Paál, László
|
|  Yüklə 2.47 Mb.
|
Palóc Origin Legends – Prince Palóc, the mystical prince of the people of Göcsej, sped on his stag-drawn carriage to rescue Attila, who was close beset by the enemy. According to the origin-legend of the Csángós, of the two brothers who came from Asia the first one to arrive settled in Moldova (a region in Romania). The brother who arrived later, attacked the Moldovans twice, then, when he lost the battle the second time, he proceeded to the Carpathian Basin. This fragment, reflecting the legend about Hunor and Magor repeatedly supports the early presence of the Hungarian speaking Palóc and their equivalent ethnic group, the Csángós, in pre-Attila times in the Carpathian Basin. The Toldi legend was still traceable in the Palóc region in the 19th century. Its ancient mythological character is preserved in the fragmental remains of the five zodiacal adventures: the mastering of the bull (Taurus), the duel with one of equal strength (Gemini), the lion scene (Leo), the woman scene (Virgo) and the carrying of water (Aquarius). He is the Erős János (Strong John - Hercules) of the tales, remnant of the autumn Sun God religion. – B: 1020, T: 7659.→Csángó; Palóc; Palóc dialect. Palóc – A very ancient ethnic component of the Hungarian people, its origin going back to the Avars and probably also to the Kabars, the tribe that joined the Hungarian tribal confederation prior to the Carpathian Settlement. Ethnically the Mongoloid element is higher than the national average, reaching over 25%. Their costumes are ornate, the women’s is particularly typical, minutely pleated; they are fond of a showy wedding. They are generally superstitious, masters of jokes and play on words. Their folksongs reveal ancient eastern influence with their pentatonic melodies. B: 1068. T: 7456.→ Palóc Origin Legends; Palóc dialect; Music of the Hungarians. Pálóczi Horváth, Ádám (Kömlőd, 11 May 1760 - Nagybajom, 28 January 1820) – Poet, folklorist. He is one of the first dedicated collectors of Hungarian folk poetry. He studied at the Reformed College of Debrecen from 1773 to 1780. He completed his law and engineering examinations in the same year. After a short stint as a surveyor-engineer, he farmed in various townships of Somogy and Zala Counties from 1783 until the end of his life. He became a writer who wrote in many styles: aside from several volumes of poetry, two epic poems, and one comedy, linguistic, philosophical and scientific works, tracts and political reports also flowed from his pen. By 1790 he was known throughout the land, particularly as a popular poet. Pálóczi Horváth was a good friend of the poet Mihály (Michael) Csokonai Vitéz, and he was the first to discover his friend’s talent. Modeled on the Helicon of Keszthely (Keszthelyi Helikon), while he was at Petrikeresztúr between 1812-1818, he founded and held together the literary group of the Helicon of Göcsej (Göcseji Helikon), consisting mainly of women authors. Proceedings were instituted against him in 1814, because of his poems mocking Germans, after which he averted suspicion from himself with shrewd ideas and deceptive rewriting of his poems. His literary activity was influenced above all by the idea of preserving tradition. As a member of the Diet from 1790, he participated in almost every National Assembly. He raised issues in the interest of women’s voting rights and tenure of office, ahead of the western feminist movements. He was the first to note the text and, having a good ear for music, to record the tunes as well for numerous songs from the 17th and 18th centuries, which, besides Kuruc folksongs, including folk songs sung to this very day. His significant work is his handwritten songbook, entitled: Old and New some Four and a Half Hundred Songs (Ó és új, mintegy ötödfélszáz énekek), in which he included the bulk of his output, together with their tunes (1913). This collection is an extraordinarily valuable repository for turn-of-the-century popular songs. Aside from older story-telling songs and folk music, new folk and other songs are also contained in the collection, including some of Pálóczi Horváth’s own compositions. His main works are: Hunniás, heroic epic (1787); Things, vols. i-iii (Holmi, I-III), poems (1788-1793), and Rudophias, heroic poem (1817). – B: 1134, 0883, 1257, T: 7659, 7688.