Paál, László
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| Parthia – An ancient middle-eastern country, the home of the Parthians, who, in their early history paid taxes to the Assyrians, the Medes and the Persians. Their area in northeastern Iran roughly corresponded to the modern Iranian province of Khurasan: a mountainous region alternating with fertile valleys, lying south of Hyrcania. Their Empire was established around 250 BC, when the Parthians, led by a talented soldier, Arsaces (Ashk), and his brother, Tiridates, defeated the Seleucids and became independent, making Arsaces I, their first king. It was bordered by Hyrcania in the north, by Aria and Margiana in the east, by the Carmanian desert in the south, and by Medea in the west. It covered the greater part of modern Iran. It was subjugated by Alexander the Great but, after his death in 323 BC, the Seleucid Dynasty ruled this region and Parthia became a province under the rule of a satrap or governor. In due course, the Parthians exploited the slow decline of the Seleucid rule and, finally, Mithridates captured the Seleucid monarch Demetrius Nicator II in 139 BC, and also occupied Mespotamia and Media in 141 BC. Their power was at its highest under King Mithridates the Great (171-138 BC); their empire stretched from the Euphrates across Afghanistan, as far as the Indus and Oxus Rivers. They not only united 18 kingdoms between the Caspian and Arab Seas, but challenged Rome for domination in the East. Between the two empires, the Euphrates River was the borderline. The capital of Parthia was Ctesiphon. According to Ptolemy, Parthia had 25 large cities; the largest was Hecatompylos, which had 100 gates; Dura (Europos) was on the banks of the Euphrates River, the city of Seleucia was on the Tigris, and Ecbatana, famous for its royal treasury, was at the foot of Mount Elvend. The Parthians defeated Marcus Licinius Crassus in 53 BC, and threatened Syria and Asia Minor, but they were turned back by Ventidius in 39-38 BC. The country, however, was troubled from time to time by the Scythians of the north. The end of this long-lasting empire came in 224 AD, when the last king was defeated (in a coup d’etat) by one of the empire's vassals, the Persians of the Sassanid dynasty, under Ardashir I (Artaxerxes); however, the demise of Parthia was not caused by internal decadence and political anarchy, as a forged chronicle (“Arbela Chronicle” of A. Mingana) attempted to establish. - B: 1153, 1020, 1031, 1068, 1788, 1789, T: 3240, 7456.→Parthians.
Parthians – a Sycthian ruler folk, who ruled the Persians. They originated from the Caspian Sea area. Originally a tribe of the horseriding nomadic tribe, living from hunting, later called Parthians. Around 250 BC, Arsaces I (Ashk) established the Parthian Kingdom from the ashes of the Hellenic Monarchy. Chorenei and Sebeos wrote of them: “in the 14th year of the reign of the Seleucid Antiochus, the Parthians shook off the Macedonian yoke and the son of the Ephtalite (White Hun) ruler, Arsac, became their king, and soon all peoples of Asia, the East and North surrendered to him”. The five separate tribes were made up of 25 families. One family had to contribute 400 horsemen and the 25 families produced an army of 10,000 horsemen. At first they conquered Iran; and in 141 BC they defeated Mesopotamia. According to the chronicles, these 10,000 horsemen, under the command of Surena, successfully battled the 40,000 Roman legionaries of Crassus in 53 BC. Parthians were famous for their imposing architecture: palace buildings, such as the palace of Hatra, also halls, gates, temples and government buildings. The Parthians were excellent horsemen and archers. Their arms consisted of a bow, arrow, lance, and double-edged sword, stick and shield. Their horsemen feigned retreat, and shot their arrows unexpectedly backwards, the so-called “Parthian shot”, while feigning retreat. The Parthian nobleman’s large fancy belt hangs low over his loins as pictured in the Illustrated Chronicle. Their highest god was identified with Hercules as their powerful ancestral god. At the beginning levirate was practiced, which was later replaced by seniority as the legal custom of inheritance. The introduction of this new custom of inheritance created internal power struggles, leading to their eventual demise. In the end the Sassanids of South Iran defeated their empire. Eventually they became absorbed in the population of the neighboring region. – B: 1153, 1020, 1031, 1582; T: 3240.