Paál, László
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Pándy, Pál (Paul) (Hungary, 7 August 1905 - Ivalo, Finland, 24 September 1986) – Military officer, naturalist. He was born of a Hungarian father and a Finnish mother. After completing military school, he served with the border guards. In 1934 he moved to Finland and purchased an estate in Lapland on the shore of Lake Inari. In World War II, as a Finnish officer, he participated in the Battles of Petsamo and Lutto; then, because of his foreign language skills, served as a liaison officer. After the war he traveled in Central and Southern Europe, in Lapp folk costume. During his travels, he gave many lectures about the natural beauty of Lapland, contributing to the enhancement of the tourist industry in this far-north region of Europe. For this reason, in his country, he was often spoken of as the “Lapp ambassador”. In Lapland he organized walking tours mainly for Swiss, German and Italian nature lovers, presenting the arctic land’s beauty and points of interest. In the meantime, on his Kultahanti (Golden Bay) estate, he practiced efficient land management, producing mainly vegetables and herbs. He managed to domesticate plants, which were previously not considered possible to cultivate in the region of the severe climate above the Polar Circle. – B: 1020, T: 7644. Panek, Zoltán (Terep, now Trip, Romania, 22 January 1928 - Kolozsvár, now Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 22 January 2001) – Writer, poet. He graduated in 1948 from the High School of Szatmárnémeti (now Satu Mare, Romania), studied at the Literary Academy of Bucharest, and obtained his Degree in 1952. Initially, he edited the paper, Our Way (Utunk) in Kolzsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania). From 1948 he was a manual laborer. From 1958 he edited a number of newspapers, including the Working Woman (A Dolgozó Nő); Forward (Előre) and True Word (Igaz Szó). In 1986 he retired; in the following year he moved to Hungary. In his writings, he describes the situation, the inner conflicts and the hopelessness of Transylvanian Hungarian intellectuals. He made new technical experiments in prose writing, by moving the limits of the novel toward essay and diary. His works include Separate Notices Will Not Be Sent Out (Minden külön értesités helyett), novel (1957); Low-flying (Mélyrepülés) poems (1971); Miracles of Minor Importance (Mellékes csodák) stories (1974), and Witch Circle (Boszorkánygyűrű) stories (1982). Re received the Prize of the Writers’ Society in Kolozsvár (1971), the Prize of the Romanian Writers Union (1974), and the Champaign Prize (1977). – B: 1257, 0878, T: 7103. Pan-European Picnic – The label given to a meeting that became one of the milestones of change in the Eastern European political system during 1989 and 1990. It took place near Sopron, on 19 August 1989. It was here that the “iron curtain”, erected four decades earlier, was torn down. This event, jointly patronized by Otto Habsburg and Imre Pozsgay, was widely regarded something like a miracle at the time, as hundreds of East German tourists were able to cross the Austrian-Hungarian border for the first time without difficulty. The border was officially opened by the Hungarian Government on 10 September, and so the human creek that started to flow 3 weeks earlier, suddenly swelled into a human flood. Tens of thousands of East Germans poured into Austria and into the complete freedom of West Germany, which soon incorporated the economically collapsed Communist East Germany. Thereafter, the political events quickly developed toward the complete disintegration of the eastern block of Europe, as well as the whole Communist world order. On 1 October 1989, the Hungarian Socialist Workers Party (MSZMP) dissolved itself and the reformist members of the party founded the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP). On 9 November the Berlin Wall fell; and on 24 December, following the Revolution at Temesvár (now Timisoara, Romania) and at Bucharest, the universally hated Ceausescu couple was executed. In March and April of 1990, elections took place in Hungary and, on 23 May, the first post-Communist government was installed under the leadership of the victorious Hungarian Democratic Forum and the new Prime Minister, József Antall (1992-1993). After the events of August 1989, within a few months all the Eastern European Communist governments were overthrown and, by the end of 1991, the whole of the Soviet Union disintegrated. – B: 1926, T: 7456.→Iron Curtain; Habsburg, Otto von; Pozsgay, Imre; Antall, József; Temesvár; Berlin Wall. Pannon Sea – The ancient Pannon Sea of the Tertiary Period (65.5 to 1.8 million years ago) the Tethys Sea of geologists, which covered not only the Carpathian Basin, but extended over the Mediterranean Sea, the Caspian Sea and the Aral Sea, forming one large, continuous Eurasian Sea. It was at its full development in the late tertiary (Neocene), mainly in the Miocene Period, i.e. 20 to 10 million years ago. Later, by the end of the Miocene Period, about 5 million years ago, the connection between these seas disappeared, broken up into separate basins. The Black Sea area became limnic, swampy, freshwater, while the Caspian Sea remained saltwater and much larger in area extending northward. Another of these basins became the Carpathian Basin; the in-flowing rivers slowly turned it into a freshwater lake during Pliocene times (5 to 2 million years ago), surrounded by the Carpathian Mountains that were in the process of formation at the time, as a result of the world-wide Alpine Orogeny (Mountain Building). By the time of the Pleistocene Age (beginning 2 million years ago), adjacent to the glaciation caused by the Ice Age west and north of the Carpathian Basin, the inland lake area was gradually filled up, forming the dust-wastes of the loess deposits of the Great and Little Hungarian Plains. Rising out of this geographic situation were the volcanic mountains (like the Volcanic Ore Mountain Complex in the north of the Basin, including the Selmec Ore Mtn.) and the old relic hills and low-lying mountains in the Basin interior, as the Transdanubian ranges (Bakony, Mecsek, etc.) in the west, and the Bihar Mountain Complex in the eastern, Transylvanian part of the Basin. – B: 1020, 1068, T: 7644, 7456. P  annonhalma, Archabbey of the Benedictine Order – In 996 A.D., Reigning Prince Géza settled Benedictine monks on the Saint Martin’s Hill of Pannonia. The founders of the monastery were convinced that the great Bishop of Tours, Saint Martin was born near "Mons Sacer" or "Sacred Mountain”. The first monastery was a modest one, as excavations show. During the rule of King St. István I (St. Stephen, 997-1038), the Monastery became an Abbey. Its task was to spread Christianity and European culture. The first church was consecrated in 1001, and the present one in 1225. The kings of the Árpád Dynasty enriched the Abbey with grants. The monks were under the authority of the Holy See and not that of the local bishop. After a modest beginning, the library now contains some 250,000 volumes, including 230 incunabula. The oldest surviving document to use the Hungarian language, the Charter of the Tihany Benedictine Abbey, dating back to 1055, is still preserved in the library. The Abbey, surrounded by the Monastery, is one of the excellent examples of the late Roman, early Gothic architecture of the Middle Ages. The building complex expanded in the passing of time. It served as a fortification during the Turkish occupation (1526-1686), when the monks were forced to abandon the Abbey for various lengths of time. Apart from the library, the building complex contains a magnificent Basilica, a seminary, a boarding school, and even a traditional winery. The Basilica's pillars and early Gothic vault were built in the early 18th century, using the walls of the former church. In 1486 it was reconstructed under King Mátyás I (Matthias Corvinus, 1458-1490) in Gothic style. In the 17th and 18th centuries, rich Baroque adornments and extensions were added to the complex and much of its current façade dates from this time. It received its present form in 1832, with the library and the tower, which was built in classicist style. After World War II, the properties of the Order and the schools were confiscated by the Communist Government, from 1950 until the end of Communist rule in Hungary in 1990. The monastery was instrumental in the development of Christian culture and the values of universal human culture in Hungary. It has been a World Heritage Site since 1996. – B: 1782, 1031, T: 7103.→Tihany Beneditine Abbey.