→Csokonai Vitéz, Mihály. Pálóczi-Horváth, György (George) (Budapest, 20 March 1908 - London, 4 January 1973) – Writer, publicist, journalist. He engaged in studies at the University of Vienna (1926-1927) and at the Franklin Marshall College in the USA (1927-1929). After returning to Hungary, he worked as a journalist for the daily paper Pest Diary (Pesti Napló), first as foreign affairs correspondent, then as a column editor until the paper folded up in 1939. From 1939 on, he was a columnist for foreign affairs for the weekly, Independent Hungary (Független Magyarország). From 1940 to 1942, at the request of the Prime Minister, Count Pál Teleki, he was also a foreign affairs correspondent for the official governmental paper Hungarians (Magyarság). After Teleki’s suicide, he emigrated to Egypt and entered the service of the British Operations Executive in Cairo. In the spring of 1943, he took part in the Istanbul discussions of Prime Minister Miklós Kállay’s Government to negotiate a separate peace with the Allied Powers. In 1945, he settled in London and worked for the Hungarian Section of the BBC Radio. In May 1947 he returned to Hungary, became a member of the Communist Party, and Managing Editor for the Communist weekly Onward (Tovább). In 1948 and 1949 he was Head of the Foreign Languages Department of the Hungarian Radio, and became the literary Editor for the publishing house Hungaria Könyvkiadó. In September 1949, Pálóczi-Horváth was arrested on trumped-up charges and sentenced to 15 years forced labor; however, after five years, he was freed (1954). After his rehabilitation, he worked in the Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and became a columnist for the journal, Literary News (Irodalmi Újság). After the 1956 Hungarian Revolution and Freedom Fight, he emigrated to the West and settled in London. He became Editor and Publisher for the Literary News; from then on, he published in London and worked as a leading contributor. He also worked as a publicist for English newspapers, among them The Times, Sunday Times and Manchester Guardian, while his Hungarian writings appeared in Review (Szemle) and Literary News (Irodalmi Újság). After the 1956 Revolution, he used his position in England to attack Communist regimes. He wrote a great deal about the Hungarian Revolution, timely international problems, and about Communism. His works included Chamberlain is Responsible (Chamberlain felelős) (1939); In Darkest Hungary (study, 1945); One Sentence on Tyranny (1957); Lost Generation (Elveszett nemzedék) memoirs (1958); Krushchev: the Road to Power (1960); Mao Tse Tung, Emperor of the Blue Ants (1962); Jugend – Schicksal der Welt (1965), and Alle Macht der Jugend? Thesen zum Generationskonflikt unserer Zeit (1971). He was awarded with two literary prizes. – B: 0883, 1672, T: 7688, 7456.→Teleki, Count Pál; Kállay, Miklós. Pálos, Antal S.J. (Bükkösd, 24 August 1914 - Piliscsaba, 3 February 2005) – Priest, Jesuit Provincial, visitator, educator. He entered the Jesuit Order in 1933, and was ordained in 1943. He became Provincial with the power of a visitator of the Society of Jesus with the right to designate his successor. Once the Society of Jesus was suppressed during the Communist regime (1948-1989) and any Jesuit could have been arrested for being a member of an illegal society, the General Superior of the Society in Rome authorized each Hungarian provincial to appoint his successor in case of his arrest. This is how Antal Pálos became the successor of the imprisoned provincial, Elemér (Elmer) Csávossy, on 7 May 1951. With two provincials already in prison, Pálos had no illusions about his future, when he read P. Csávossy’s letter, dated before his arrest. Therefore, he, in turn, at once appointed two of his successors, János (John) Tamás and György (George) Bodó. At that time, there were 150 Jesuit priests, 70 Jesuit Brothers and 30 scholastics pursuing their studies in Hungary. Of them, 25 Jesuits were already in prison. As provincial, he was convinced that, despite all those rules abolishing the Society of Jesus in Hungary, the Jesuits would remain Jesuits and, as Jesuits, they would have to continue to exist. He found ways to meet and educate young candidates in secret, and was able to send 30 novices abroad during the 1956 Revolution, and to have three priests in the village of Pomáz secretly ordained. Meanwhile, after 38 months, Fr. Pálos was arrested by the Communist authorities, accused of secretly leading an illegal religious community and was sentenced to 17 years in prison in 1955. He was in forced labor camps and worked in a coalmine, carpet-making and carpenter workshops, before he was released in 1963. In his retirement, he lived at Piliscsaba. – B: 1045, T: 7103.