Paál, László
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Palánkay, Klára (Clara) (Budapest, 3 June 1921 - Budapest, 24 January, 2007) – Opera singer (mezzo soprano). She conducted her studies under the direction of Anna Rosti at the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt of Academy of Music, Budapest from 1938 to 1944, and continued her vocal training in Rome. Her debut was in 1944, when she sang the role of Amneris in Verdi’s Aïda at the Opera House, Budapest, where she remained the leading solo singer until her retirement in 1970. In the Hungarian operatic life after World War II, she was the outstanding dramatic mezzo. Particularly the dramatic power of her voice coupled with her extraordinary passion rendered her acting unforgettable. In the leading role of Judit in Bartók’s Bluebeard’s Castle, she was one of the most competent interpreters. She and Mihály (Michael) Székely launched it to world success. She appeared on many opera stages in Europe as a guest artist. She was also a recording artist. Her roles include Ulrica in Verdi’s Masked Ball (Álarcos Bál); Ezucena in Verdi’s Il Trovatore (Trubadur); Eboli in Verdi’s Don Carlos; Gertrud in F. Erkel’s Bánk bán; Ortrud in Wagner’s Lohengrin; Fricka in Wagner’s Die Walküre (A Walkür); Carmen in Bizet’s Carmen; Delilah in Saint-Saëns’ Samson et Delilah, and Mária Lujza in Kodály’s Háry János. Her memoirs are contained in the book: The Diva, written by Judit Várkonyi. She received the title of Artist of Merit (1964), the Memorial Medal of Béla Bartók (1982), the Bartók-Pásztory Prize (1999), and the Officer’s Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (1995). She was elected Life Member of the Opera House, Budapest (2004). – B: 1445, 1426, T: 7456.→Székely, Mihály. Palasovszky, Ödön (Edmund) (Budapest, 5 March 1899 - Budapest, 18 December 1980) – Actor, stage manager, writer, poet and theater director. He studied at the Faculty of Humanities of the University of Budapest and continued his studies at the School of the National Actor’s Union. In 1919 he taught at a School of Eurhythmics in Budapest. There, he conceived the idea of the ”essence-oriented theater” (lényegretörő színház) that he tried to realize. In 1925 he founded the Green Donkey Cabaret (Zöld Szamár Cabaré), where he and his colleauges tried to create a new theater style. The name of the theater frequently changed and it finally operated under the name Prisma (Prizma). Unfortunately, the authorities usually banned the plays they intended to perform. Then, for a short while, he became a member of various theaters. He co-edited the periodical Theater and Film (Színház és Film). During the war years, he was prevented from acting. From 1944 he again worked at the Madách Theater (Madách Színház). In 1948 he became one of the cultural activists of the Christian Peoples’ Party (Keresztyén Néppárt), but was soon excluded from there. He worked as ceramist and gardener. In 1969 he appeared on the Literary Stage (Irodalmi Színpad) and, in his lecture, he argued for the Total Theater (Totális Színház). Some of his stage managements were F.R. Toller’s Machine Destroyers (Géprombolók); Market in Babylon (Babilóni vásár), and his own work: Daughter of Ayrus (Ayrus lánya). His works include For a New Art! (Új művészetet!), with Sándor Hevesy (1922); Essence Oriented Theater (Lényegre Törő Színház) (1961, 1980), and Opal Hymns (Opál himnuszok), selected poems (1977) – 1445, 1257, T: 7103.→Hevesi, Sándor. Palcsó, Sándor (Alexander) (Pécs, 8 November 1929 - ) – Opera singer (tenor). At first he studied Law at the University of Pécs (1948-1949), from where he was removed in 1949 because of his “class alien” origin. Later, he underwent training in singing at the Music School of the Honvéd Artist Ensemble (Honvéd Művészegyüttes), as a student of István (Stephen) Kis and Mária Érsek. From 1952 to 1957 he was the soloist of the male choir of the Honvéd Artist Ensemble and, from 1957 to 1979, soloist of the Opera House in Budapest. Throughout his career, he participated in the world première of new Hungarian operas, e.g. by András (Andrew) Mihály, Sándor (Alexander) Szokolay, Emil Petrovics and György (George) Ránki. As a character tenor, he is one of the most versatile ones, performing 74 operatic tenor roles, with good acting abilities. He appeared in many European cities as a guest artist and also sang in radio and TV shows. His roles include Pedrillo in Mozart’s Il Seraglio (Szöktetés a szerájból); Mime and Loge in Wagner’s Das Rhinegold; David in Wagner’s Die Mastersinger von Nürnberg (A nürnbergi mesterdalnokok); Pelléas in Debussy’s Pelléas et Mélisande; Hamlet in Thomas’ Hamlet, and Herod in R. Strauss’ Salome. He appeared in TV films: Barrabás, and The Bell (A csngő). He was awarded the Franz Liszt Prize (1963, 1971), the Merited Artist title (1974), and the Outstanding Artist title (1980). – B: 1445, 1679, T: 7456. →Szokolay, Sándor; Petrovich, Emil; Ránki, Gyögy. Paleolithic Period in the Carpathian Basin (Old Stone Age), geologically the Pleistocene epoch, which lasted from 1.8 million to 7000-8000 years ago (the beginnings may even be 3.5 million years). The European ice-sheet of the Pleistocene extended southward as far as the northern foothills of the Carpathian Mountains, with one glaciated range, (the Tatra Mtn.) inside the Northern Carpathians. The Paleolithic was followed by the Neolithic (New Stone Age), which was already part of the Holocene or Geological Ages. In the Carpathian Basin, the earliest human settlement (with Homo erectus) was at Vértesszőlős (west of Budapest) from the early Paleolithic Period, dated 350,000 years ago. The Middle Paleolithic is represented by the Mousterian remains of the Neanderthal hominid: adult mandible, post-crania, with mammal bones (dated 120,000 bp and extinct by 30,000 bp), in the Subalyuk Cave of the Bükk Mountain, as well as some settlements in Transdanubia, such as those of Érd and Tata. The human remains of the Late Paleolithic in the Carpathian Basin are already referred to as Homo sapiens. They are represented by three different cultures. (1) The Szeleta Culture, first discovered at Herpály, is represented by the finds in the Szeleta Cave, near Lillafüred, west of Miskolc, in the Bükk Mountain. These finds were excavated from two layers; the upper, younger one contained spear points, shaped as laurel leaves, made of ash-gray quartz porphyry. (2) The Aurignacian Culture from the finds of the Istállóskő Cave on the western slopes of the Bükk Mountain contained well-roughened blades (3) Gravettian Culture occured along the riverbanks, in the valleys of the Danube and Ipoly Rivers. The spear points of the Gravettian material occur in northeast Hungary (Arka, Bodrogkeresztúr, famous also for its early Copper Age graves, dated 5000 bp), in the southern part of Transdanubia (Dunaföldvár on the Danube and Ságvár, south of Siófok, near Lake Balaton, rich in loess), and in the southern Great Hungarian Plain at Madaras and Szeged. In the Jankovich Cave near Bajót, on the side of Öregkő peak of the Gerecse Range, west of Esztergom, south of the Danube, spear points were found, similar to those from the Szeleta Cave, dated early Solutrean of the Upper Paleolithic with an upper layer from the stone industry of Magdalenian age. – B: 1068, 1078, 1231,1020, 1281, T: 7456.→Ice Age in the Carpathian Basin; Ice Age termination and Early Man in the Carpathian Basin; Vértesszőlős; Neolithic in the Carpathian Basin; Bronze Age in the Carpathian Basin; Copper Age in the Carpathian Basin. Pálfalvi, Nándor (Ferdinand) (Balassagyarmat, 15 April 1931 - ) – Writer and journalist. He studied at a commercial school in Budapest (1947-1949), and in an artillery cadet school (1949-1950). In 1950, as a lieutenant, he became a contributor to the People’s Army Newspaper (Néphadsereg Újsága). In 1953 and 1954 he was a columnist at the juvenile paper Buddy (Pajtás). Concurrently, he was a corresponding student at the literary department of the University of Budapest. From 1954, he worked for the newspaper Free Soil (Szabad Föld), from 1957 as a reporter for the Hungarian Radio; from 1959, he was a dramaturge for the TV and was an editor-reporter from 1965 to 1977. In 1973, he obtained a Diploma