Pannonia – Its territory is bounded in the north and east by the Danube; it is conterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia. Pannonia was located in the territory of the present-day countries of Eastern Austria, Croatia, Western Hungary, Upper-Serbia, Eastern Slovenia, Southern Slovakia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Today, the term, Pannonia, is used for what is called Transdanubia (Dunántúl) in Hungary, and for the northern parts of Croatia and a small part of Slovenia and Austria, which are located in the Pannonian Plain. The Pannonians first settled between the Dráva and Száva Rivers and in Transdanubia; later, they occupied Lower-Austria, the Vienna-Basin, then Styria, Croatia and the Szerémség. Their later empire also included Slovenia. The expanding Roman Empire’s first significant attack against Pannonia occurred in 35 BC, when Augustus, at the time still a triumvirate member, defeated a Pannonian army at Siscia (Sziszek). After this, 44 years of serious warring took place, and then, with a huge army, Tiberius occupied their land in 9 AD and annexed it to the Roman Empire. Probably in 10 AD, Pannonia was organized as a province; in 103-106 AD., Emperor Trajan divided it into two parts: the eastern part was called Pannonia Inferior, and the western part Pannonia Superior. Aquincum (a place near Óbuda, Budapest) became the seat of Pannonia Inferior, and the site of the provincial assembly was moved to Gorsium (now Tác). During the reign of Diocletian, the large land area of Pannonia was organized into four provinces; this occurred when the provinces of Pannonia Prima and Valeria were established. To defend against the repeated attacks by the barbarians (Markomanns, Sarmatians, Yaziges) after the end of the 1st century, the limes (border of the Roman Empire), consisting of forts and watchtowers along the border were established. The campsites of the legions were established one after another along the Danube: Carnuntum (Német-Óvár), Vindobona (Vienna), Ad Flexum (Magyaróvár), Brigetio (Szőny), Cirpi (Dunabogdány), Aquincum (Óbuda), Intercisa (Dunaújváros), etc. During the later period of the Roman Empire, the increasing importance of Pannonia in the defense of the Empire was shown by the fact that soldiers born in Pannonia were elected as emperors (Maximian, Valentinian) several times. In 401 AD, the westward advancing Vandals devastated North-Pannonia, Noricum and Rhaetia. The Goths, led by Alarich, advanced through Pannonia and invaded Italy. In 408, battles between the Huns and the Romans took place in the Tárnok Valley and at Cesuamur (Tullin/Zeiselmauer). In the same year, the western Goths left Pannonia, and then the Quadi and the Gepids, who lived northeast of the Danube, came under Hun rule. In 409, the Romans turned over the province of Valeria to the Huns by signing a treaty; formally Ravenna maintaining its legal claim, but actually the Roman Empire, struggling with internal crises and increasingly strong barbarian attacks could not maintain its rule over Eastern Pannonia. After 430 AD, Pannonia Prima and Valeria came under the rule of the Hun Empire. Later on, during the reign of Justinian, Pannonia was part of the Eastern Roman Empire and, in 562, the Emperor, against the expanding Gepids, offered the territories occupied by the Longobards to the Avars. On 2 April 562, the Longobard people celebrated the Easter holidays and then left Pannonia to settle in Northern Italy. As a result, the Avars occupied Pannonia. After the fall of the Avar Empire in 828, Louis the German ended the division of Pannonia; the new name of the united province was Regio Pannonia. Its eastern part was known as the “Pannonian Plain”. Toward the end of the 9th century, the Magyars came into Pannonia. In 862, Bishop Hinkmar made a note that “so far unknown Ungar enemy appeared” in their midst. The end of the Magyar incursions into Western Europe marked their permanent settlement in the Carpathian Basin. – B: 1078, 1230, 1134, 1153, 1031, T: 7644, 7103.→Pannonians; Aquincum; Brigretium; Gorsium; Savaria; Sophianae; Strigonium. Pannoniai, Mihály (Michael) (Michele dai Unni, Michele Ongaro, Michele Pannonio) (? ca. 1390 - Ferrara, Italy, 1459-1464) – Painter. He was an Italian painter of Hungarian ancestry. He was active between 1415 and 1464, and was first mentioned in the 1450s, as a painter at the court of the Duke of Ferrara. A follower of the Ferrara school, he leaned more toward the Gothic style than toward the Renaissance. He painted the frescos of God, St. Peter and St. Paul. In the Cathedral of Ferrara, and in the Castle of Ferrara, the frescos of St. Dominic, St Thomas Aquinas, and St. Peter the Martyr are to be found. His other works are in various churches and galleries. The most famous is Ceres Enthroned. His only work in Hungary is Fecundity in the Fine Arts Museum of Budapest. – B: 1144, 0883, T: 7677. Panonnian Silver Treasure (or Seuso treasure) – 248 silver peices dating from the 4th century AD, were recovered in Szabadbattyán of the Balaton Highlands in 1878. It originated in the Roman period of Pannonia, bearing the name of the original owner, Sevso (Seuso?). It is presumed to have been in the possession of a noble Pannonian family and survived for centuries hidden in their cellar. Further detail was established with the help of the inscription on several pieces from the Latin name of Lake Balaton: Pelso. The finding was to be auctioned in New York in 1990. However, its origin is disputed: Hungary, Yugoslavia/Serbia and Lebanon announced their ownership rights. A part of the treasure is in the possession of the Hungarian National Museum. – B: 1020, T: 7653. Pannonians – Pannonians were the indigenous population of the Carpathian Basin. The British archeologist, Gordon Childe pointed out that, around 3000 BC, the people of the Carpathian Basin venerated a goddess that was also venerated in Mesopotamia. The names of Mesopotamian gods and goddesses survived in the names of Hungarian rivers and mountains in the Carpathian Basin. In the 5th century BC, the Greek historian, Herodotus, called the River Danube Ister, and the Romans also used this name. The data could suggest that the language of the Pannonians was an old form of today’s Hungarian. In the middle of the 1st century BC, the Celts and Scythians came to the area from the East. Eventually, due to inter-marriages with the large Pannonian population, they assimilated into the population and, in the time of the Romans, the local people were known only as Pannonians. In the year 8 AD, for the very first time, the Romans attacked one of the Pannonian tribes, who laid down their arms at the River Bathinus. Bato, one of the Pannonian chiefs, became king of his tribe; but the Dalmatians persuaded him to rise against the Romans. Tiberius put down the revolt in the following year and resettled all the participating Pannonian tribes. This is the probable time of their arrival in Northern Pannonia. In the preparation of the Dacian war, Emperor Trajan drafted the Pannonians into the Roman Legion. The Pannonians chose the Arian branch of Christianity with the election of Phothinos as Bishop of Sirmium (Szerém, now Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia) in 343. At the beginning of the Roman rule the Pannonians revolted several times. At the meeting about a tax increase at Sirmium in 359, one of the Pannonian chiefs, in the heat of the discussion, hurled one of his boots at Emperor Constantine II, while screaming “marha, marha” meaning “you ass, you meathead”! The Roman historian, Ammianus Marcellinus, also a military adviser to Ursicinus, was present at this meeting, and later wrote down in Latin the word marha and explained its proper meanings in his Rerum Gestarum. This word is used only in the Hungarian language as such and its original meaning “cattle” is also used as a pejorative description of humans. It is suspected that the Pannonians spoke a language similar to Hungarian. This theory seems to be reinforced by a 4th century runic inscription found on a roof shingle in Pilismarót. At the time of Emperor Claudius, the Pannonian auxiliary troops fought alongside the Roman legionaries. The great conglomeration of new arrivals (Huns, Avars and Hungarians) from the East assimilated the Pannonians following the Roman rule. At the time of the Magyar settlement of the Carpathian Basin, the majority of the Pannonian settlements were at the western part of Historic Hungary, although for centuries the whole Carpathian Basin was called Pannonia. – B: 1153, 1020, T: 3240.