→Csávossy, Elemér Béla S. J. Pálos, György (George) (Patrovits) (Budapest, 8 May 1920 - Budapest, 3 January 1970) – Actor. In 1940 he completed the acting course at the School of Dramatic Art in the National Actor’s Association and became a member of the National Theater (Nemzeti Színház) of Szeged. After World War II, he entered the stage again in the Comedy Theater (Vígszínház) of Budapest in 1948. From 1949 to 1951 he played on the Merry Stage (Vídám Színpad). From 1952, until his passing, he was an actor at the Hungarian People’s Army Theater (A Magyar Néphadsereg Színháza) and the Comedy Theater, though, from 1965, because of his heart condition, he only took on dubbed and radio roles. His power of expression, his elocution and performance rendered him suited for any role. He was also engaged in music composition: he provided the background music for Priestley’s Adam and Eve. His roles included Dauphin in Shaw’s Saint Joan; Napoleon in Tolstoy-Piscator’s War and Peace (Háború és Béke); Title role in Goethe’s Faust; King Matthias in Heltai’s The Mute Knight (A néma katona), and Daniel in Thomas’s Poor Daniel (Szegény Dániel). There are 19 feature films to his credit, including Yesterday (Tegnap) (1959); Trial Run (Próbaút) (1961); The Golden Head (Az aranyfej) (1963), and The Corporal and the Others (A tizedes meg a többiek) (1965). He was a recipient of the Mari Jászai Prize in 1958, and was awarded the Merited Artist title in 1965. – B: 1445, 0883, 1031, T: 7456. Pálosszentkút, Affair of – The charges against Ferenc Vezér, a member of the Pálos monastic order, and his associates were an armed conspiracy and the organizing of self-defense groups against marauding and drunken Soviet soldiers. The arrests began on 28 June 1951, and the questioning of those arrested was conducted by the State Security Police – (Államvédelmi Hatóság – AVH), in their centers in Kecskemét and Budapest. The trial by the “People’s Court” was held soon after the Archishop József (Joseph) Grősz trial in July 1951. During the preparation of the trial, the AVH persuaded Gyula (Julius) Petrus, a jockey by profession, and Illés (Elias) Tóth, a restaurateur, with promises of freedom, to provide condemning evidence against their associates. Coached by AVH officers, they had to memorize their confessions in the form of questions and answers. They were provided with comfortable accommodation, received excellent food of their own choice and were given custom-made suits. During the course of the trial, which was shown on television, under the supervision of plain clothes AVH officers, they were instructed to mix in with the general public. When they were called by name to the microphone, they recited their answers to the questions of the judge, which, of course, were identical to those they had also memorized. A verdict of death was pronounced against Sándor (Alexander) Farkas, Bálint (Valentine) Iványi and János István John Stephen) Tóth, all smallholders, as well as against János (John) Tóth, a fireman. The case of Ferenc (Francis) Vezér was joined to the Grősz case and he was sentenced to death. The rest of the accused received lighter sentences. However, despite the promises made to them, Gyula Petrus and Illés Tóth were also sentenced to death in a secret trial and, together with the others, they were executed in the courtyard of the Gyüjtő Kisfogház (a prison in Budapest) on 28 May 1952. It is presumed that Ferenc Vezér was also executed at this time. – B: 1020, T: 7665.→Pauline Order; State Security Police. Palotai, Boris (Nagyvárad, now Oradea, Romania, 23 May 1904 - Budapest, 12 September 1983) – Writer, poet. Palotai lived from 1919 to 1940 in Kassa (now Košice, Slovakia). It was here that he attended secondary school, and where his first booklet of poems was published in 1926. The Director, Pál (Paul) Fejős, took a liking to one of his shorter writings, which led to the beginning of his “film career”: six films were made based on his novels and short stories. In 1946, Palotai became the Editor for the magazine, Women (Asszonyok). Between 1947 and 1953 he was the Cultural Affairs Editor for the daily, The Voice of the People (Népszava). In the following years, his novels became darker and more pessimistic, as Palotai became adept at depicting the conflict between the individual and social circumstance. The novel, Bitter Almonds (Keserű mandula) (1958) was an exceptional success, and had several editions. He was prolific and had a light touch in his short stories and in his novels for the youth market. His best works were a true-to-life depiction of the times. His other publications included Celebratory Supper (Ünnepi vacsora) novel (1955); The Birds Became Silent (A madarak elhallgattak),novel (1962), and Green Walnut (Zöld dió) novel (1968). The films Small Penny (Kiskrajczár), Celebratory Supper (Ünnepi vacsora), and Darkness During the Day (Nappali sötétség), based on his writings, won the jury’s Honorable Mention Award at the Locarno film festival. The TV drama, Woman in the Barracks (Nő a barrakkban), won the Grand Prix at the Monte Carlo film festival. Palotai received the Attila József Prize in 1950 and 1967. – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7688. Palotás or “Palace” Dance – Its origins reach back to the 15th century with the development of an active life at court. The Palotás reached its peak in popularity during the reign of Count Ferenc (Francis) Rákóczi II, and it was in this period that the dance became famous. The Palotás was generally performed in front of the King in his Palace, where the young nobility and military men would get a chance to present themselves and their ladies to the King; Ferenc (Francis) Erkel composed a Palotás for his opera, László Hunyadi. The Palotás became the traditional opening dance of all formal balls in Hungary; and today, wherever Hungarians live and keep their old traditions, they perform this dance. – B: 1031, T: 7103.