in Philosophy from the Marxist-Leninist University’s evening section. From 1978 he was a contributor, then a columnist and member of the editorial board for the Illustrated Newspaper (Képes Újság). In 1985 he became Editor-in-Chief of the Hungarian Television. His main themes were changes in village society, and the situation of intellectuals. His numerous works include Necklaces from Paris (Nyakékek Párizsból) novel (1961); Miracle in Lombos (Csoda Lomboson) novel (1967); The Wooden Cow (A fatehén) novel (1973); Double Shadow (Kettős árnyék) novel (1987); Magical Hargita: The Youth of Endre Szász (Varázslatos Hargita, Szász Endre ifjúsága) (1990), and Do Not Paint Evil (Ne fesd az ördögöt) short stories (2006). He is a recipient of the Silver Class of the Workers Award (1980), and the Nimród Medal (1983). – B: 1257, 0878, T: 7103. Pálffy, Albert (Erdődy Pálffy, Pálfy) (Gyula, 20 April 1820 - Budapest, 22 December 1897) – Writer. He was born into an impoverished noble family. He studied in Debrecen, Nagybánya and Arad (now Baia Mare and Arad in Romania). In 1837 he was Chaplain in Szatmárnémeti (now Satu Mare, Romania), but he left the priesthood before his ordination. He read Law in Nagyvárad (now Oradea, Romania), and in Pest, where he passed the Bar Examinations in 1843. From 1844 he had friendly ties with the renowned poet Sándor (Alexander) Petőfi. From 1847 he was a columnist at the journal, Pest News (Pesti Hírlap), and, in 1848, he launched the radical newspaper, March Fifteenth (Március Tizenötödike). He wrote articles for it anonymously or under the pen name, Gedeon Nagy. These writings signified the appearance of the first modern Hungarian publicizing. After the collapse of the War of Independence (1848-1849), he went into hiding; but in 1853 was arrested and was sent to the concentration camp of Budweis, where he spent two years. After his release he got married and returned to Hungary and lived in Esztergom and Pest. From 1860 he was a contributor for various papers. In 1860 he became a member of the Kisfaludy Society and, in 1884, corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Among his works are the Hungarian Millionaire, vols. i ,ii (Magyar millionaire, I,II) novel (1848); The Black Book (Fekete könyv) novel (1847); Attila, the Scourge of God (Attila Isten ostora) novel (1859), and Professor of Lady Esthy, vols. i,ii,iii (Esztike kisasszony professzora, I-III) novel (1884). At first, he followed the French Romanticism; later, he tried to please his female readers with sentimental stories. – B: 1257, 1091, T: 7103.→Petőfi, Sándor. Pálffy, Count János (John) (Vöröskő, now Červený Kameň, Slovakia, 20 August 1663 - Pozsony, now Bratislava, Slovakia, 24 March 1751) – Palatine of Hungary. He studied in Vienna and Prague; then became a soldier. He started his military career as a volunteer in the Isemburg German Infantry Regiment; then, in 1696, he joined the newly established Pálffy Hussar Regiment as a flag-bearer. He began his military service in the battles against the Turks. He participated in the liberation of Vienna (1683), then in the battles at Párkány and Esztergom. He took part in the siege of Visegrád and Vác in 1684, and in the retaking of Buda from the Turks in 1686, where he played a significant role in defeating the Turkish relief forces. In 1700 he was made Imperial Lieutenant General. In 1701 he fought in battles in Italy and, early in 1702, he fought against Prince Ferenc Rákóczi II. In 1704 Pálffy was Viceroy of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, and was also the Cavalry Field Marshal. He participated in the Battles of Pudneric (1705), Nagymagyar (1706) and Trencsén (now Trenčin, Slovakia) (1708). In 1709 he was a General and Lord Lieutenant of the County Sáros. In 1710, he was Commander of the Armies of Northern Hungary; then, he became Supreme Commander of the Imperial Armed Forces. As a delegate with full powers, he represented the Austrian Emperor and signed the Peace Treaty of Szatmár with Count Sándor Károlyi, on 1 May 1711. In 1716 and 1717 he was Commander of the Cavalry in the Turkish War. He participated