→Parthia; White Huns; Scythians. Parti Nagy, Lajos (Louis) (pen name: Jolán Sárbogárdi) (Szekszárd, 12 October 1953 - ) – Writer. His higher study was done at the Teachers’ College of Pécs, where he studied Hungarian Literature and History (1973-1977). Initially, he worked as a librarian at the Baranya County Library (1977-1979); then he was Editor for the periodical, Our Age (Jelenkor) (1979-1986). In 1987 he was on a Zsigmond Móricz scholarship. He was a freelance writer from 1989 to 1993. He worked as a contributor for the Hungarian Diary (Magyar napló) (1991-1993) His works include poems Angel-stop (Angyalstop) (1982); Wrist-exercise (Csuklógyakorlat) (1986); Soda-riding (Szódalovaglás) (1990); Evening-chalk (Esti kréta) (1995), and Europink (1989). His plays are Ibusár – Mausóleum, (1999). His novels: Neither Drums nor Trumpets (Se dobok, se trombiták) (1993) Billowy Lake Balaton (Hullámzó Balaton) (1994); Body’s Angel (A test angyala) (1990,1997), and My Hero’s Square (Hősöm tere) (2000). He is a celebrated writer, and a recipient of a number of awards, including the Bölöny Prize (1983), the Déry Prize (1990), Graves Prize (1991), the Attila József Prize (1992), the Artisjus Prize (1995), the Kelemen Mikes Prize (1996), the Republic Laureate Prize (1996), and the Alföld Prize (1997).. – B: 0874, 0878, 1105, 1257, T: 7103. Partium – The westernmost strip of present-day Romania, along the eastern edge of the Great Hungarian Plain. It is made up of the former Counties of Zaránd, Central Szolnok, Kraszna and the environs of Kővár in County Szatmár. This strip of land became part of the domain of the Transylvanian princes, achieved without any legislation, agreement or negotiation in the 16th and 17th centuries. They possessed these areas not as Princes of Transylvania, but as the lords of parts of Hungary in such a way that, after their death, they would be automatically returned and placed under the power of the Hungarian King, as annexed parts. The re-annexation did take place in 1693. However, a governmental decree of 1733 once again detached these parts from Hungary. Numerous laws provided for their re-annexation to Hungary, but it took place in a finalized form only in the Act of 1877: I. The extent of its territory has changed from time to time during history. After World War I, the Versailles-Trianon Dictated Peace Treaty split historic Partium: 60 % of it was ceded to Romania, 20 % remained in Hungary, and 20 % went to Czechoslovakia. The latter part is now under Ukrainian authority. – B: 1068, 1031, T: 7456.→Trianon Peace Treaty; Paris Peace Treaty. Pártos, Géza (Budapest, 6 January 1917 - Budapest, 30 August 2003) – Stage manager, director. He studied dancing in the Hungarian Ballet Studio of Aurél Milloss. He started his career with the Independent Stage (Független Színpad) in 1938, and later became a member of the National Theater (Nemzeti Színház), Budapest (1945-1949). From 1949 to 1959 he staged plays at the Madách Theater (Madách Színház). He was Stage Manager at the Petőfi Theater (Petőfi Színház) for two seasons. Between 1947 and 1969 he taught acting at the Academy of Dramatic Art, Budapest, and he was again Stage Manager (1961-1969) at the Madách Theater. In 1969, he went to London where, from 1971, he gave lectures at the Guildhall College of the Royal Shakespeare Company; later, he taught final-year opera singers in the Drama Faculty of the University of Manchester. In 1975 he settled in Israel, where he taught in the School of Dramatic Art, Tel Aviv, and managed a studio for training actors. He returned to Hungary in 1996. His stage-management was characterized by serious treatment pf parts and detailed execution. He supported contemporary Hungarian drama. To him, it was more important to have action, mimics and formulation of thoughts, than spectacles on the stage. His staging includes: Zs. Móricz’ Relatives; Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet; Shaw’s Caesar and Cleopatra; I. Sarkadi’s Lost Paradise; M. Füst’s Henry IV, and F. Karinthy’s Bösendorfer. In 1969, he was honored with the title Artist of Merit. – B: 1105, 1445, T: 7456. Pártos, István (Stephen) (Budapest, 1 March 1903 - Amsterdam, 4 February 1920) – Violin virtuoso. He studied at the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy of Music, Budapest, under the direction of Jenő (Eugene) Hubay. Already, while still a student, he performed with great success in Berlin and Leipzig in Germany, and later, in Denmark, Holland and Sweden. With his highly developed musicality and a deep sense of poetic interpretation, he attracted attention. The Hungarian violin culture lost one of its greatest hopes in a road accident. – B: 1197, 1160, T: 7684.