→Pannonia; Hungarian Runic Script. Pannonius Ambrosius (? - Vienna, 1536) – Humanist and theologian, publisher of liturgical books in Latin. In 1484, he entered into to the so-called Scottish Benedictine Monastery in Vienna, where he became prior in 1509. He published four printed liturgical books, in which the Devotio moderna and Humanist moral can be found together: Cursus Beatae Mariae Virginis (Vienna, 1513); Additiones and Cursus (Vienna, 1514); the Diurnale monasticum (Vienna, 1515), which was written at the request of Máté (Matthew) Tolnai, Archabbot of Pannonhalma, and Virgiliae et officium mortuorum (Vienna, 1518). In the last volume, with Gregorian scores, several distich poems have been found, and the work contains music notes. – B: 1150, 1257, T: 7666. Pantocsek, Leó (Kielce, Poland, 1812 - Zlatnó 11 September 1893) – Physician and pyrochemist. He obtained his doctorate from the University of Pest, but never practiced medicine. He was engaged in chemistry, especially in pyrochemistry. He was the first one in Hungary, whose interests turned to daguerreotype. Later, he was oriented toward the techniques of picture taking. After that, he was engaged with problems of glass manufacturing – as a chemist of the Ziatno Glassworks –, such as hyaloplasm. He made glass coins with this method, which won him a Gold Medal at the Paris International Exposition. One side of the glass coin was stamped, then silver-plated. The stamping was sharper than it was possible to attain earlier. In the 1850s, he invented the iridescent glass that is similar to the rainbow. It was produced by the artificial oxidation of glass surfaces. – B: 0883, 1226, T: 7675. Pantograph – An instrument to copy maps in increased or decreased proportions. A mechanism on which, at various points, a needle and a pencil are mounted. The needle follows the shape of the object, the contours of which are drawn by the pencil. The desired proportion was achieved by the lengths of the articulated shafts. The instrument was invented by Kristóf (Christopher) Scheiner, a Hungarian Jesuit in the 17th century. His original instrument was improved later. – B: 1078, T: 7390. Pap, Gábor (Gabiel) (Budapest, 7 May 1937 - ) – Art historian, researcher in Hungarology. His higher studies were at the University of Budapest, where he studied Hungarian Literature and Art History. In 1962 and 1963 he worked as an officer at the Fine Arts Foundation (Képzőművészeti Alap). From 1963 to 1972 he worked at the Hungarian Television (MTV) as a columnist, editor, reporter, scriptwriter, program director and a dramaturgist. Between 1973 and 1979 he was Deputy Editor-in-Chief for the periodical Art (Művészet). From 1979 and 1981 he was a news delivery man. From 1982 to 1987 he was chief librarian at Kiskunhalas, then a co-worker at the Culture Department of the City Hall. In the meantime, for two years, he managed the publishing work of the Széchenyi Cultural Center, Budapest. In 1987 and 1988 he was a deputy director of the Local Collection of Gödöllő. From 1989 he was a chief co-worker at the International Enamel Workshop of Kecskemét. In the summer seasons between 1973 and 1977, he was a teacher at the István (Stephen) Szőnyi Free School of Zebegény. Since 1974 he has been a lecturer at the University of Debrecen, at the Medical School of the University of Debrecen, at the Teacher Training College of Debrecen, and at Pécs, Szombathely, Zalaegerszeg, Kaposvár, Győr; from 1984 at the College of Polytechnic of Budapest, and at the Club Bercsényi. He also lectures at the Agrarian University of Gödöllő, at the Academy of Fine Arts, Budapest, and at the King Louis Private University of Miskolc. Since 1993 he is a member of the Csuvas Academy of Sciences. His works include Nagy István–Nagy Balogh–Tornyai (1965); Inheritance of the Good Shepherds. Hungarian Folk Art (Jó pásztorok hagyatéka. Magyar népművészet (1993); Finding the Way to Home (Hazatalálás) (1996); Star Falls, Earth Quakes…Attila Plays (Csillag esik, föld reng... Attila-színművek) (2002); Chapters from the History of the Holy Crown and of the Crown Research (Fejezetek a Szent Korona és a koronakutatás történetéből (2004), and Confessions of the Attila Treasure… (Az Atilla-kincs vallomása...) (2010). – B: 1031, T: 7103. Pap, Géza (Kolozsvár now Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 20 January 1954 - ) – Bishop of the Reformed Church in Transylvania (Erdély, now in Romania). His early schooling was in Primary School No.3, followed by secondary schooling at the Apácai Csere János Lyceum, Kolzsvár, where he matriculated in 1973. He did military service for 9 months. From 1974 to 1978 he conducted his theological studies in the Protestant Theological Institute, Kolozsvár. He became Assistant Minister in Bucharest from 1979 to 1981. From 1981 to 1988 he was Parish Minster in Magyarkiskapus in the Kalotaszeg area (now Căpuşu Mic, Romania, a Hungarian ethnic area south of Kolozsvár). From December 1988 he was elected Minister of the Reformed Parish in a municipal section of Kolozsvár. On 12 December 2000 the General Assembly of the Transylvanian Reformed Diocese (Erdélyi Egyházkerület) elected him Bishop. In 1995-1996 with a family scholarship, he did further theological studies in Kampen, Holland. His special field is Escatology. In 1999, his studies appeared in a book, published in Budapest by Kálvin Publishers, entitled: Beware! Teachings on the Final Times (Vigyázzatok! Tanitás az utolsó időkről). – B: 0929, T: 7456. Pap, Károly (1) (Charles) (Pollak) (Sopron, 24 September 1987 - Bergen-Belsen, after 31 January 1945) – Writer, novelist. He was born into a conservative rabbi family. He came into conflict with his family and broke away from them. After World War I, he participated in the Hungarian Red Army, and he was town-commander in Murakeresztúr as a lieutenant. After the fall of the Hungarian (Soviet) (Council) Republic, he was imprisoned for one and a half years. In 1923 he moved to Vienna. After his return to Hungary, he was a manual laborer, itinerant actor, and clerk. In 1925 he moved to Budapest. His writing career was assisted by Ernő (Ernest) Szép, Lajos (Louis) Mikes and Ernő (Ernest) Ováth. In 1926, he was a contributor to the Evening Newspapers (Esti-lapok) and the literary review West (Nyugat). In 1936 he was about to be awarded the Baumgarten Prize; but the presentation was prevented by the authorities. The themes of his writings were from the past and about the suffering of the Jews. In 1943 he was conscripted into a labor unit of the army. Later, he was deported to a German concentration camp where he perished. Earlier in his career, his works were characterized by the expectation of miracles and a messianic attitude; later, he scourged the hypocrisy of society and the cruelty of humans, and wrote about the social outcasts. Among his works are Mikháel, stories (1929); Azarel, novel (1937); Batséba (Bathsheba), drama (1940), and The Snow Statue (A hószobor), stories, selected with introduction by Dezső (Desider) Keresztúry (1954). – B: 0883, 1122, T: 7103.