in the Battle of Pétervárad and in the siege of Temesvár (now Timişoara, Romania) and Belgrade. In 1722 he played a significant role in the acceptance by Parliament of the Pragmatica Sanctio (Pragmatic Sanction, the female-line succession of the House of Habsburg). From 1724 he was a member of the Governing Council; from 1731, a member of the Septemvirate and State Judge. From 1732, he was Viceroy for Life and Chief of Police of Pozsony. In 1741 he was Councilor and Supreme Military Governor and Palatine of Hungary, presented to the nation by the King. His statue was erected on the Plaza at Andrássy Avenue, Budapest, on 10 November 1906. He is the central figure in the painting Recapture of the Castle of Buda by Gyula (Julius) Benczúr. – B: 1078, 1031, T: 7644.→Freedom Fight of Rákóczi II, Prince Ferenc; József I, Emperor and King; Reconquest of Buda in 1686; Benczúr, Gyula. Pálffy, Count Miklós (Nicholas), (erdődi) (? , 10 September 1552 - Vöröskő 23 April 1600) – Lord Chief Justice and military commander. He was a descendant of a family of lesser nobility with a large estate. From 1564, he grew up in the Imperial Court. He was in the retinue of King Rudolph in Spain. In 1574 he was a gentleman carver; from 1580 Lord Lieutenant of the Capital, Pozsony (now Bratislava, Slovakia) and Captain-General of its Castle Fortress. From 1581 he was Lord Chamberlain; in 1584 Lord Lieutenant of the town Komárom, and in 1588 Lord Lieutenant of Érsekújvár (now Nové Zámky, Slovakia). In 1592 he was given the landed property of Vöröskő (now Červený Kameň, Slovakia). In 1595 he became Lord Lieutenant of the town of Esztergom. Pálffy is known as the most illustrious Hungarian military commander of the fifteen-year Turkish war. He took part in the battle of Pákozd and the siege of Fejérvár (now called Székesfehérvár) in 1593; he reoccupied Fülek (now Filakovo, Slovakia) also in 1593, which had been under Turkish rule since 1554; and later, also Szécsény. In 1595 he took Párkány (now Sturovo, Slovakia), and Visegrád, and participated in the siege of Esztergom. In 1596 he recaptured Vác, and took part in the Battle of Mezőkeresztes. A celebrated military feat of his was the recapture of the castle fort of Győr on 27 March 1598. In the same year, he retook Tata, Veszprém, Palota (in former County Zemplén), and Nagyvázsony (southwest of Veszprém); his castle belonged to Pál Kinizsi. In 1599 he took part in the unsuccessful siege of Pest, Buda and Székesfehérvár. His merits were put on the Statute Book, Act 48 of 1599, but he could not win the Hungarian supreme command. In 1581 he was given the rank of Hungarian Baron and, in 1599, the German Imperial rank of Count, and he was given the Castle of Pozsony, with the title of Lord Lieutenant for life. His wife was Baroness Mária Fugger. – B: 0883, T: 7456. Pálinkás, József (Joseph) (Galvács, 18 September 1952 - ) – Physicist, politician. From 1972 he studied in the Science Department, majoring in Physics at the University of Szeged, obtaining his B.Sc. Degree in 1977. Thereafter, he became a research fellow of the Nuclear Research Institute of the Academy of Sciences at Debrecen, where he was Deputy Director in 1990 and 1991, and Director until 1996. Since then, he has been a research professor. In the 1980s, he was a visiting scholar in Texas and Stockholm. In 1994 he became Professor of the Chair of Experimental Physics at the University of Debrecen, later to become Head of the Department. During 1997 and 1998, he was on scholarship as a Széchenyi professor. He was Minister of Education between 2001 and 2002. His research field is Physics, especially nuclear and molecular physics. He is the author of more than 90 scientific publications. He is a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (corresponding 1995, ordinary 2004), and he has been its President since 2008. He was winner of the Academy Prize in 1986, and was presented with the Officer’s Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary in 1997. B: 0874, 1031, T: 7456.