Paál, László
|
|  Yüklə 2.47 Mb.
|
Perambulation (Beating the Bounds) – A pre-Christian ritual of traversing the fields after spring sowing, to protect them from evil, frost and hail; it is a custom adopted by Christianity. In Hungary, as late as the beginning of the 20th century, it was the custom, to “carry the Cross” in the company of altar boys, and the village folk carrying crucifixes and church banners. The priest in vestments led the procession to the freshly sowed fields. – B: 1134, T: 7617. Perczel, Miklós (Nicholas) (Bonyhád, 15 December 1812 - Baja, 14 March 1904) – Honvéd colonel and politician, younger brother of Mór Perczel, older brother of László Perczel. He was strongly influenced by his tutor, the great poet, Mihály (Michael) Vörösmarty. After finishing his studies, he worked as a deputy clerk for County Baranya and later, as an administrator. He took an active part in the political struggles of the Reform Era. Legal action was taken against him because of political agitation; but in 1840 the proceedings were abandoned. In the Diet of 1848, he was the representative of County Tolna. In the autumn of 1848, with his brother Mór, he began organizing the Zrinyi troop as major of the National Guard. In the following months, he served in his brother’s army and took part in the Battle of Mór, followed by the Battles of Szolnok and Cegléd, and later, in April 1849, in the fighting against the Serbians of the Banat area of Southern Hungary (Délvidék). Here he clashed with General János Damjanich, who had him arrested for disobedience. After the downfall of the War of Independence against Habsburg rule, he escaped to Turkish territory. In 1851 he emigrated to the US, where he worked as a farmer and a language tutor. In the meantime, he was sentenced to death in absentia in Hungary. In 1861 he joined the northern forces in the American Civil War, as a Colonel, fighting against the Southerners. After the 1867 Compromise between Austria and Hungary, he returned to Hungary. Between 1868 and 1887, he was Lord Lieutenant of County Baranya; from 1887 to 1891 Member of Parliament, representing the town of Pécs. – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7456.→Perczel, Mór; Vörösmarty, Mihály; Damjanich, János; Freedom Fight of 1848-1849. Perczel, Mór (Maurice) (Bonyhád, 11 November 1811 - Bonyhád, 23 May 1899) – Honvéd general, brother of Miklós and László Perczel. He started his military career as a cadet in the Austrian Imperial Army. In 1830, in support of an attempt to desert to the Poles, he started a movement among the Imperial soldiers; for this he was imprisoned, and only the intervention of the City of Pest and County Tolna succeeded in freeing him. In the county’s political life and from 1843 in the feudal Diets, he advocated radical ideas. He was elected to be the representative of the City of Buda. From 30 April to 20 July 1848, Perczel worked for the Ministry of the Interior as Undersecretary of State, then as Departmental Head. On 1 September, he formed the Zrinyi Freedom Troop, which played a decisive role in achieving the victory at Ozora on 7 October 1848 where, together with General Artúr Görgey, he captured the rear-guard of Jelačić’s forces. On 16 September, he became Honvéd Major; on 1 November, General. From October to December he was Commander of the Hungarian forces of the Mura Interfluve. On 30 December, he lost the battle at Mór. In 1849, during the final phase of the War of Independence against the Habsburg rule, as commander of the forces along the River Tisza, with his troop movements, he hindered the Austrian military operations. From 10 March to 8 June, he was Commander of the IV Army Corps. In April he fought victoriously against the rebellious Serbian troops; on 8-9 July 1849, he was Commander of the X. Army Corps. Because of the repeated conflict about the position of Supreme Command, he was called back on 30 July 1949. After the surrender at Világos, Perczel emigrated to Turkey, then he lived in England for a while, and later on the Island of Jersey. In his absence, he was sentenced