這本文法書是為我仰光學院的學生們寫的,為了促進他們對巴利語的研習,更容易深入研究。據我所知,並沒有任何巴利語的文法書,適合沒有梵語基礎的學生的需求。Muller、Frankfurter 、Minayef的文法書, 它們是為稍有涉獵過梵語的人寫的,把他們的書讓沒有梵語基礎的學生讀,只是徒增困惑,完全沒有效益。再者,這些文法書並不十分完整,只是名詞和動詞的詞形變化組成。Mr

(i) 完成式和未完成式並沒有困難,它們只依規則使用在一般過去,並不需多加注意。記住: 完成式很少使用;未完成式比完成式出現頻繁些,意義上少有什麼不同, 但過去式(aor)已逐漸取代這兩種時態,並凌駕於其上。

(ii) 在巴利過去式是主要的過去時式,因此被廣泛地使用;它表達不明確的過去時間,也包括當天。過去式可以用現在完成式或不定過去式來翻譯(見405):－ catuppadu pi ekaj sīhaj rajanaj akajsu (四足動物們舉一隻獅子為王, the quadrupeds made a lion king; Pada【m、n】腳); － mukhe pahari [他掌嘴, struck him on the mouth; Paharati (pa + har + a) 打,擊。【Aor.】pahari。]－ kena karanena rodi (你那時為什麼哭泣? why did you cry? Karana【n】理由)－ brahmano elakena saddhij vicari [一個婆羅門曾帶著一隻山羊走動, the brahmin walked about with the goat. Vicarati (vi + car + a)走動、遊蕩]。

(iii)不變化詞ma與過去式連用表示禁止: － elaka, ma bhayi (山羊啊！不要害怕！O! goat, fear not! )－ ma puna evarupaj akasi (你不要再這麼做, do not do so again); Evarupa【adj.】如此的。－tata, ma gami (兒啊,你不要去!dear son, do not go.) Tata【m.】父親、兒子。（使用這個詞來稱呼大小輩以表達親切感）。

(i)未來式表達簡單的未來: ahaj gacchissami (我將會去, I shall go); te marissanti (他們將會死, they will die.)

(ii)未來式也表達禮貌地指揮、溫和的命令:－ tvaj tassa bandhanaj dantehi khadissasi (用你的牙齒斷他的繩縛！cut his bonds with thy teeth.)

(iii)未來式以質詞 ce, sace , yadi表達簡單的條件句: － yadi tvaj yaguj pacissasi ahaj pivissami (如果你要煮粥,我將會喝。if thou wilt cook the gruel, I shall drink it); － so tab ce labhissati, tena saddhij gaccha (Imp.)[ 如果他獲得到它,你和他一起去！ if he gets it, go with him.]

(iv)動詞bhavati (是, to be)的第3人稱單數型bhavissati, 經常被使用於意義“一定是...it must be that... ”: － cora pathamaj beva bherisaddaj sutva issarabheri (f./nom./sg) bhavissatī ti palayitva (盜賊們最初聽到鼓聲後,(他們想)一定是官方的鼓聲,然後逃走...the theives on first hearing the beating of the drum, (said) “It must be the drum of an official” and fled; Issara, 【m.】1. 統治者;Palayati (pal + aya)逃走。－ ayaj me putto bhavissati (他一定是我的兒子, he must be my son. )

(v)bhavissati前有否定質詞na可被譯為”它不會是,it cannot be “: － nayaj issarabheri bhavissati (這不會是官員的鼓. This cannot be an official’s drum.)

(vi)動詞janati (他知, to know)的未來式第一人稱單數型: janissami習慣上經常用在意義”我會酌辦, I’ll see”: hotu (Imp/3^rd/sg), paccha janissami [好吧！之後我會酌辦。let it be, I’ll see (to it) afterwards.]
614. 可能/願望祈願式 (The Optative)

(i)可能、願望式表達 “可能、能夠、適合、同意或許可、命令、希望、條件”,也被用在訂立規則、戒條。

(ii)適合性: tvaj tattha gaccheyyasi (你應該去那裡, you should go there.)

(iii)願望: ahaj imaj tumhakaj bhajetva dadeyyaj [這個分配後我可能會給你們, I would divide and give it to you, but... Bhajeti (bhaj + e)分配,分開]

(iv)命令: － tvaj pana ito patthaya ovadanusasaniyaj dadeyyasi但是你自此以後應該給予訓誡教導, but thou hence forward, give us instructions and admonitions; [ito patthaya【無】自此以後,]－ udarena nipajjeyyasi你應側睡, [lie on thy belly. Udara【n.】腹;Nipajjati (ni + pad + ya),躺下,睡。]

(v)可能: api ca nama gaccheyyami (儘管這麼說,然而我或許會去。I may go.)