→Erkel, Ferenc; Rákóczi II, Count Ferenc; Kuruc Age; Hungarian Dances, Traditional. Palotás, Péter (née Poteleczky) (Budapest, 27 June 1929 - Budapest, 17 May 1967) – Soccer player. He was member of the legal successors of the Circle of Hungarian Athletic Sportsmen (MTK): the Textiles, the Bastion (Bástya) of Budapest, and the players of the Budapest Red Flag (Vörös Lobogó). He played at the 1952 Summer Olympic Games, where his team won the Championship. He also appeared at the Soccer World Championship, where he played in the Golden Team, placed second in Bern. He played center-forward, and he was in the National Team 24-times from 1950 to 1956, scoring 19 goals. Due to his illness, he withdrew early and, until his death (aged 38), he worked in the textile industry. – B: 0883, T: 7456.→Golden Team. Palotay, Sándor (Alexander) (Lupény, now Lupeni, Romania, 25 September 1926 - Budapest, 5 August 1979) – Pastor of the Seventh Day Adventist Church in Hungary from 1954; later, he was its Economic Secretary. He became the Managing Director for the Council of Free Churches (Szabadegyházak Tanácsa – SZET) in 1958; from 1961 was its General Secretary and, finally, its President from 1969. The SZET was dissolved in 1989. He was Editor for the weekly, Harbinger of Peace (Békehírnök), a paper of the Baptist Church. In 1969, he set up the Ministerial Training Institute for SZET. Since 1972, its graduate students have been able to acquire a Diploma of Ministry from the Reformed Theological Academy, Debrecen. He was member of the Christian Peace Conference from 1958. He received a teacher’s diploma from the Reformed Theological Academy, Debrecen, in 1972. He invited Billy Graham, the renowned American Evangelist, for a Hungarian crusade in 1977. He authored numerous articles and books, including The Nazarenes (A nazarénusok) with a co-author (1969), and On the Road of Mistakes (A tévedések útján), with a co-author (1977). He received an Honorary Doctorate in Theology from the Lutheran Theological Academy, Budapest, in 1978. – B 0883, 1506, T: 7103. Pálúr, János (John) (Budapest, 1967 - ) – Organist. He began to play the piano at the age of 6 at a State Music School. When he was 13, he changed to the organ, and István (Stephen) Baróti was his teacher from 1980 to 1986. He graduated from the Zsigmond Móricz High School in Budapest in 1985. In 1986 he was admitted to the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy of Music to study organ, where his teacher was Gábor (Gabriel) Lehotka. At the invitation of the Albert Schweitzer House in Gunsbach, France in 1987, he participated at a course taught by Daniel Roth, dealing with the compositions of J.S. Bach and Ch. M. Widor. In the same year, he gave a successful concert at the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. In 1988 he gave several concerts in Germany and in the Netherlands. He gave organ recitals in 12 European countries and in the USA. In 1995 he was a student at the Conservatoire in Paris. Since 1997 he has been the organist and organ instructor at the Fasor Reformed Church in Budapest. He is also a recording artist; his CDs include all organ works of Robert Schumann and those of Maurice Duruflé. Since 1998, he has been teaching organ and improvisation at the Ferenc Liszt Academy of Music. In 1997 he won the Prix de Paris at the 2nd International Organ Competition in Paris, as well as a Special Prize for his presentation of a 20th century composition. – B: 1852, 1937, T: 7103.