B: 1078, 1230, 1230, T: 7665.→Károlyi, Count Mihály; Council (Soviet) Republic of Hungary; Kun, Béla; Szamuely, Tibor; Blue Slip Election; Rákosi, Mátyás, Nagy, Imre, Freedom Fight of 1956; Kádár, János; Kádár, Period of. |