(vi)當表達條件,前面通常會有ce, sace, yadi (如果): － sami, sace imaya velaya tava sapattaj passeyyasi kin ti taj kareyyasi? (王啊！如果此時你看到仇敵,你會對它做什麼？ Lord, if, at this time thou should see thy enemy, what would thou do to him? ) [samī【m.】統治者,主人,丈夫。Vela【f.】時間。Sapatta【m.】對手,仇敵。]

(vii)要表達想像、假設,單字yatha有時被用於可能願望式:－ yatha maharaja koci

devapuriso padīpaj padīpeyya大王！要是有任何天、人點燃一盞燈, were, maharaja, a man to light a lamp... [Padipa,【m.】燈]

(viii)表達同意: tvaj idani gaccheyyasi (你現在可以走了, thou may now go.)

615. 條件式表達動作不能被完成,因為執行中有阻礙(與事實相反的假設語氣): － so ce taj yanaj alabhissa agacchissa (如果他獲得那一部車乘的話他會去, he would go if he could get that vehicle); － bho satthavasino, sace esa rukkhamule cavkamanatapaso ajja nabhavissa, sabbe mahavilopaj patta abhavissatha [住商隊的大德們！今天如果沒有正在樹下經行的這苦行僧(的話),你們可能已遭大洗劫。O! merchants, had not today this ascetic been walking to and fro at the foot of this tree you should all have been completely pillaged. [Sattha【n.】商隊;Vilopa【m.】掠奪,搶劫。Patta (papunati 的【PPP】),已獲得。abhavissatha: bhavati【cond】/2^nd/pl]

(i) 命令式用在下達命令: tena hi, gaccha (很好!你去吧! very well, go!)

(ii) 它表示請求: bhante bhagava appossukko viharatu(imp/3^rd/sg) (世尊!願您無為住。Lord, let the Blessed One now live free from cares.)

(iii)表祝福: vassasataj, jīva (願您長命百歲! may you live a hundred years!)

(iv)命令式第二人稱前面加ma ,表達單純的禁止(見612 iii): ma evaj karotha (你不要這樣做! do not do so!)

(v) bhavati (是, to be)的命令式第三人稱單數型,習慣用法的意義是”很好”: hotu, ahaj janissami [好!我會酌辦! very well I’ll see (to it)]

(i)不定體表達”目的、動機” 想做該不定體指稱的動作。使用上主動、被動都有。－uyyanapalo chaddetuj upayaj na passati [園丁不明白丟棄的方法, the gardener saw no means of throwing (them) away] Uyyana;【n.】公園;~ pala,【m.】守園人。Chaddeti (chadd + e), 丟棄。Upaya【m.】方法。]－taj gantuj, na dassami [我將不讓他去; I will not let him go. Dassati (dadati 的【fut】)

(ii)不定體與動詞同用,意思為”希望嘗試、努力,開始,能夠”:－ sa rodituj, arabhi [她開始哭泣, she began to cry; Arabhati (a + rabh + a) 開始; arabhi【aor】。]－ na koci maya saddhij sallapituj sakkoti[沒有人能夠與我談話, no one can converse with me;Sallapati (san+lap+ a)交談。]－ sa pavisituj na icchati (她不希望進入, she did not wish to enter);－so taj ukkhipituj ussahati [他盡力舉起它, he endeavoured to lift it. Ukkhipati (u + khip+a)舉起。Ussahati (u + sah + a), 試,竭力。]

(iii)動詞dadati (給),之後為不定體表”讓,允許”,此外動詞labhati (獲得),意為”被允許”: －taj paharituj na dassami (我不允許襲擊他, I will not allow him to be struck); － gehabahi nikkhamituj alabhanto(PPR) [不被允許走出房間, not being allowed to go out of the house. Bahi【無】外部。Nikkhamati (ni + kam + a)出去,往前]

(iv)動詞如vattati (vatt + a;有必要、理應,適合於),和形容詞如yutto有相同意義,多用於不定體;若為vattati,動作的作者(Agent)使用具格:ettha dani maya vasituj vattati [ (這裡現在適合我住, it now behoves me to live) Ettha【副】這裡。dani =dani【ind.】現在];它也適於非人稱用法(Impersonal): taj harituj vattati [理應把他除掉, the best is to kill him。Harati (har + a), 除、取、奪。] －evaj kathetuj na yuttaj (這樣敍述不恰當, it is not proper to speak thus.)