→Lehotka, Gábor. Pályi, Márton (Martin) (Prager) (Kiskunhalas, 14 March 1892 - Budapest, 18 September 1961) – Physician. In 1916 he obtained his Medical Degree from the University of Budapest. From 1918 to 1945 he worked as District Health Officer; in 1946 he became an honorary lecturer in Industrial Health; from 1947 to 1949 he was acting as Supervisor for the Minister of Industry. From 1949 he was Medical Superintendent of Schools. He provided information in health issues, industrial health and settlement sanitation. His works include The Public Health Issue of the Joiner’s Trade (Az asztalosipar egészségügye) (1942) and Alcoholism. Causes, Prevention and Medical Treatment (Alkoholizmus. Okai, megelőzése, gyógyítása) (1944). – B: 1730, 1160, T: 7456. Panama Canal – The Spaniards already planned to build a canal across the narrowest portion of Central America between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in 1591; however, Ferdinand Lesseps, who built the Suez Canal in 1869, was only able to establish the “Canal Company” in 1876. István (Stephen) Türr, Lesseps’ friend, was also invited to participate in the planning project. The execution of the project was accompanied by complicated setbacks, financial failures and scandals. István Türr was also among the losing investors and he became financially ruined. The Hungarian word ‘panamázás’ – meaning swindling – indicates that, during the building of the Canal, the Criminal Code had a significant role. Later on, with the help of American capital, the Canal was completed in 1914, but István Türr had died six years earlier. – B: 1020, T: 7644.→Türr, István. Pándi, Pál (Paul) (original name Kardos) (Debrecen, 2 August 1926 - Budapest, 19 January 1987) – Literary historian, critic. Pándi completed his secondary schooling in Debrecen. He was a student of Humanities at the Eötvös College of the University of Budapest. In 1944, the Germans deported him to the concentration camp in Laxenburg. After he returned home in 1946, Pándi published critiques in the papers, New Moon (Újhold), Hungarians (Magyarok), Response (Válasz), and later, mainly in Star (Csillag), and Free People (Szabad Nép). His teaching career began with his 1949 appointment to the Department of Humanities of the University of Budapest. From 1967 he was Professor and Head of Department, a post he held until 1983. Pándi began his editorial career as Cultural Affairs Editor for the daily, Free People (Szabad Nép), in December 1955. After the defeat of the 1956 Revolution and Freedom Fight, he became a theoretician of the reform-oriented, consolidation-building Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party (MSZMP). In 1972 he was a founding editor for the revamped paper, Criticism (Kritika), where he opened a forum for discussion and gave a start to the careers of many young talented writers. He left this paper in 1983, but continued as a member of the Editorial committee for the cultural-scientific section of the daily, Freedom of the People (Népszabadság), until his resignation in 1985. In the 1960s and 1970s, Pándi was regarded as one of the leading cultural politicians of the Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party. As a literary historian, he specialized in writing about the Hungarian reform period. His main publications are: Petőfi (1961); The History of Hungarian Literature from 1772 to 1849 (A Magyar irodalom története 1772-tól 1849-ig) (1965); Commentaries on Bánk bán (Bánk bán-kommentárok) (1980), and Collected Writings from the Time of the Revolution and War of Independece of 1848-1849 (Szöveggyűjtemény a forradalom és a szabadságharc korának irodalmából) (1980). Pál Pándi won the Attila József Award in 1954 and 1962, was elected Corresponding Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1973 and an Ordinary Member in 1985. He won the Kossuth Prize in 1970. – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7688. Pándy, Kálmán (Coloman) (Ókígyós, 14 October 1868 - Szentistvántelep, north of Budapest, 27 January 1945). Physician. He obtained his Medical Degree at the University of Budapest in 1893; then went abroad, studying on a scholarship in Germany, France, England and Finland. From 1898 he was Senior Physician at Gyula; from 1905 he was Senior Physician in the National Institute of Mental Health of Lipótmező, Budapest. In 1909 he became an honorary lecturer; in 1910 an assistant professor. Between 1911 and 1918 he was Director of the Mental Hospital at Nagyszeben, in Transylvania (now Sibiu, Romania). After the Romanian occupation of Transylvania in December of 1918, he fled to truncated Hungary (result of the 1920 Versailles-Trianon Peace Dictate). From 1920, he practiced at Gyula, where he became the Head of the Mental Hospital, which he founded. He was engaged in the study of the reflex mechanism of the cerebral cortex, nervous facialis paresis and tabes dorsalis (progressive degeneration of the spinal cord that occurs in the tertiary [third] phase of syphilis). The liquor reaction that he discovered (the so-called Pandy-reaction: a test to determine the presence of proteins – chiefly globulins – in the sxpinal fluid) brought international fame for him. His works include Le mécanisme cortical des phénoměnes reflex (1893), and On Alcoholic Drinks and Sexual Diseases (A szeszes italokról és a nemibetegségekről) (1907). The Békés County Hospital and Hospice in Gyula, and a memorial medal bear his name. – B: 1730, T: 7456. |