→Hubay, Jenő. Partridge, Gray, Hungarian (fogoly madár) (Perdix perdix) – Originally it is a Eurasian bird species. Since it came from Hungary, it has the name: Hungarian Partridge or Hun. It is a rotund bird, 28-32 cm long, brown-backed, with gray flanks and chest. The belly is white, usually marked with a large chestnut-brown horseshoe mark, mainly in males, but also in many females. The bird, like the bobwhite quail, forms coveys from early fall through winter. The Gray Partridge is important in the game-bird category. In 1905 the Gray Partridge was introduced into Palo Alto County of Iowa, where it proliferated and now can be found in many parts of the USA and in Canada, particularly in the prairies. – B: 1031, 1785, T: 7103. Party of Hungarian Truth and Life→Political Parties in Hungary. Páskándi, Géza (Géza Bélteky, Géza Óváry, translator’s pen name) (Szatmárhegy, now Viile Satu Mare, Romania, 18 May 1933 - Budapest, 19 May 1995) – Poet, writer, playwright. He read Law at the University of Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania). His career started as a journalist in 1949; he was a contributor to newspapers in Szatmárnémeti (now Satu Mare, Romania), Bucharest and Kolozsvár. In 1957 he was imprisoned for political reasons. From 1963 he worked as a manual laborer in a book warehouse, and as a bibliographer. From 1971 to 1973 he was Chief Lector at the Kriterion Publishing House, Bucharest. He moved from Romania to Hungary in 1974, and worked as a columnist for the literary periodical, Contemporary (Kortárs). He belongs to the first generation of Source (Forrás), a group of Hungarian writers in Transylvania (Erdély, now in Romania). He was strongly attached to the Hungarian language and culture and, in his writings, he even attempted new forms. His heroes stand unarmed against fate. His works include the Grade of Fire (Tűz foka) poems (1972); Plays (Színművek) (1974, 1975, 1985); Piano Sawed in Two (A kettéfűrészelt zongora) drama (1976); The Hideout (A rejtekhely) drama (1977); Transylvanian Triptychon (Erdélyi tryptichon) dramas (1984); The Cursed (Az átkozottak) drama (1984); The Great Diletantissimo, New Poems (A nagy dilettantissimo, Új versek) (1973-1985), and The Joy-spoiling Angel (Az örömrontó angyal), selected writings (1995). He received a number of awards, including the Attila József Prize (1977), the Kossuth Prize (1993) and the Ernő Szép Award (posthumous, 1996) – B: 1257, 0878, 1445, T: 7103. Pasternak, Joe (József) (Szilágysomlyó, now Simleu Silvaniei, Romania, 19 September 1901 - Hollywood, California, USA, 13 September 1991) – Film producer. He was born into a Jewish family in Transylvania (Erdély, now in Romania). He moved to America as a teenager. He was interested in show business and worked at menial jobs at the Paramount Studios, absorbing the know-how of filmmaking. He obtained a job as Second Assistant Director at Paramount in 1923; within three years, he was Manager of Universal Studio's Berlin operation. In the early 1930s, he became famous by producing German, Austrian and Hungarian musicals. He returned to the USA and reorganized the near-bankrupt new Universal Studios. He rescued it by producing the Three Smart Girls (1936), which was an enormous hit with the young Deanna Durbin. Later, he moved to the Metro Goldwin Mayer Co. He created lavish escapist musicals for wartime audiences in old operetta style. He remained at MGM until his retirement in 1968, shortly after producing three of Elvis Presley's best musicals, including the famous Girl Happy. He worked with such stars as Danielle Darieux, Marlene Dietrich, Judy Garland, Mario Lanza and Gene Kelly. He created 105 feature films within forty years, among them: Scandal in Budapest (1933); First Love (1939); Little Bit of Heaven (1940); Thousand Cheers (1943); Holiday in Mexico (1946); Luxury Liner (1958); Where are the Boys? (1960); the Ticklish Affairs (1963), and the Sweet Ride (1968). – B: 1037, 1051, T: 7103. Pasteurization – On 16 October 1862, chemist Mór Preys demonstrated the pasteurization process in Hungary, at the Association of the Hegyalja Viticulturists. This took place 3 years prior to the discovery by Pasteur, after whom the process was named. – B: 1230, 12260, T: 7675. Passuth, László (Ladislas) (Budapest, 15 July 1900 - Balatonfüred 19 June 1979) – Writer, translator. He studied at the Universities of Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania), and Szeged. He moved to Budapest in 1919. Between 1920 and 1950 he worked as a bank-clerk, between 1950 and 1960 he was a technical translator at the National Translation Agency. He began his writing career in the mid-1920s, with travelogues, historical essays and translations. His articles were published in the literary review, West (Nyugat), the Beautiful Word (Szép Szó), the Hungarian Review (Magyar Szemle), the journals Present Age (Jelenkor), and in the Answer (Válasz). In 1937 he published a volume of essays and studies entitled: Esztergom Symposium. In his novels, time and again, he wrote about the research of historical times and about the strange lives of art historians and archaeologists absorbed in the past, but his reputation as a writer was won primarily by his historical novels. Among these, the first and at the same time most successful was Rain-God Cries for Mexico (Esőisten siratja Mexikót) (1939), then Johanna of Naples (Nápolyi Johanna) (1940), and Rome was Buried in Ravenna (Ravennában temették Rómát) (1963). The strength of his historical novels was that the author set the events in broad perspective, often encompassing the connections throughout the whole of Europe. His works on Hungarian themes include In the Clutches of the Eagle (Sasnak körmei között) (1956), which is about Ilona Zrinyi; and the Four Winds in Transylvania (Négy szél Erdélyben) (1957), about Prince István (Stephen) Báthori. His biographical novels, written about great figures of universal culture stand out, for example: Johanna of Naples (Nápolyi Johanna); The Purple-born (A biborban született) about Byzantine Emperor ConstatineVII; The Musician of the Prince of Mantua (A mantuai herceg muzsikusa) (1957), about Monteverdi; The Gods are Shivering in a Golden Haze (Aranyködben fáznak az Istenek) (1964) about Raphael; and Medusa-Head (Medúzafej) (1979) about Caravaggio. Quite a few of his works were translated and published in several languages. He also translated and published Greek, German, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish fine literature and cultural history. Between 1937 and 1983, he had 36 books published. In 1948 he was expelled from the Literary Association; therefore he could only publish articles and translations until 1956 under a pseudonym. He was the General Secretary of the Hungarian Pen Club until 1960. A High School in Budapest and Street in Balatonfüred were named after him. – B: 0877, 1150, 1138, 1153, 1257, T: 7659, 7456. Pásztó Abbey – The town of Pásztó is on the banks of the River Zagyva, which runs between the Cserhát and the Mátra Mountains..The area has been inhabited since the Ice Age, a fact demonstrated by the flint-flake tools that can be collected in the surrounding arable lands and by the so-called “serfs' mammoth cemetery”. Pásztó has long been a Catholic ecclesiastical center. The earliest written record of the local Benedictine Abbey dates from 1138. The Cistercians took over the buildings from the Benedictines in 1190, and expanded both the church and the monastery. The Turks killed every member of the Abbey in 1544. King József II (Joseph, 1780-1790), dissolved the Order, but King Ferenc (Francis) I, re-established it on 25 June 1802. Under Communist rule, the Order was again disbanded in 1950; however, in 1989, it had been re-established. The excavated and conserved remnants of the medieval settlement center can be seen around the current Parish church. There has been a chapel, a monastery, a smithy, and even a glassworks in the surrounding area.. – B: 1078, 1340, T: 7103. Pásztor, Árpád (Ungvár, now Uzhhorod, Carpathian-Ukraine, 12 April 1877 - Budapest, 26 October 1940) – Writer, journalist. He read Law at the University of Budapest; then he embarked on a journalistic career. He became a correspondent for the paper Pester Journal (Pesti Napló) (1898-1899), then in 1900, for the Hungary (Magyarország), from 1902 to 1904 for the Budapest Journal (Budapesti Napló), and from 1910 to 1921 for The Evening (Az Est). Early in his career he expressed socialist aspirations. He wrote the first poem on Lenin but, during the four months of the Hungarian Council (Soviet) Republic, he published a novel attacking the Communist rule of terror. He published several volumes of poetry, novels and travelogues dealing with his overseas travels. He wrote and translated a number of stage works and operetta scripts. His works include From Budapest to Around the World (Budapesttől a föld körül) (1911); My Meeting with Edgar A. Poe (Találkozásom Poe A. Edgarral) (1916); Tragedy of Tolstoy (Tolsztoj tragédiája) (1925), and Fatal Circle (Végzetes kör) novel (1931). Pásztor was one of the creators of Hungarian report literature. – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7456. Pásztor, János (John) (Gyoma, 29 January 1881 - Budapest, 7 January 1945) – Sculptor. He was a student of Lajos Mátrai at the Academy of Applied Art, Budapest. He was on a scholarship in France in 1903, and studied at the Julian