(v)不變化詞labbha (可能的,可允許的)、sakka (可能, 能夠)與不定體連用: sakka用法很多與vattati相同,也就是說:主動、被動都有,動作的作者經常使用具格; 動詞hoti經常跟隨sakka: －sakka hoti methunaj dhammaj patisevituj [沈迷於不淨行是可能的, it is possible to practise fornication。methunaj (adj./n.) dhammaj不淨行法, 複合成methunadhammaj亦可。Patisevati (pati+sev+ a)跟隨,練習,沈迷於。]－etasmij thane na sakka vasituj (這個地方不能夠居住, it is impossible to live in this place);－idaj na labbhha evaj katuj[這個不可能這樣做, it is not possible to do it in this way.。]

(vi)當不定體跟 kamo (想做)複合, 不定體接尾詞字尾j省略:－devataya balikammaj karetu(j)kamo希望造以供奉神, wishing to make an offering to the god. karoti【cau】Kareti)
618. 連續體 (The Gerund)

(i)連續體是指稱(相同作者的)動作在另一個之前完成;在英語它可以用單字“ having” 後接一過去分詞來翻譯: gantva(去後, having gone);或者以過去式後隨著連接詞“然後,and” : gantva (他去了然後..., he went and...)。因此連續體使用頻繁,它是巴利中最為常見的連接詞,幾乎脫離了巴利相當於英語的連接詞“and”以連接兩個句子。－so taj ukkhipitva gharaj netva catudha vibhajitva danadīni pubbani katva yathakammaj gato [他拿起後,攜帶至家中,分成四份,行布施,做諸功德,後依行事離開; He lifted it up, took it home, divided into four parts and, practising alms-giving and other good deeds, went according to his deeds. Catudha【adv.】以四的方式。Vibhajati (vi + bhaj + a)分開,分類。yathakammaj【adv.】依照個人的行事。]

(ii)單字va (=eva) 後接繼連續體,可譯為”一...就, as soon as”: －taj vacanaj sutva va, [他一聽到話語後就...as soon as he heard these words...]; －so vanaro attano puttaj disva va [猴子牠一看到自己的孩子就; the monkey, as soon as he saw his offspring... Vanara【m.】猴子。]

(iii)質詞“api,也、雖然如此”接在連續體之後,可譯為“雖然,although”: － akatabbu puggalo cakkavattirajjaj datva pi tosetuj na sakka [(一個)忘恩負義的人,雖然給予轉輪聖王王權,(也)不能夠使他滿足, an ungrateful man cannot be satisfied although he be given universal sovereignty. Akatabbu【adj.】忘恩負義;Rajja,【n.】王國,君主身份;Dadati (da + a, da重複,而前a被短化; 給); tussati【cau】:Tosapeti使滿足,使歡喜。]

(iv)連續體前的a,可譯為”沒有,without”: －papabcaj akatva (沒有造成延誤, without making delays; papabca【m.】困難、阻礙、延誤。)－ekaj pi akilametva (一個人也不疲倦, without tiring even one person. kilamati【cau】: Kilameti使疲倦)

(v)有些連續體作介系詞用;主要的有: patthaya (從since, from, 開始beginning, 以後after); sandhaya (關於, with reference to, concerning); arabbha (關於、談到concerning); sabcicca (有意地intentionally); asallakkhetva (沒注意地, unawares);nissaya, upanissaya (經由through,近near); adaya (拿、以,with); paticca (因爲、由、透過by, through, on account of); thapetva (除了, except)[ Sallakkheti (sam + lakkh + e) 觀察,考慮。]

(vi)連續體英語有時可翻譯為現在分詞; idha agantva ahaj coraj passij (來到這裡,我看見一個賊, coming here I saw the thief.)

(vii)連續體可以有被動的意味: corajetthakena gahetva [被強盜首領捉到後, having been seized by the robber chief; Jettha【adj.】至高的,耆老,最初的。]

(i) 現在分詞一般可以翻譯為英語的”當...時,正在...while, whilst”,意義內涵於分詞; 此分詞表達與主要動詞同時進行的動作: － attano gamaj gacchanto coranavij patva [正當回去自己的村莊時,走到一個盜賊們(居住)的樹林; while going to his village he came upon a forest inhabited by thieves; Avavi【f.】森林;Patva (papunati 的【gerd】) 到達了,達到了,獲得了。]－tattha gantva mataraj patijagganto vasaj kappesi (aor /3/sg)[他去到那裡,照顧著母親過生活he went and, taking care of his mother, took up his abode there. [Patijaggati, (pati + jag + a)看守,照顧。Vasa【m.】生活。Kappeti (kapp + e)過著（生活）。]

(ii)要記得: 分詞具形容詞的性質(439),與形容詞一樣必須與所修飾的字一致: － avīcinirayaj gacchanta satta...[要去阿鼻(無間)地獄的眾生們, persons going to the Avici Hell]; －agacchantaj taj disva pi (雖然看見他來, although he saw him coming.)