to death and hanged in effigie on 21 September 1851. Already during the War of Independence, he felt he was treated unfairly by General Görgey, and even more so by Kossuth; thus, toward Kossuth his relationship became increasingly acrimonious. His antipathy to Kossuth caused him, on his return to Hungary, to join the side of Ferenc (Francis) Deák, the architect of the Compromise of 1867. He attempted to lead the Honvéd Army Units, imbued with the 1848 independence spirit, over to the camp of the compromise, using his personal authority. Later, he worked for a while as a Member of Parliament, finally leaving politics. – B: 0883, 1068, T: 7456.→Perczel, Miklós; Görgey, Artúr; Kossuth, Lajos; Freedom Fight of 1848-1849; Deák Ferenc. Perényi, Eszter (Esther) (Budapest, 5 December 1943 - ) - Musician, violinist. As a teenager, she decided to become a musician, following her younger brother, Miklós (Nicholas) Perényi. She studied at the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy of Music in Budapest, as a student of Dénes (Dennis) Kovács. She appeared in international competitions with success, winning some, and receiving prizes on several occasions. She appears at concerts all over the world. Since 1975 she has taught at the Academy of Music and her students appear successfully in Hungary and abroad. She often runs courses in Hungary and abroad; she is a member of international violin competition juries, such as the Internaitonal Yehudi Menuhin Violin Competition in England, the International Kreisler Violin Competition of Vienna, and the International Henryk Wieniawski Violin Competition of Poznan. Eszter Perényi presented a number of contemporary works, e.g. József (Joseph) Soproni’s Sonata for Violin and Piano (1979); Ferenc (Francis) Farkas’s Solo Sonata for Violin (1987); Miklós (Nicholas) Kocsár’s Solo Sonata for Violin (1961-1991); Viktor Togobicki’a Solo Sonata for Violin (1993), and János (John) Vajda’s Duo for Violin and Cello (1989-1991). Many appearances preserve her playing on radio, TV, and recordings, e.g. Embroidered Sounds, Echo, Speeds for Two Flutes, Chapters of a Story; Zsolt Durkó’s Refrains, Ornamenti, Laude, Cantata No. 2, and Fifty Years of Hungaroton – String Players. She is a recipient of the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Prize (1989), the Merited Artist title (1989), the Bartók-Pásztory Prize (2002), and the Little Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary. (2005). – B: 1031, 1852, T: 7456.→Perényi, Miklós; Kovács, Dénes; Durkó, Zsolt; Farkas, Ferenc; Kocsár, Miklós. Perényi László (Leslie) (Predics) (Szászrégen, now Reghin, Romania, 23 April, 1910 - Baja, 8 November 1993) – Actor. He completed the School of Dramatic Art, Budapest, in 1930. The National Theater (Nemzeti Színház), Budapest, engaged him; he also appeared in the Comedy Theater (Vígszínház), Budapest, from 1935 to 1941; then, until 1944, in the New Hungarian Theater (Új Magyar Színház), Budapest. He also played on the Márkus Park Stage (Márkus Parkszínpad), Budapest, and at the Open-air Performances of Szeged (Szegedi Szabadtéri Játékok). In the post-World War II Communist era from 1945, he played in the country: at Szolnok from 1951 to 1953, later in the National Philharmonia (Országos Filharmónia) programs, and between 1956 and 1958 in the Madách Theater (Madách Színház), Budapest. During the years 1960 to 1963, he was member of the theater of Békéscsaba. From 1963 to 1973 he was a member of the theater of Kecskemét. In the National Theater, Budapest, he mainly played character roles, and in the Comedy Theater young lovers; however, he also appeared in dramatic roles. His main roles included Malcolm in Shakespeare’s Macbeth; Cléante in Molière’s The Miser (A fösvény); Csongor in Vörösmarty’s Csongor and Tünde (Csongor és Tünde); Jason in Grillparzer’s Médea; and Prospero in Shakespeare’s The Tempest (A vihar). In the Hungarian feature films of the 1930s and 1940s he was one of the stars. There are some 20 feature films to his credit, including The Queen’s Hussar (A királyné huszárja) (1935); The