Academy in Paris. He returned to Hungary and settled down in Hódmezővásárhely in 1905, where he created the Farewell (Búcsúzkodás) statue. He moved to Budapest in 1910. Here he created a major work: two additional figures to the Vásárhelyi Memorial. He sculptured female nudes, such as The Expelled (Elűzött) and Primavera, and portraits such as Beethoven and Munkácsy. Between 1930 and 1940, he produced several memorial works including Gvadányi, Csokonai, Károly Bartha. An outstanding work of this period is the gently modeled female figure of the Kazinczy Memorial (at the Bécsi Kapu tér, Budapest). Instead of a baroque approach of academic memorials, classicism characterizes the equestrian statue of Prince Ferenc Rákóczi II (Kossuth Plaza, Budapest). János Pásztor was killed in a bombing raid during the siege of Budapest in World War II. He was an excellent representative of academism. He was awarded the Small Gold Medal of the State (1920), the Gold Medal (1922) and the Gold Medal of the World Exhibition in Barcelona (1929). – B: 1124, 0883, T: 7103.→Tornyai, János. Pásztor, János Dezső (John Desider) (Budapest, 28 May 1925 - Budapest, 22 April 2007) – Minister of the Reformed Church, theologian and missionary. He studied Theology at the Reformed Theological Academy, Budapest, (1943-1947), Philosophy at the University of Budapest (1945-1947), Theology at the University of Edinburgh (1947-1948), at the University of Manchester (1948-1949), and at the Princeton Theological Seminary (1964-1965). He was Assistant Minister in the Calvin Square Church, Budapest (1950-1952); Parish Minister in Szentendre (1952-1970). He was a tutor at St Paul’s United Theological College, Limuru, Kenya (1970-1976); Professor at the Reformed Theological Academy, Debrecen (1976-1987); Guest Professor at the Columbia Theological Seminary, Georgia, USA in 1987; Professor at the Reformed Theological Academy, Debrecen in 1988, and guest professor at the University of Vienna, Austria (1990-1991). János Pásztor was a professor at the Reformed Theological Academy, Budapest (1988-1998) and, from 1993 at the Theological Faculty of the Gáspár Károli Reformed University. Besides several articles and essays, he authored books, such as The Book of Joel, Jonah and Habakuk (1975); New Testament Biblical Theology (Újtestamentomi bibliai teológia) (1981); Liturgics (Liturgika) (1985); Homiletics (1986); Congregation and Gifts of Grace According to the Reformed Teaching (A gyülekezet és a kegyelmi ajándékok a református tanitás szerint) (1992), and Mission in the 21st Century (Misszió a XXI században) (2001). He was a recipient of the János Apáczai Csere Award. – B: 0873, T: 7103. Pásztor, Lajos (Louis) (Budapest, 3 February 1913 - Rome, Italy, 8 October 1997) – Historian, archivist. He obtained his B.Sc. Degree in Education from the University of Budapest, in May 1939, receiving his Ph.D. in Modern Hungarian Language, World History and in Archival Studies. From 1941 to 1946 he worked as an archivist; then moved to Rome, where he worked as Secretary of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences until April 1949, when he became a scriptor at the Vatican Secret Archives. From January 1956 to March 1983 he was engaged in archival work. From 1968 to 1983 he also gave lectures on the History of Curia Romana and on Archival Studies at the Faculty of Ecclesiastical History of the Papal Gregoriana University. He taught the same subjects in the Scuola Vaticana di Paleografia e Diplomatica from 1969 to 1976. In 1974 Lajos Pásztor became Papal Cabinet-Councilor. He is member of several scientific societies and a correspondent for international Catholic scientific journals. In Hungarian, he mainly published in the Catholic Review (Katolikus Szemle). In 1955 he founded the Hungarian Publisher Anonymus, which he ran until 1980. His works include La Curia Romana, Problemi e ricerche per la storia nell’eta moderna e contemporanea (1971) and La Segreteria di Stato e il suo Archivio 1814-1833, vols. i,ii (1984-1985). – B: 1672, T: 7456. Pásztor, Péter (Leslie Peter Pastor) (Magyarmajdány, now Majdan in Serbia, 8 May 1925 - ) – Historian. After the Hungarian Revolution and Freedom Fight of 1956, he escaped to the West and settled in the USA. His higher studies were at Columbia University. He taught at Seton Hall University in South Orange, N.J., and became Professor of History at Montclair State University, N.J. Outstanding among his works are: Hungary Between Wilson and Lenin, The Hungarian Revolution of 1918-1919 and the Big Three (Boulder Co., 1976). He was awarded the Middle Cross of Merit of the Republic of Hungary in 2004. – B: 1672, T: 7103. |