→Vizi, Elek Szilveszter. Páll, Lajos (Louis) (Korond, now Corund, Romania, 3 April 1938 – ) – Painter and poet. He came from a Szekler potter family. He completed his studies at the High School of Fine Arts of Marosvásárhely (now Târgu Mureş, Romania), 1955 and the Andreescu Academy of Fine Arts of Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania) (1956-1958). After the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, he was sentenced to prison on account of political activity (1958-1962). He was banned from publishing until 1970. His studio is at Korond. He is Editor of the journal, Homeland Spectator (Hazanéző), Korond. His illustrated poems are Light Worshippers (Fényimádók) (1970); Stony Fields (Köves földek) (1980); Dry Lightning (Szárazvillám) (1993); Landing (Partraszállás) (1994), and On Andromache’s Barge (Andromaké uszályán). He is a member of professional societies, among them the Fine Arts Foundation, Budapest; the Romanian Writers Union, and the Hungarian Writers Union. He has received a number of awards, including the Memorial Medal of 1956, (1995); the György Aranka Literary Prize (1995), and the Pro Cultura Hungarica (1998). – B: 0875, 0878, 0877, T: 7103. Pallasite – A type of stony-iron meteorite, named after Peter Pallas (1741-1811) of Berlin, a naturalist of Hungarian descent, who located a specimen in the Krasnojarsk area of Siberia in 1772, which had a mass of 680 kg (main mass is 515 kg) and is kept in the Academy of Sciences, Moscow. The meteorite contains numerous vugs (small cavities) of different sizes, creating sponge-like impressions. It consists of cm-sized olivine crystals in an iron-nickel matrix. The Pallasite means a group of meteorites whose compositions and structures are similar to those of the original find. Since Pallas’ discovery a good number of pallasites have been found around the world. – B: 0924, 1031, T: 7674. Pallay, Anna (Szeged, 24 May 1890 - Budapest, 4 April 1970) – Dancer, ballet mistress. From 1902 to 1905 she was a student of Miklós Guerra. She first appeared as a soloist in the Opera House of Budapest on 16 December 1907, where she continued as a member until 1919. Then, until the mid-1920s, she went on tour in Europe and the USA with great success. The choreography of the dances she performed was in great part prepared by her. In 1918 she started her own Dance School in Budapest, where she resumed teaching after her return to Hungary in 1926, having stopped all stage appearances. Apart from teaching in her own school, she also taught stage movement, rhythm and plasticity at the Academy of Music from 1930 to 1939. She was one of the most musical, most versatile dancers in technique and performance. Her main roles included The Baby Fairy by Hassreiter; Fairytale World; Sylvia; Coppelia, Winter Dream by M. Guerra, and The Wooden Prince by O. Zöbisch. – B: 1445, 0883, T: 7456. Palló, Imre (Emeric) (Mátisfalva, now Matişeni, Romania, 23 October 1891 - Budapest, 25 January 1978) – Opera singer (baritone). He was born into a Transylvanian Szekler (Hungarian) peasant family; he began his high school studies at Székelyudvarhely (now Odorheiu Secuiesc, Romania) and completed it in Kolozsvár (now Cluj- Napoca, Romania), in 1910. He studied at the Academy of Music of Budapest under the direction of József (Joseph) Sík and Géza László. He first appeared in the Opera House, Budapest, in the role of Alfio in Mascagni’s Cavalleria Rusticana, and, as a guest-artist, was on study trip in Austria, Germany, Belgium and, on the invitation of Mascagni, also in Italy. He appeared as a guest artist in North America and Egypt. From 1917 Palló was the solo singer in the Opera House, Budapest; from 1934, its Life Member, and Director in 1957 and 1958. His superb appearance, his evenly distributed baritone voice with powerful carrying capacity made him an outstanding figure of opera singing in Hungary, especially in lyric roles. In 1935 he was a guest singer at the Rome Opera House. His vast repertoire extends through the baritone roles of the operas of Verdi and Wagner (La Traviata, Rigoletto, Falstaff, Lohengrin, Tannhäuser, Tristan und Isolde), and also to the operas of Rossini, Puccini, Mascagni, Leoncavallo, Richard Strauss, including the