Wild Rose (A vadrózsa) (1939); The Gyurkovics Boys (A Gyurkovics fiúk) (1942); The Fatal Kiss (A halálos csók) (1942); Hungarian Eagles (Magyar sasok) (1943), and the Relatives (Rokonok) (1954). – B: 1445, 1031, T: 7456. Perényi, Miklós (Nicholas) (Budapest, 5 January 1948 - ) – Cello virtuoso. As a talented child, he was already a pupil at the age of seven in the preparatory section of the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy of Music, Budapest, where he was first a student of Miklós (Nicholas) Zsámboki and, later of Ede (Edward) Banda; he also studied performing art and composition analysis. He gave his first concert (aged 9) at the Music Academy in 1957. Afterwards, he took part in Enrico Mainardi’s Master classes at Salzburg, Luzern, and at the Santa Cecilia Academy of Rome, where he obtained an Artist’s Diploma in 1962. In 1963 he won Second Prize in the Pablo Casals Cello Competition held in Budapest. Then he was invited to participate in the Pablo Casals Master classes in 1965 and 1966, and later between 1969 and 1972. During his career, Perényi has played at concerts world wide, appeared at the Lucerne and Marlborough Festivals, also in Rome, Munich, Prague, Salzburg, Vienna, Warsaw, Berlin, in Japan and China, North and South America. As a chamber-music partner of pianist András Schiff, he appeared in the Schubertiad at Hohenems, Austria, and also at Wigmore Hall of London, the Edinburgh Festival, and the Ruhr Festival. He often gives concerts with the Keller String Quartet. Since 1974, Perényi has taught at the Academy of Music, Budapest. In addition to giving concerts, he is also engaged in composition. His repertoire ranges from Baroque to the music of the 20th century. He is a world-renowned cello virtuoso, who has made a number of records. The albums prepared in conjunction with András Schiff, featuring all the cello works of Beethoven, earned him the Cannes Classical Award in 2005. Perényi has received several distinctions: the Liszt Prize in 1970, the Merited Artist title in 1980, the Outstanding Artist title in 1984, the Bartók-Pásztory Prize in 1987, the Kossuth Prize in 2007; while in France, he won the title of Chevalier de l’Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. He was awarded the Middle Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary in 2002 and the Prima Primissima Prize in 2007. – B: 1852¸ T: 7456.→Perényi, Eszter; Schiff, András. Perényi, Péter (ca. 1502 - January 1548) – Guardian of the Crown, Voivode of Transylvania (Erdély, now in Romania). In 1519 he was the Bailiff of County Temes, and Chief Captain of Temesvár (now Timişoara, Romania). He was present at the Battle of Mohács (1526). First, he was a follower of King János I (John) Szapolyai (János Szapolya, 1526-1540). In 1527 he became Voivode of Transylvania and Bailiff of County Abaúj. At the end of 1527, he sided with Emperor and King Ferdinánd I (1626-1564), and handed over the Hungarian Crown to him. His reward was the town of Sárospatak, and the revenue of the Catholic Bishopric of Eger. In 1529, he supported again King János I, and he escorted Queen Izabella to Hungary. In 1540 he changed side again in favor of Ferdinánd I, who appointed him Royal Chancellor. In 1542 he was suspected of getting the Crown for himself with the help of he Turks. So Ferdinand captured him and kept him in captivity until his death. Perényi was an ardent supporter of the Reformation on his estates. – B: 0883, 1031, T: 7103.