(iii)現在分詞有時當實質詞使用,可翻譯為” he who;...的人”(做動詞所表達的動作的人):－idaj pana paralokaj gacchantassa patheyyaj bhavissati [然而這是要去他方世界的人的資糧, but this will be provisions for him who goes to the other world; Patheyya【n.】旅程的預備。]－paralokaj gacchanto ekaj kahapanaj pi gahetva na gacchati [要去他方世界的人,一個錢也帶不走; he who goes to the other world does not take even one cent with him. Kahapana【n.】迦利沙缽拿硬幣]。

(iv)現在分詞有時也可以用條件句來翻譯: － taj labhanto jīvissami alabhanto idh’ eva marissami [如果獲得它,我將活;不得,我就死在這裡; if I obtain her I shall live; if not, in this very spot shall I die]; －addhamase sahassaj labhanto upatthahissami, deva[如果我每半月得一千, 我將服侍您,天神！ if I get a thousand every fortnight, I’ll serve thee, Lord; [Addha【m.】一半;~masa,【m.】半個月。Upatthahati, upatthati (upa + tha + a) 等候,服侍,明白。]－ evaj karonto lacchasi akaronto na lacchasi [如果你這樣做的話,你將會得到;不做,你將得不到; if you do so you’ll get it, if not, you will not get it. Lacchati = labhissati (fut.)。]

(v)質詞pi (=api)前接現在分詞,英語可翻譯為“雖然,although”: － pitara variyamano pi [雖然被父親制止, although prevented by his father; Variyamana【Adj/PPR】被阻礙的,避免的。]－ taj apassanto pi [雖然無視於他; although not seeing him. ]

(i)有兩種過去分詞: 主動完成(231, 465)及被動完成(450)。

(ii)無論如何,主動完成分詞(被動完成分詞後面加接尾詞-va來構成)不會有困難: － so sīhaj adinnava [他已抓獲那隻雄獅, he having captured the lion; adinnava (adati 的【PPA】)已拿,已抓住。]－ bhattaj bhuttavī (adj.) [已吃過飯的人, having taken his meal]

(iii)被動完成分詞(PPP)經常作為述語而不是限定動詞 (見590);因此它可以用過去式來作翻譯。

(iv)字根的過去被動完成分詞隱含著移動,且及物性的字根取對格: －sakanivasaj eva gato [他已回去自己的住處, he went to his own place. Nivasa【m.】住所]

(v)過去被動完成分詞當作述語用,要理解成它後面有個動詞“hoti (是, to be) ”在。

(vi)過去被動完成分詞動作的作者(agent)依規則要用具格: －taya pabhaj putthaj[問題已被她問過, by her the question was asked; Pabha【三性詞】問題,質詢。Puttha (pucchati 的【PPP】)已被問。]－ sasanaj maya likkhitaj [義理已被我寫下, a letter has been written by me; Sasana = sassana【n.】指示,教義,文字。Likhati (likh + a)寫,銘刻,【過分】likhita。]

(vii)被動完成分詞英語以現在分詞翻譯,也不少見: －tato uppatito vijjullata viya vijjotamano (PPR) paratīre atthasi [從那裡跳起來,他站在對岸,如同閃電輝耀 springing from there, he reached the other shore as a lightning flash. Tato【ind.】從那裡,因此。Uppatati (u + pat + a)飛,跳起。vijjullata【f.】閃電。Viya (ind.), 如同。Vijjotati (vi + jut + a) 照耀。Tira【n.】岸,河岸。Titthati (tha + a; tha 被改爲tittha), 站著,遵守,持續,保持;【aor】為atthasi]

(i)未來分詞(449)指稱動作作者即將執行動作、或者經歷字根所表達的狀態: － rattha/abl/sg ratthaj/acc/sg vicarissaj [我將一國一國地遊行, I am about to go from kingdom to kingdom; Rattha【n.】國家。]－ taj ganthaj racissaj ahaj [ 我將整理那本書; I am about to compose that book. Gantha【m.】束縛,典籍。Racayati (rac + aya)組成,整理,準備。]

(ii)它也顯示目的、意圖, 見上面(i)的第2個例句。

(iii)它顯示簡單的未來的事件: nahaj puna upessaj gabbhaseyyaj [我將不再次出生, I shall not be reborn again; Upeti (upa + i + a)靠近,獲得。gabbhaseyya【f.】在子宮受孕。]