leading roles of stage works by Hungarian opera composers Ferenc Erkel and Zoltán Kodály. He was well known as the Bán in Erkel’s Bánk bán. He is regarded as the most famous Kodály interpreter, and is also well known as a singer in oratorio and as a concert singer. Bartók asked him to perform the prose prologue to Bluebeard’s Castle. In 1934 Palló sang in the world premier of Bartók’s Cantata Profana in London, first performed in Budapest in 1936. Kodály called him “the master singer of Hungarian folk songs”; he was the first to appear as Háry János in Kodály’s Singspiel of the same name (1926), and sang the title role in Kodály’s Székelyfonó (1932). He often sang in operetta as well, and made numerous recordings. He retired in 1967. His most famous roles were: The Barber in Rossini’s The Barber of Seville (A sevillai borbély), Marquis Posa in Verdi’s Don Carlos, Count Luna in Verdi’s Il Trovatore (A Trubadur), the title role in Verdi’s Rigoletto, Wolfram von Eschenbach in Wagner’s Tannhäuser, Tonio in Leoncavallo’s Pagliacci, and Figaro in Mozart’s Marriage of Figaro (Figaró házassága). He was awarded the Corvin Wreath (1938), the Kossuth Prize (1949), and the Outstanding Artist title (1950). – B: 0883, 1120, 1445, T: 7671, 7688, 7456.→Erkel, Ferenc; Kodály, Zoltán; Bartók, Béla. Palló, Margit K. (Margaret) (Bojtorjános, now Scǎius, Romania, 24 January 1897 - Budapest, 3 September 1984) – Linguist, Turkologist. She studied comparative Ural-Altaic linguistics under Zoltán Gombocz at the University of Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca. Romania); this led to her studies of aspects of Turkology, and she obtained a Ph.D. in Arts in 1920. Thereafter, she worked as a teacher at the High School of Székesfehérvár for two years and, later (1922-1923), she continued her Turkological studies at the Humboldt University of Berlin, under the eminent professor of Turkology, Willi Bang-Kaup, author of Uralaltaische Forschungen (Ural-Altaic Research) (1890), and Studien zur vergleichenden Grammatik der Türksprachen (Studies on the Comparative Grammar of the Turkic Languages) (1916). She was specialized mainly in the early Turkic loan words of the Hungarian language. The circumstances of her family prevented her for a long time to carry on with her scientific research and she only began to publish regularly on Turkic linguistics in the middle of the 1950s, when she was in her late 50s. Her main work was entitled: Our Verbs of Old Turkic Origin (Régi török eredetű igéink) (1982, aged 85). – B: 0883, T: 7456.→Gombocz, Zoltán. Palóc dialect – A dialect of northern Hungary with the main center in the town Ipolyság, characterized by phonetic differences from the standard language, covering an unusually large dialect area north of Budapest. There are some typical deviations in the dialect. (1) They pronounce the vowel “ö” as “ë” as in the adverb föl. (2) They prefer the close “ë”, especially at the end of words instead of the standard “e”, e.g. bennë = benne (= in it), vinnë = vinne (= he would take it). (3) They pronounce the short “a” sound in the ancient illabial way as in the German past tense verb “hatte”. (4) They differentiate between the “ě “ and “ê” sounds; the latter is like the German ä in wäre, e.g. in the noun tehên. (5) They have very typical diphthongs, such as sziép = szép (beautiful), szaóma = szalma (hay); keőmed = kelmed (arachaic form of te). (6) They like to use the palatal sound as in lyány = lány (girl), télyi = téli (of winter). (7) The consonant “l” is silent at the end words and syllables, as in case of házbó = házból (= from the house). (8) In case of noun inflexions: forintvaó = forinttal (with forint) (9) The unusual use of suffixes –ni, -nól, -nott, e.g. in: papnyi megyek = paphoz megyek (I am going to the priest). (10) When using possessive suffixes in conjugation, they have: urónk = urunk (= our lord), lovok = lovuk (= their horse). (11) In conjugation they say: vagyónk = vagyunk (we are), segijën = segítsen (he should help), tisztijám = tisztítsam (I should clean it). B: 0942, 1068, T: 7456.→Palóc; Palóc Origin Legends; Ipolyság, dialect of. |