→Mohács Battles; Isabella, Queen. Perliczy, János Dániel (John Daniel) (Késmárk, now Kežmarok, Slovakia, 29 October 1705 - Apátfalva (east of Makó), 6 April 1778) – Physician. He obtained a Degree in Philosophy from the University of Wittenberg in 1727, and a Medical Degree from the University of Utrecht in 1728. At first, he was Town Physician in Selmecbánya (now Banská Stiavnica, Slovakia), later, County Physician of County Nógrád. He was a member of several German Scientific Societies. He developed the plan of Hungarian medical training. A number of his medical studies appeared in the Annals of the Berlin Scientific Society. His works include Disputatio inauguralis medica de naturarum diversorum…(Utrecht, 1728) and Medicina pauperum…(Buda, 1740). – B: 1730, 0907, T: 7456. Perlrott-Csaba, Vilmos (Békéscsaba 2 February 1880 - Budapest, 23 January 1955) - Painter. He studied at the School of Industrial Design, then at József (Joseph) Koszta, and later at the Nagybánya Artist Colony (now Baia Mare, Transylvania, in Romania). He attended the Julian Academy of Paris for some time, where his masters were J.P. Laurens and H. Matisse. After his journey to Spain in 1911, he returned to Hungary. Later he was one of the founders of the Art Colony of Kecskemét. His early works, e.g. Gypsies in the Barn (Cigányok a csűrben) (1904) reflect the style of the Nagybánya School, while his later works show the influence of El Greco, Fauvism and Cubism. Some of his drawings are revolutionary experiments, such as The Interior of the Church in Lőcse (Lőcsei templom belseje). The influence of Cézanne and those of the Braque are present in his landscapes and still-life works, respectively. Later he returned to post-impressionism. The picture with nudes from the 1930s shows Gaugain's influence. His other works include Self-portrait with Sculpture (Önarckép szoborral) (ca. 1910); Adoration of the Magi (A három királyok imádása) (1914); Descent from the Cross (Levétel a keresztről) (mid-1920s); Hillside with Autumnal Tree (Domboldal őszi fával) (ca. 1935); Lamentation (Siratás), litography (1921), and Christ - Resurrection (Krisztus - Feltámadás), litography, (1922). – B: 0934, 1031, T: 7103.→Koszta, József; Nagybánya Artist Colony. Pertik, Ottó (Pest, 11 December 1852 - Budapest, 27 February 1913) – Physician, pathologist. He earned his Medical Degree at the University of Budapest in 1876 where, from 1876 to 1880, he was a demonstrator in the Department of Anatomy. From 1880-1884 he pursued further studies at the University of Strasburg. In 1885 he was a physician at the Red Cross Hospital, then Pathological Anatomist in the St. István (Stephen) Hospital in Budapest. In 1887 he became a titular honorary lecturer. In 1890 he was Titular Professor in the Department of Pathological Histology; in 1895 Professor of Pathological Anatomy, and Director of the No. 2 Institute of Pathological Anatomy, Budapest. Pertik became a member of the National Council of Public Health; Editor for the journals Magyar Orvosi Archivum and Ungarisches Archiv für Medizin (Hungarian Medical Archive), and also edited the Yearbook of the Royal Medical Society, Budapest. He carried out research work in Bacteriology and, in 1891, founded the Metropolitan Bacteriological Institute. He rendered great service in the successful fight against the 1887 typhoid fever epidemic, and the 1892 great cholera epidemic. He was the first to describe the clinical picture of diverticulum, later, named after him. Ottó Pertik was a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1899). His works include Report on the Results of the Bacteriological Studies Conducted during the Cholera Epidemic (Jelentés a cholera-járvány alatt tett bakteriológiai vizsgálatok eredményeiről) (1893) and Epithelioma adamantinum malignum (1897). – B: 1730, 0907, T: 7456. Peskó, Zoltán Jr. (Budapest, 1937 - ) – Musician and conductor. He comes from a family of Lutheran church musicians. After completing his musical studies at the Academy of Music of Budapest in 1962, he began his career as a conductor and composer of film and stage music at the National Theater (Nemzeti Színház), and at the Hungarian Television. He emigrated to the West in 1964, and attended master classes in Italy and Switzerland with Petrassi (composing), and with Celibidache, Franco Ferrara and Pierre Boulez (conducting). Between 1966 and 1973 he worked for the Deutsche Staatsoper, Berlin, under Lorin Maazel, and also taught at Berlin's Hochschule für Musik und darstellende Kunst. He made his debut at Milan's La Scala in 1970, which marked the beginning of an international career, conducting e.g. the Berlin Philharmonic, the BBC Symphony Orchestra, and