→Council (Soviet) Republic of Hungary; Szép, Ernő; Osváth, Ernő; Keresztúry, Dezső. Pap, Károly (2) (Charles) (Kolozsvár, now Cluj Napoca, Romania, 22 September 1910 - Debrecen, 20 August 1986) – Physician, surgeon, orthopedist and traumatologist. He obtained his Medical Degree from the University of Debrecen in 1928. From 1928 to 1934 he was a correspondent for the Institute of Anatomy there. Between 1934 and 1944, he was with the Surgical Clinic at the University of Debrecen. In 1937 he worked as a surgeon. He underwent examinations for orthopedic medical specialization and, in 1940, took an examination to become a traumatologist. In 1941 he became an honorary lecturer. In 1944 (because of wartime conditions) he organized a Red Cross Hospital in Debrecen for the casualties, which from 1945 on became part of its surgical clinic. He was a distinguished orthopedic doctor and traumatologist, who developed methods for nailing of the medullary cavity, the trochanter, etc. In 1960 his department was reorganized as a clinic and he became Professor and Dean of Department. In 1974 he established a rehabilitation center with thermal and quartz therapies. He was the author of several hundred published studies and books. His works include Orthopaedia (1961) and Pain in Orthopaedics and other Clinics (Editor, 1974). – B: 1730, 1160, T: 7456. Pap, László (Ladislas) (Szentes, 28 February 1908 - Budapest, 16 November 1983) – Minister of the Reformed Church, theologian. He studied Theology at Debrecen, Zürich and Utrecht, where he earned a Doctorate in 1933. He was Assistant Minister in Hajdúhadháza, then a teacher of religion in Budapest (1935-1938). He was Professor of Old Testament Studies at the Reformed Theological Academy, Budapest (1938-1957), its Director (1948-1957), and chief Director of the Ráday Collection, from 1955. He was one of the office bearers of the World Alliance of Reformed Churches, and member of the Central Committee of the World Council of Churches. He was one of the leaders of the Reformed Renewal Movement with Bishop László Ravasz, Endre Gyökössy and János Kardos in 1956. He participated in the new translation of the Bible. Due to political reasons, he was dismissed from his offices in 1957, and posted to the remote congregation of Murga, as Assistant Minister; he was sent into retirement in 1963. He was offered a Professorship at Utrecht University in 1957, which he accepted in 1958, but he did not get travel permission to leave Hungary. His articles and studies appeared in Hungarian, German and Dutch. His works include Das israelitische Neujahrfest, (Kampen, 1933); Az izraelita újév (Pápa, 1939); Das evangelisch-theologische Schrifttum in Ungarn (Halle/Saal, 1940); Szentírásismeret I. Ószövetség (Scripure-studies, Old Testament I) textbook (1940); The History of the Reformed Theological Academy of Budapest 1859-1955 (A Budapesti Református Teológiai Akadémia Története 1855-1955), partly written and edited (1955), and 10 Years and What Followed. Data to the History of the Reformed Church in Hungary 1945-1963, (10 év és ami utána következett 1945-1963, Adalékok a Magyaroszági Református Egyház történetéhez), edited by. Gy. Bárczay (1992). He was one of the important theologians and church politicians of his age. – B: 0910, 1160, T: 7103.→Ravasz, László; Gyökössy, Endre; Bárczay, Gyula. Pápai, Erika (Budapest, 4 October 1959 - ) – Actress. In 1985 she completed the Academy of Dramatic Art as a student of István (Stephen) Iglódi, and was engaged by the Attila József Theater (József Attila Színház). From 1986 she was an actress at the Comedy Theater (Vígszínház). From 2000 she was a freelance actress. As a guest-actress, she appeared on the stage of numerous theaters, including the National Theater (Nemzeti Szinház), the Hungarian Theater (Magyar Színház), the Operetta Theater (Operettszínház) and the Madách Theater (Madách Színház). She plays the leading dramatic and musical roles equally true to life, though more recently, her repertoire mainly consists of operettas and musicals. She often gets leading roles in TV programs. Her roles include Stázi in Kálmán’s Csárdás Princess (Csárdáskirálynő; Aglaya in Dostoyevsky-Tovsztonogov’s The Idiot (A félkegyelmű); Kató in B. Zerkovitz’s Seductive Woman (Csókos asszony); Mária Lujza in Kodály’s Háry János Mária in Bernstein’s West Side Story; Sarolt in Szörényi-Bródy’s István, the King (István, a király), and Nancy in Woody Allan’s Play it Again, Sam (Játszd újra, Sam). There are more than 20 feature and TV films to her credit, including Three Nights of a Love (Egy szerelem három éjszakája) (1988); Oktogon (1989); Hölgyek és urak (Ladies and Gentlemen) (1991), and Capitaly (2002). Her recordings include The Attic (A padlás), musical (1993); With You, Lord! (Veled, Uram!), rock opera (2000), and Moonwind, jazz (2008). She also made film dubbing. She was awarded the Emerton Prize (1992), the Mari Jászai Prize (1993), the Irén Varsányi Memorial Ring, and the László Mensáros Prize (1997). – B: 1445, 1795, 1031, T: 7456, 7103.→Iglódi, István. Pápai, Erzsi (Elizabeth) (Budapest, 25 February 1934 - ) – Actress. Her career started as a child actress, playing in Artur Lakner’s Theater (1937-1945); then, until 1949, in the radio programs of the Workers Cultural Association. She completed the course at the Academy of Dramatic Art in 1953. Thereafter, until her retirement in 1989, she was an artist of the National Theater (Nemzeti Színház) in Budapest. At first, she played ingénue roles; later, carefully worked-out character roles. Her roles include Ledér, Ilma in Vörösmarty’s Csongor and Tünde; Melinda, Izidora in Katona’s Bánk bán; Queen Elizabeth in Schiller’s Maria Stuart; Lina in Zs. Móricz’s Relatives (Rokonok); Elmira in Molière’s Tartuffe; Zsófi in Sarkadi’s Lost Paradise (Elveszett paradicsom); Nurse in Brecht’s The Caucasian Chalk Circle (A kaukázusi krétakör), and Anya (Mother) in Madách’s The Tragedy of Man (Az ember tragédiája). She often acted in films, such as: Semmelweis (1940); The Gyurkovics Boys (A Gyurkovics fiúk) (1941); Storm (Vihar) (1951); The Last Supper (Az utolsó vacsora) (1962); Moscow Square (Moszkva tér) (2001), and the Ark of Noah (Nóé bárkája) (2007), as well as in TV films, such as An Every-day Story (Hétkönapi történet) (1966); The Lantern (A lámpás) (1973), and Destination, Caracas! (Az irány, Caracas!) (1982). She was awarded the Mari Jászai Prize (1970), the Merited Artist of Merit title (1988), the best Female Episode Prize (2001), and the VOXCar Prize (2002). She was made Life Member of the National Theater. – B: 1445, 1795, T: 7456, 7103. Pápai-Páriz, Ferenc (Francis) (Dés, now Dej, Romania, 10 May 1649 - Nagyenyed, now Aiud, Romania, 10 September 1716) – Physician, scientist. He completed his studies at Gyulafehérvár (now Alba Iulia, Romania), Marosvásárhely (now Targu Mures, Romania) and at the College of Nagyenyed, after which he went abroad and, from 1672, he attended various universities; he studied Medicine at the University of Leipzig, and obtained his Doctorate in Philosophy from Heidelberg. He did not accept the teaching position that was offered to him there but, upon finishing his studies in Medicine, went to Basel, where he took his Medical Degree in 1674. He did not accept any positions as Pápai Szabó, György (George) (Szabó György) (Pápa, 16 May 1956 - ) – Minister of the Reformed Church, journalist, editor. He studied Theology at the Reformed Theological Academy of Budapest (1976-1981), and from 1986 he studied at the Department of Librarianship and Bibliography at the University of Budapest. Between 1980 and 1991 he was an associate and later, librarian of the Scientific Collection of Pápa of the Transdanubian Reformed Diocese, and a community council member there in 1990-1991. From 1988 to 1991 he was Parish Minister in Pápa-Tapolcafő; from 1989 to 1991 he was Editor of the municipal paper, Pápa News (Pápai Hírlap). From 1991, he was an associate and spokesman of the Bishop’s Office of the Danubian Reformed Diocese, Budapest. From 1993 he was the founding editor of the papers Reformation (Reformáció) and Christian Education (Keresztyén Nevelés) until 2002. Since 2002, he has been Parish Minister in Velence. He also edited the book-series Reformation (Reformáció) from 1993 to the end of 2002, and edited the books of Bishop Dr. Loránt Hegedűs. From 1992 to 2003 he also took part as a referee in the editing of the Reformed