the Concertgebouw Orchestra of Amsterdam. As a guest conductor, Peskó appeared not only in Europe, but also in the USA, South America, and the former Soviet Union. He was principal conductor of the Teatro Comunale in Bologna in 1973 (with Pierre Boulez), and the Teatro La Fenice in Venice three years later. Between 1978 and 1983 he led the Orchestra of the Italian Radio (RAI) in Milan. Thereafter, he became a freelance conductor. From 1996 to 1999 he was General Music Director of the Deutsche Oper am Rhein at Düsseldorf-Duisburg. His work as concert and opera conductor comprises the entire spectrum of the repertoire, from Renaissance to Avant-garde. Between 2001 and 2005 he was Music Director of the Lisbon Opera House, and chief conductor of the Portuguese Symphony Orchestra. In recent years he conducted at music festivals in Baden Baden, Berlin, Budapest, Pozsony (Bratislava), Cologne, Lisbon, Milan (La Scala), Rome, Venice and Vienna. He made numerous recordings (CBS, Sony, Supraphon, Hungaroton, Wergo) and appeared on radio. He was awarded the German Record Prize (Deutsche Schallplattenpreis) in August 1993 and January 2000. He is one of the most successful Hungarian musicians and conductors in recent times. – B: 0878, T: 7456.→Peskó, Zoltán Sr. Peskó, Zoltán Sr. (Peschko) (Zsolna, now Zilina, Slovakia, 24 August 1903 - Budapest. 17 April 1967) – Organist, composer. He conducted his higher studies at the Ferenc Liszt Academy of Music, Budapest, where he was student of Dezső (Desider) Antalfy-Zsiross, Albert Siklós and József Thoma. He taught at the Teachers’ Training College, Sopron (1927-1929), then became organist of the Fasor Street Evangelical-Lutheran Church and its High Shool in Budapest. In 1938 and 1939 he was on study trip in Germany. With Jenő Ádám, he founded the Protestant Choir. From 1958 to his retirement in 1963, he taught organ at the Béla Bartók Music School. He was a promoter of German Baroque-Music (Pachelbel, Bach) and that of new Hungarian organ music (E. Major, Z. Gárdonyi). His studies include The Principles of Correct Organ-building (A helyes orgonaépités elvei) (1939); The Past and Present of Hungarian Protestant Church Music (A magyar protestánk egyházi zene multja és jelene) (1941), and Evangelical Churches (Evangélikus Templomok) (1944). – B: 0883, T: 7103.→Antalfy-Zsiros, Dezső; Ádám, Jenő; Peskó, Zoltán Jr.; Siklós, Albert. Pesthi, Gábor (Pesti, Pesti Mizsér) (16th century; last date: 1548) – Writer, Bible-translator. He was the first to consciously propagate Hungarian literature. He studied at the University of Vienna. It was there that he became a follower of the teachings of Erasmus of Rotterdam. He aimed at producing an unadulterated version of the Bible in Hungarian. He translated it into literary Hungarian language and, in 1536, published the four Gospels under the title: The New Testament in the Hungarian Language (Új Testamentum magyar nyelven). He translated Aesop’s Fables into Hungarian and – also in 1536 – published it under the title Fables of Aesop (Esopus fabulái). This work was the first significant opus of Hungarian literary translations and, at the same time, one of the first Hungarian productions of world prose literature. He was an artistic stylist, striving for simplicity. His Dictionary of Six Languages (Latin, Italian, French, Czech, German and Hungarian) was published in 1538. – B: 1138, 1157, T: 7659. Pesti, József, S.J. (Joseph) (Győr, 3 March 1919 - Buenos Aires, 30 December, 1997) – Missionary, historian and specialist in prehistory. After his final high school examinations he joined the Jesuit Order in 1938, completed his Theological Studies at Budapest, Kassa (now Košice, Slovakia), Pécs and American Universities. He was ordained in 1948. He obtained a Degree in Education from the University of Budapest in 1952. After World War II, his superiors sent him to Rome for the completion of his theological and teaching qualifications. He was in Switzerland in 1956 and, in 1957, he was sent to Argentina to bolster pastoral works among the émigrés. He founded the St István (St. Stephen) Society and the St László (Ladislas) College in Buenos Aires, and managed the Catholic Hungarian Mission. He taught Philosophy at the Salvador University of Buenos Aires. In 1964 he moved to the USA and taught Philosophy at Charlotte Hall Military Academy. In 1990 he returned to Hungary and worked in Kalocsa and Budapest. In December 1997 he visited his old flock in Argentina, to be with them for Christmas, but he fell ill and died. One the aspects of his work was the research into the origins of the history of the Hungarians, as well as expounding on Hungarian culture-politics together with affirming Hungarian self- assurance. He left Argentina on the invitation of the University of Salvador to teach the history of the Ural-Altaic peoples. In it, he saw more opportunity to study and to teach Hungarian history. He went on a lecture tour in 1980, to reach dispersed Hungarians all over the world. On the above subjects, several of his discourses were published. His works include On the Edge of the Volcano (A vulkán peremén) (1952, 1956); Political Poesy from Hungary 1952-1956 (Politikai költemények Magyarországból, 1952-1956) (1952-1956), and “What do you want with Ancient History…?” „Mit akartok az ős-történettel...?” (Buenos Aires, 1982). – B: 0945, T: 7675, 7103. Pesovár, Ferenc (Francis) (Herend, 23 April 1930 - Veszprém, 27 February 1983) – Folklorist in dance and music, ethnographer, museologist. From 1950 to 1955 he studied at the Department of Museology and Ethnography of the University of Budapest. From 1954 he was a research student at the Ethnographic Museum. From 1955 he was an associate of the Kiskun Museum at Kiskunfélegyháza. From 1957 until his death, he worked as a scientific associate of the István Király Museum of Székesfehérvár. Apart from his scientific research, interpreting the dance tradition of Transdanubia, his collections extended to the entire Hungarian ethnic area of the Carpathian Basin and Central Europe. Outstanding are his collections of dances and dance music of Transylvania, which encompassed our knowledge about the whole area under discussion. His works include Dancing Masters in the Villages of County Szatmár (Táncmesterek a Szatmári Falvakban) (1959-1960); Folk Dances in County Fejér (Fejér megyei népi táncok)(1960); Dancing in the Life of the Magyar People (A magyar nép táncélete) (1978), and Shepherd Looking for his Sheep (A juhait kereső pásztor) (1983). – B: 0883, T: 7456.→Folk Art; Dance House Movement. Petelei, István (Stephen) (Marosvásárhely, now Targu Mureş, Romania, 13 September 1852 - Kolozsvár, now Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 5 January 1910) – Writer. In 1872 he enrolled in the course in Philosophy at the University of Budapest. From 1880 he worked as a journalist in Kolozsvár, first for the paper East (Kelet), later for Kolozsvár Bulletin (Kolozsvári Közlöny). In the same year he became a member of the Petőfi Society. From 1886 to 1891 he was Editor for the paper Kolozsvár. Petelei was the dedicated organizer of Transylvanian literary life. In his short stories and sketches, he featured the life of the Transylvanian small provincial towns with great artistry, usually in strange, dark colors, describing the people choking in the depressing atmosphere of the small towns, longing to escape. The critics for a long time surmised Russian influences in his artistry, though, in reality, they were peculiar Transylvanian characteristics. Because of his serious illness, from 1891 on he was living in seclusion at Marosvásárhely, and finally he had to move to the mental hospital of Kolozsvár, where he died. He was a member of the Petőfi Society, the Zsigmond Kemény Society, and the Transylvanian Literary Society (Erdélyi irodalmi Társaság), Kolozsvár. His works include Crosses (Keresztek) (1882); My Street (Az én utcám) (1886); Clouds (Felhők) (1897); Country People (Vidéki emberek) (1898); Life (Az élet) (1905), and the posthumously published novel, The Nightingale (A fülemüle) (1886). In Marosvásárhely a Street bears his name. – B: 0883, 1257, 1068, T: 7456. |