programs of Hungarian Television (Magyar Televízió), e.g. in the programs Good News (Örömhír) and Guide-book (Útmutató), etc. Pápai Szabó György also edited other television films, e.g. the 2-hour long film on the life, past, present and future of Hungarians living in America; another film dealing with the history and effect of the 16th century Reformation in the Carpathian Basin, which was one of the competition films of the 39th Hungarian Film Review (Magyar Filmszemle), entitled: We Trusted in You.., (Tebenned bíztunk…). On the Hungarian Radio he was Editor of the Reformed News Magazine and the Theological and Church-History series. In a series of articles and in a radio series, he featured the church confessors, who were executed or vilified in the Communist era. From 1995 to 1997 he was a spokesman of the Presidential Council of the Reformed General Synod, Budapest. His areas of research are: church history, literature, Protestant cultural history and research on Hungarian ancient history and origins, including the so-called Scythian-Hun-Avar-Magyar continuity. He is the author of hundreds of articles in church and lay-papers, journals and book-chapters. Since 2005, he has been Editor of the colorful monthly magazine Home Letter (Honlevél) of the World Federation of Hungarians (Magyarok Világszövetsége). He edited seven volumes of lectures, delivered at the VII World Congress of Hungarians in 2008, and the history of the only Hungarian- founded Monastic Order the Paulines (Pálosok), and the Trilogy (Trilógia) in 2009. He has been Editor of the Hungarian Studies series (Magyarságtudományi Füzetek), launched in 2010, featuring controversial and not yet explained issues of Hungarian history, e.g. on the true Hungarian origins. – B: 2173, T: 7456.→Hegedűs, Loránt; World Federation of Hungarians. Pápay, József (Joseph) (Nagyigmánd, 1 July 1873 - Debrecen, 9 June 1931) – Linguist. He received his higher qualification from the University of Budapest. From 1897 to 1899 he took part in the third Asiatic expedition of Count Jenő Zichy, as his interpreter. He studied the northern Ostyak’s (Hanti people’s) language in Tobolsk Province during 1898 and 1899, and the language of the Chuvash people in the Cheboksar District of the Kazan Province in Russia. Returning to Hungary, he worked for the National Széchényi Library from 1901 to 1908, and finally became Deputy Librarian. From 1908 until 1914 he was a teacher at the Reformed College in Debrecen, and from 1914 Professor of Hungarian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics at the University of Debrecen. He published a part of the heroic poems of the Ostyak (Hanti) collection of Antal Reguly, and decoded the rest of the texts, which remained unpublished. His works include On the Memory of Antal Reguly (Reguly Antal emlékezete) (1905); My Linguistic Study Trip in the Land of the Northern Ostyaks (Nyelvészeti tanulmányutam az északi osztjákok földjén) (1905); Ostyak Folk Poetry Collection (Osztják Népköltési Gyüjtemény) (1905); The Problem of the Finno-Ugric Origin of our Language up to the Appearance of Sajnovics and Gyarmathy (Nyelvünk finnugor eredetének kérdése Sajnovics és Gyarmathy felléptéig) (1909); The Ostyak Heroic Poems of Reguly (A Reguly féle osztják hősi énekekről) (1913); The History of Hungarian Comparative Linguistics (A magyar nyelvhasonlitás története) (1922), and Related Peoples and Languages (A rokonnépek és nyelvek) (1922). He was a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1908, and and an external member of the Finno-Ugric Society of Helsingfors. – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7456.→Reguly, Antal. Pápay, Sámuel (Felsőörs, 8 March 1770 - Pápa, 31 May 1827) – Philologist, literary historian, lawyer. He was the descendant of a noble family of the Reformed faith, from the predominantly Roman Catholic Transdanubia (western part of Hungary). As a youth, he decided to convert to Catholicism and, with the help of the Bishop of Eger, Károly Esterházy, furthered his studies in Pest. From 1791 to 1793 he studied Law in Eger; from 1793 he was a trainee lawyer of the Royal Court of Appeals and, in 1796, he took his final Law examination.. Thereafter, he went to Pápa and, in the same year, was appointed Teacher of Hungarian Language and Literature in the Archiepiscopal Lyceum of Eger. As a result of illness, he resigned from his position, returned to Pápa, and started working as a lawyer. For the planned establishment of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, he offered three years of his income, amounting to about 1000 silver forints. His works include The Knowledge of Hungarian Literature (A magyarliteratura esmérete) (1808), which represents the first systematic history of literature in the Hungarian language. – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7456. Papp, Dániel (Ómoravica, now Stara Moravica, Serbia, 11 February 1865 - Budapest, 14 August 1900) – Writer, journalist. He read Law at the University of Budapest. At the same time, he was a student for one year at the Greek Orthodox Seminary and, from 1891 he worked at a Notary Public office in Budapest. From 1893 he was a contributor to the paper Pest Diary (Pesti Napló), and later, the Budapest Napló (Budapest Diary) and, until 1898, to the National Newspaper (Országos Hírlap), From 1898 he worked as assistant Editor for the Parliament. His anticlerical letters appeared under the pen name “Daniel priest”. In his progressive novels and stories, he called Hungary the ”country of uncompleted liberal spirit”. In his writings, he provided a realistic picture of the life of people of Bácska and Bánát counties in Voivodina (now in Serbia; Bánát is partly in Romania, since the Trianon Peace Dictate in 1920). His works include The Pepople of Rátót (A rátótiak), novel (1898), Marcellusz, story (1989), Fairy Cottage in Hungary (Tündérlak Magyarországon) story (1899), and Music in the Night (Muzsika az éjszakában), selected writings, with an introduction by Miklós (Nicholas) Nagy (1957). – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7103. Papp, Károly (Charles) (szentkirályszabadjai Papp) (Tápióság, 4 November 1873 - Tápióság, 30 June 1963) – Geologist. His higher studies were at the Department of Natural History and Geography of the University of Budapest. At the invitation of the eminent geologist Lajos (Louis) Lóczy, from 1898, he was Assistant Professor in the Department of Geology of the Budapest Polytechnic. From 1989, he participated as a geologist in the Caucasian Expedition of Mór Déchy. From 1990 he worked at the Hungarian Royal Geological Institute (Magyar Királyi Földtani Intézet). Between 1900 and 1913 he made several trips abroad. He did pioneer work primarily in Transylvania, (Erdély, now in Romania). In 1907, with Lajos Lóczy, he discovered a huge earth-gas deposit at Kissármás (now Sărmăşel in Romania). In 1917 he became a professor in the Department of Geology of the University of Budapest. In 1945 he was sent into retirement, and in 1949, he was stripped from his membership of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. He was the first Secretary of the Hungarian Geological Society (1909-1918), and the Editor for the Geological Journal (Földtani Közlöny). On several occasions he represented Hungary at International Geological Congresses. Among his works are: Iron Ore and Coal Deposits of the Hungarian Empire (A Magyar birodalom vasérc- és kőszénkészlete) (1916, in German 1921), and Geological Map of Hungary (Magyarország geológiai térképe,) with Pál Teleki and Lajos Lóczy (in Földtani Szemle 1922, in German 1932). In Újpest (a suburb of Budapest) a street bears his name. – B: 1160, 1031, 1105, T: 7456, 7103.→Lóczy, Lajos; Déchy, Mór; Teleki, Count Pál. Papp, Lajos (Louis) (Aranyosagárd, 21 March 1948 - ) – Heart surgeon. At the age of 3, his family was removed from their village and until 1957, they lived at Csurgó, Alsóleperd and Mágócs. In 1966, he worked as an underground haulage man at the Mecsek Ore Mine. He graduated from the Lajos Nagy High School of Pécs, and studied Medicine at the Medical School of the same University, and obtained an MD in 1973. Between 1973 and 1975, he worked at the City Hospital of Pécs. From 1973 and 1975, he worked as an trainee at the Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy of the Medical Faculty of the University. Between 1977 and 1991, he was an adjuct, later Assistan Professor at the Clinic of Heart Surgery of the Semmelweiss Medical University of Budapest. Thereafter until 1994, he was Director of and Professor at the Heart Surgery Clinic of the Imre Haynal Health Science University of Pécs. Simultaneously, he was Chief- Physician at the Heart Surgery Department of the County Zala Hospital. From 1997, he was Director of the No. 2 Surgical Clinic – the Heart Center of the Medical University of Pécs and the Order of St. John (Irgalmasok, i.e. Merciful, in Latin: Ordo S. Joannis a Deo, OSJD; Ordo Hospitalarius, OH). From 1999 he was Director of the Heart Clinic of the Medical School of the University of Science of Pécs. In 2008 he retired. He has been a member of a number of professional societies. Together with Zsolt Zétényi, they founded the Carpathian-Home National Guard in 2007. His books include Your Kingdom Come (Jöjjön el a te országod); Verbum Cordis –The Word of the Heart (Verebum Cordis – a szív szava); To the Hungarians (A Magyarokhoz), and Wonders and Tragedies in my Life (Csodák és tragédiák életemben). He is recipient a number of distinctions, including the Széchenyi Prize (2001), the Hungarian Heritage Prize (2003), the Prima Primissima Prize (2006), and the Pro Cultura Prize (2008). He received the Freedom of the District V of Budapest, and that of the City of Kaposvár. – B: 1031, T: 7103.→Zétényi, Zsolt; Knights of Hospitaller, The. Papp, László (1) (Ladislas) (Budapest, 25 March 1926 - Budapest, 16 October 2003) – Boxer. Despite a medical problem with his hand, he turned professional in 1957, and rose fast in the middleweight category. He was an Olympic Gold Medalist three times: in the 1948 Summer Olympic Games in London, the 1952 Summer Olympic Games in Helsinki, and the 1956 Summer Olympic Games in Melbourne. Since professional boxing was not permitted during the Communist regime in Hungary, he had to travel to Vienna for training and for his fights: he beat European middle-weights Tiger Jones and Chris Christensen. Later, he defeated Randy Sandy of the USA. He had to fight for his title in Vienna, where he became the crowd’s favorite: out of 29 fights he won 27, with two draws. Among the professional boxers, he became European champion on 16 May 1962. In 1964, after Papp had already signed up for the World Championship title bout, the Communist Government of Hungary denied him an exit visa, thus bringing his professional boxing career to an end. He made a living by working as an assistant in the Archives of the Planning Bureau in the Ministry of Metallurgy and the Machine Industry. Papp had a lovable personality: unassuming, selfless, a true sportsman, known and addressed only by his Christian name and faithful to his fatherland. Papp was undefeated in the ring. His fighting record was 27 wins, 2 draws, and no losses. 15 of his wins were with knockouts. He was the greatest Hungarian boxer ever. He received a number of awards including the IOC Award (1982), the Belt of WBC (1989), the Silver Cross of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (1992), the International Fair Play Prize (1993), and the Middle Cross of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (1996). He was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 2001. The new Sports Arena in Budapest bears his name. – B: 1031, 1105, 1783, T: 7456. Papp, László (2) (Ladislas) (Debrecen, 28 April 1929 - ) – Architect. He studied at the Budapest Polytechnic, from where he graduated in 1955. After the fall of the 1956 Revolution and Freedom Fight, he left Hungary and settled in the USA, where he continued his studies at the Pratt Institute, New York, in 1960. In 1957 he was a designer in Pittsburgh; later, in New York (1958-1963). He was co-owner of a design office in White Plains, N.Y. (1963-1966); its sole owner from 1967 to 1986. He was office-manager from 1987, and chairman of the City-Planning Committee of Stamford, Connecticut from 2001. His activity is wide-ranging, from designing new buildings to restoration of old ones. László Papp was planning-architect of the Hungarian Heritage Center in New Brunswick, New Jersey. He was involved in community affairs as well. He was President of the Alliance of Hungarian Societies (1960-1966); Head of the American Hungarian Engineers’ Society (1977-1995); President of the Architects’ Society in New York State in 1981; Chairman of the Association of American Architects (1981-1983); Board Member of the World Federation of Hungarians (1992-1996), and President of its Western Region (1996-2000). Papp was President of the American National Council (1993-1997). He was invited to be a member of the Hungarian Standing Conference (Magyar Állandó Értekezlet – MÁÉRT). He did much for bridge building between the parts of the fragmented Hungarian nation. He is the recipient of many prizes, including the George Washington Prize in 1998. – B: 1037, T: 7103. Papp, Simon Kapnikbánya, now Cavnic, Romania, 14 December 1886 - Budapest, 27 July 1970) – Geologist, petroleum geologist and explorer of crude oil. He completed his university training in Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania), where he became an assistant professor at the Faculty of Minerals and Geology in 1909; then the same at the the Selmecbánya (now Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia) Mining and Forestry Academy from 1911. He took part in the very successful exploration of natural gas in Transylvania (Erdély, now in Romania) between 1911 and 1913, and played an important role in the discovery of crude oil and natural gas at Egbell (Nyitra County, now in Slovakia), in 1914, as well as at Bujavica (Croatia) in 1918. He investigated, together with Ferenc Pápai-Vajna the anticlinal beds of Budafapuszta, which was considered to be far-reaching. He was active as Ministerial Counselor of Mining and Chief Geologist at the Ministry of Finance. Between 1915 and 1920, he did exploratory work, besides crude oil and natural gas, searching for other natural resources. He went abroad in 1920 and, as an employee of the British-Persian Oil Company Ltd., conducted exploratory work in several countries; then, enriched by his experiences, he returned home to search for crude oil and natural gas. Papp’s finding at Budafapuszta was the first known presence of crude and natural gas on an industrial scale. With this, Hungary entered the circle of oil producing countries. He created and founded the crude oil industry. Then the Hungarian-American Oilproducing Ltd. (MAORT) was founded, and he became its chief executive officer until 1947. He made another important exploration near Lovászi in 1940. He conducted searches for natural gas in northern Transylvania between 1941 and 1944, when this part of Transylvania was returned to Hungary as a result of the Second Vienna Award. He became professor in the Faculty of Oil Exploration and Production at the University of Sopron (1944-1948). He became an ordinary member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1946. At the time of nationalization of the oil industry (1950), Papp was sentenced to death as being the main defendant of the MAORT-case, based on fabricated evidence. Because of his expertise in oil exploration, he was indispensable, so his sentence was commuted to a life term. He directed the operation of the Hungarian Oil Industry out of prison until 3 June 1955, when he was released, and he kept working for the Crude Oil Trust until his retirement in 1962. He was a pioneer not only in the oil industry, but also in the area of university education; he was the first instructor on Petroleum Geology. His book is entitled: My Life (Életem) (1996). – B: 1230, 1020, 7456; T: 7456, 7675.→Vienna Award II; MAORT Affair. Papp-Váry, Mrs. Elemér (née Szeréna Sziklay) (Rozsnyó, now Rožńava, Slovakia, 18 April 1881 - Budapest, 15 November 1923) – Poetess and wife of General Elemér Papp-Váry. Several volumes of her poetry were published during the First World War (1914-1918). She was active in the Hungarian Irredentist Movement. Her name became known nationwide when she won the competition run by the League of Defense Alliance with her poem, entitled: Creed (Hitvallás), the first three lines of which became the National Creed (Nemzeti Hiszekegy): I believe in One God; I believe in One Patria; I believe in One Eternal Truth; I believe in the Resurrection of Hungary! Amen (Hiszek egy Istenben, hiszek egy Hazában; Hiszek egy istenti örök igazságban!; Hiszek Magyarország feltámadásában! Ámen). The National Creed is recited at almost all patriotic assemblies in Hungary and abroad. – B: 1078, 0883, T: 7675.→Revisionist Movement in Hungary. Paraguay Hungarians in – Hungarian immigrants arrived in Paraguay sporadically and in small groups at first. The first officially registered Hungarian name belonged to the Hertelendy family, who arrived following the collapse of the 1848-1849 War of Independence. Before coming to Paraguay, they founded a settlement in Argentina and named it Clorinda after the wife. In time it developed into a city. They also bought large estates in Argentina and Paraguay. In 1866, the young Imre (Emeric) Domaniczky left Argentina for health reasons and settled down in Paraguay. His family name survived. A few families arrived after World War I (1914-1918). They were mostly farmers and craftsmen who tried to forge closer ties in the 1930s among the members of the Hungarian colony. Around 1934, István (Stephen) Bacsó founded the Hungarian Cultural Society of Paraguay. Not having their own headquarters, they held their meetings at the homes of their members. With the newly arrived immigrants following World War II (1939-1945), 26 families made up the Hungarian colony. These Hungarians were highly educated. They had a lively social life, staged plays, and observed the Hungarian National Days. The oldest and best-known member of the colony was a painter, Adam Kunos, Professor at the University of Asuncion. He encouraged the establishment of a Hungarian School in Yukiti for the natives, as a gift of the colony. The Street in front of it is called Avenida Hungria. Kálmán (Coloman) Poka designed and oversaw the construction of several state and religious buildings. Béla Benkovics founded an international transport company, while István (Stephen) Daróczy was the founder of the first dairy farm. Zsolt Baráth’s name was among the best car racers of the country. The first freely elected President of the Republic was Carlos Vamosy, whose origin is Hungarian. The Hungarian colony’s highest number was about 40 families. In time, many went to other countries. By 1990, there were only 8-10 families having at least one Hungarian member. The children were assimilated by the local communities and they hardly speak Hungarian anymore. – B: 0906, 1020, T: 3240. Paraguay, National Anthem of – Debaly, Ferenc József (Francisco Jose Debali) (Kinnen, now Romania, 26 July 1791 - Montevideo, 13 January 1859) – Composer. He was the composer of the National Anthem of Uruguay and, possibly, Paraguay. He composed the music in 1845, to the lyric of the Uruguayan poet, Francisco Acuna de Figueroa (1790-1862). However, Fernando Quijano, his assistant, was credited for the music, since he had submitted the work to the Selecting Committee. Debaly was not credited due to his difficulty with the Spanish language. Debály, a musician, left Hungary for Italy in 1829. He established a family there and had several children, some of whom were born in Uruguay. After a short stay at Sao Paulo, Brazil, they arrived in Uruguay in 1838. Here, he was the Director of the orchestra at the Sala de Comedias in Montevideo from 1841 to 1848. – B: 1031, T: 7103. Parancs, János (John) (Pusztavacs, 30 August 1937 - Budapest, 24 October 1999) – Poet, literary translator. He graduated from a high school in Budapest in 1955, and spent a year in the Budapest Polytechnic. From 1956 he lived in Paris, and studied Mathematics and French Literature at the University of Paris (Sorbonne). He was one of the founders and Editor for the Hungarian Workshop (Magyar Műhely) (1962-1964). In 1964 he returned to Hungary and worked at the Ministry of Culture; from 1966, at the Petőfi Museum and, from 1975, at the Magvető Publishing House (Magvető Könyvkiadó). He worked as Chief Contributor for the Roman Catholic weekly New Man (Új Ember). For a short time he was under the influence of French avant-gardism in Paris. In his poems, he appears as a moralist, as well as a satirist, interested in great and everyday things of life. His works include Semi-Dream (Félálom) poems (1963); In Deep Water (Mélyvízben) poems (1970); The Passing of Time (Az idő vonulása) poems (1980); The Abyss of Everyday Life (A köznapi élet szakadéka), poems, translation of selected poems of Benjamin Péret (1988), and In the Depth of the Labyrinth. Poems 1989-1992 (A labirintus mélyén. Versek 1989-1992) (1994). He received a number of awards, among them the Attila József Prize (1990), Artisjus Literary Prize (shared, 1993), and the Small Cross of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (1997) – B: 1257, 0878, T: 7103. Paris Peace Treaty 1947 – The Peace Treaty after the Second World War (1939-1945) signed in the Luxembourg Palace in Paris on 10 February 1947, after the representatives from the main Allied powers – the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and France – drew up peace agreements, between 9 July and 19 October 1946, with Finland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, and Italy, and it was finalized by the Council of Foreign Ministers in New York between 4 November and 12 December 1946. In general: each country was required to pay reparations to the Allies, and most had to accept the loss of some territory to neighboring states. All of them had to promise to guarantee “the enjoyment of human rights and of the fundamental freedoms, including freedom of expression, of press and publication, of religious worship, of political opinion and of public meeting”. Furthermore, they pledged to fight against any resurgence of fascism within their countries; furthermore, they were deemed eligible for membership in the United Nations. As to Hungary, the Treaty nullified territorial and population gains of the Vienna Awards (1938, 1940) and restored the 1 January 1938 borders of Hungary and, in addition, it awarded three ethnically Hungarian villages: Dunacsány, Horvátújfalu and Oroszvár, on the right bank of the Danube, to the re-created Czechoslovakia. Romania was awarded Northern Transylvania, and part of the Banat region, and Yugoslavia the Backa (Bácska) region, and part of the Banat region; Carpathian-Ukraine (Kárpátalja) was handed over to the Soviet Union by the Czechoslovaks. The Treaty obliged Hungary to pay 200 million US dollars, in 1938 value, to the Soviet Union, 30 million dollars to Czechoslovakia, and 70 million dollars to Yugoslavia as war indemnity. The Peace Treaty limited the size of the Hungarian armed force to 65,000, including the army, the frontier guards and the Danube flotilla; it also limited air force development. The Hungarian prisoners of war were to be returned on the basis of agreements made with individual Allied Powers. While the treaty stated that, within 90 days, all Allied troops were to be withdrawn from Hungary, it allowed the Soviet Union to maintain such troops that it deemed necessary to provide communication with its forces in Soviet occupied Austria. However, the Soviet troops remained in Hungary after the Soviet forces were withdrawn from Austria in 1955, and from Romania in 1958. Strong Soviet forces remained “temporarily” in Hungary until 1991. Hungary was under Soviet occupation and Communist rule until that date. As a result of the Paris Peace Treaty, 3.5 million ethnic Hungarians with 2/3rd of the area of Historic Hungary in the Carpathian Basin again fell under the rule of hostile neighbor countries (the so-called successor states) with different culture, history, language and values. Indeed, it was a harsher copy of the Trianon-Versailles Peace Treaty of 1920 – with the vengefulness exhibited by the re-occupiers: 50-60 thousand fell victim in Serbia and Carpathian-Ukraine, 160 thousand in Slovakia, and 10 thousand in Romania. Hungary was mutilated again, despite the fact that the Vienna Awards were internationally recognized and guaranteed by the interested parties and, at that time, Hungary was not yet involved in World War II. Both Vienna Awards rightfully returned to Hungary some lost territories with ethnic Hungarian majority. Neither the signatory nor the non-signatory states protested against the Vienna Awards when they were signed. As early as 1943, the USA prepared various plans for a treaty with Hungary after World War II, including plans for leaving certain overwhelmingly Hungarian-inhabited territories of Transylvania along the border with Hungary, or at least giving autonomous status to the Szekler-land within Romania, or the declaration of an independent statehood for Transylvania. All these plans had fallen through because Hungary was occupied by the Soviet Union and, in practice, Stalin, was in a strong position dictating his peace-terms. The Soviets’ harsh peace plan for Hungary was the result mainly of the following considerations: (1) Stalin knew that in 1919, there was a short-lived Communist regime in power in Hungary lasting only 133 days, the Council (Soviet) Republic. Due to its terror-reign, Hungarians received first-hand experience about the true nature of Communism. (2) Stalin knew that the same was again waiting for the Hungarians. (3) Stalin also knew that, in Central-Europe, Hungary was the only historical state-forming nation for 1000 years, which had always fought for its independence. (4) The Soviets also knew that Hungarians do not tolerate foreign powers and systems over them. (5) Stalin was firmly determined to create a Communist dictatorship in Hungary, which would lead to fierce opposition. Therefore, Hungary required special attention and handling. (6) All these factors led the creators of Pax Sovietica carry out their intention to make Hungary small, poor and powerless again. (7) In the Treaty of Paris, Hungary fell victim to the Soviet expansionist strategy for world domination. However, by the Paris Peace Treaty, the Soviets could not make Hungary small, poor and powerless enough so that in 1956, the Hungarians, according to their national tradition, would not rise up against their oppressors, would not win 12 days of freedom and would expose the Soviet system’s oppressive nature. Nonetheless, the Paris Peace Treaty was signed by a Hungary under Soviet military occupation and political domination, and its very validity is questionable under International Law. – B: 1031, 1230, 1231, 0801, 1802, 1803, T: 7665, 7691, 7103.→Council (Soviet) Republic of Hungary; Trianon Peace Treaty 1920; Vienna Award I; Vienna Award II; Atrocities against Hungarians; Freedom Fight of 1956. Parliament→National Assembly – Parliament. Parliament Building (Országház) – The seat of the National Assembly of Hungary. It is  probably the most notable building in Budapest; designed and built by Imre (Emeric) Steindl for the millennium celebration of 1896, completed in 1902. The Neo-Gothic style building lies in the Lajos Kossuth Square on the left bank of the Danube; built on a 260x118 m area. Its height is 96 m. This symbolic building of the Hungarian state is decorated with statues of the historic figures of Hungary, including all the kings, leaders of the first seven original tribes, who settled the Carpathian Basin in AD 896, and other great military heroes. The building comprises 10 courtyards and 29 staircases, 691 rooms, immense halls, and over 12.5 miles of corridors. It has a central dome where the Holy Crown of St István (St. Stephen) (997-1038) the founding king of Hungary, has been exhibited since 2000. – B: 1805, 1031, 1020, T: 7656, 7103.
Parliament Square Massacre→Massacre in Parliament Square. Parmenius, István of Buda (Stephen) (Budai Parmenius) (Buda, around 1555 - Newfoundland, Canada, 29 August 1583) – Scientist and poet. His original name might have been István Pajzs or Paizs; the Latinized version was Stephanus Parmenius Budeius. He tells about himself only in one of his poems: that he was born in Buda, which was under Turkish occupation at the time. Presumably, his Protestant parents were well off, they sent the young man to Wittenberg University to study in 1579. He arrived in Oxford in 1581, where he made the acquaintance of the English geographer, Richard Hakluyt and many other famous scientists and world travelers, among them Sir Gilbert Humphrey (1539-1583). Admiral Sir Gilbert was a favorite of Queen Elizabeth I, who entrusted him with a second voyage to found and claim potential colonies in the New World. The fleet, consisting of four ships, started off on 11 June 1583, and arrived in the bay of one of Newfoundland’s islands, (today Conception Bay, St John’s) on 3 August 1583. Two days later, Admiral Gilbert Humphrey took possession of the “newly found land” (Newfoundland) in a ceremony. Historians call this incident a milestone, because this was the beginning of British colonization, which eventually led to formation of a world empire. One of the participants in the fleet was the chronicler of the fleet, a Hungarian, István Parmenius, who was already enjoying the great scientific respect in English scholastic circles. Unfortunately, on the way back to England, he perished on the high seas, and with him perished his notes about the journey, which he intended to publish. From the fleet of four only one ship returned. In 1589, Hakluyt published his book on the expedition under the title: The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffics and Discoveries of the English Nation. In it he writes: “…among the drowned was a learned man, a Hungarian, born in Buda town, who was called (Istvan) of Buda”.. Parmenius’ three writings are extant. He was the first Hungarian to step on the ground of North America, and the first Hungarian poet to write a poem about Canada. His commemorative plaque was unveiled at the Lorántffy Home, Akron, on 15 June 1983. – B: 1614, 1020, 1257, T: 7675.→Canada, Hungarians in. Páros, György (George) (Tamási, 28 April 1910 - Budapest 17 December 1975) – Composer of theory and chess-problems and international Grandmaster. He earned degrees in Law and Political Science at the University of Budapest. Afterward, he was a bank clerk, branch manager and, later, Assistant Director. He was in a “free check-mate” form. During his 50-year chess career, he was placed first more than 100 times at local and international tournaments in chess problems. Between 1945 and 1975, on the 10 Hungarian chess-problem–proposing championships, he won first place as a composer. He was President of the Committee for Chess Problem Propounders. – B: 0883, T: 7675. Pártay, Lilla (Budapest, 25 October 1941 - ) – Dancer and choreographer. She studied ballet in Ferenc Nádasi’s class at the State Ballet Institute between 1954 and 1961. Since 1961, she has been a member of the Opera House, Budapest; from 1971 she was a solo dancer. From 1987 to 1991, she was leader of the ballet ensemble of the Operetta Theater (Operett Színház), Budapest. Her work as a choreographer first started to unfold toward the last years of her career. In her early period, she choreographed ballets of smaller format, in the neo-classical idiom; later, she took her first two-act choreography to the level of the Opera House ensemble. As a ballerina, the molding of her roles is characterized by a high degree of musicality and dramatic power of expression, and she makes good use of these artistic virtues, both in the one-act pieces and in her two-act dance dramas. Her roles include Odette-Odilia in Messzerer’s Swan Lake (A Hattyúk tava); Flavia in L. Seregi’s Spartacus, and Girl in Harangozó-Seregi-Milloss’s The Miraculous Mandarin (A csodálatos mandarin). Her choreographies include Forgotten Waltzes (Elfelejtett keringők) (1986), and Anna Karenina (1991). She earned the Bronze Medal at the International Ballet Competition at Varna (1968); she also received the Franz Liszt Prize in 1972, the title of Artist of Merit (1977), and the title of Outstanding Artist (1981). – B: 1445, 1797, T: 7456. |