(i)未來被動分詞表達的概念是“適合fitness, 需要necessity, 義務obligation;” 它指稱字根所表達或所經歷的動作是應該、適合做、必需被做: － maya kattabbaj kammaj nitthitaj [我應做的工作已被完成, the work which was to be done by me is finished. Nitthati (ni + tha + a)被結束,被完成。【PPP】nitthita];－ sace so deso uklapo hoti so deso sammajjitabbo [如果該區域骯髒,就應該被清掃, if the place be dirty it ought to be swept; Desa【m.】區域,國家。Uklapa【m.】污垢,垃圾。【adj.】骯髒的,不潔淨的。Sammajjati (sam + majj + a)掃除,擦亮。]; －na nava bhikkhu asanena patibahetabba [年輕的比丘不需讓出座位, young monks should not be ousted from their seat; Nava【adj.】新的、年輕的。Asana【n.】座位。Patibahati (pati + vah + a)擋住,規避,讓開,拒絕。]

(ii)從上述例子可見到F.P.P性、數、格上需與主詞一致。

(iii)很多是非人稱用法(虛主詞、被動): －kinnu kattabbaj (什麼要做的嗎？what is to be done?); － ettha ca imani suttani dassetabbani [此外,在這裡這些經句應被示出, and in this connection these passages (from the Scriptures) should be pointed out; [Dasseti (dis + e, dis 被改成 das), 出示,展現。]－ imina nayena veditabbo [必須以這種方法來理解, it must be understood in this way. Naya【m.】方法]

(iv)注意: 由以上範例,動作作者用具格。

(v) bhavitabbaj與人、事物的具格連用,經常意味著 “一定要...,應該...或必須... ‘’: － majjhatten’eva bhavitabbaj [應如此地淡漠於...; one should be indifferent to ... Majjhattha, Majjhatta 【adj.】中立者,無私於,中道性的]; －visayojitaya etaya bhavitabbaj [這一定被她混了毒藥, this must have been mixed with poison. Visa【n.】毒藥,毒液。Yojeti (yuj + e), 套上軛,混合;Yojita【PPP】]已混合。]

623.

(ii) [成組的相關連詞:]ca...ca...,(..和..和兩者,both... and),例: so ca ahab ca (他和我, both he and I);－ va...va.. (...或..., 不論): bhasati va karoti va (他無論言語或舉止.., whether he speaks or acts)－ pi..pi...(兩個都...),例: sibcati pi sibcapeti pi (他灑水也令人灑水...both sprinkles and causes to sprinkle)

(iii)當[成組的相關連詞]ca...ca...,及va...va...用於否定句,意思同於英語的neither...nor (既不...又不...)。

(iv)當ca和va在句中單獨使用,不放句首。

(v)不變化詞eva前有母音則用yeva來強調單字所表達的概念,其可被譯為英語的“very, exactly正是, as soon as一…就”,例: idani eva (就在當下, just now); attano yeva (正是自己的, one’s very own) 當yeva在動詞後,英語就不好譯,但大多數的情境下,可被譯為”於,on; 繼續,to go on, continue” ,例: kathenti yeva他們持續交談著, they went on talking.

(vi) yadi (如果,if)當它被用於現在、未來、願望式、條件句: － yadi evaj, yajj’ evaj (如果這樣的話 if so, 那樣的話in that case); － va...yadi va...(不論... 或...;whether... or) ; － game va yadi v’arabbe (不論在村莊裡或是在樹林間, whether in the village or in the forest.)

註: 句法中最重要的不變化詞已於“實詞的句法Syntax of Substantives”提供了。
■ 直接及間接述句 (Direct and Indirect Narration)

624. 直接和間接引述句

(i) 在巴利斜格、間接格(oblique)結構的表達,是安置在質詞iti (因此so, thus) 之後,相應於英語的直述。也就是說,在引述的話語後放iti: － kahaj so etarahī ti pucchi” [“他現在在哪裡?”,他問; he asked, “Where is he now?” Etarahi【Adv.】現在,目前]。

(ii) iti通常縮略為ti,且引述內容的最後字母若為短母音, ti前要長化: － sadhu ti [“很好!善哉!”; he said,“Very well.”

(iii) (間接引句)動詞其意為“說,告訴,問,命名,知,想”通常要和iti連用;那些動詞可能為:

(1) 放在質詞iti後: te “sadhu” ti vatva[”很好!” 他們這麼說, they said “Very well.” Vatva為vadati 的【gerd】告訴了,說了]

(2) 動詞放在引述的字詞前: so pucchi “kij janasi tvan” ti [他問說:「你知道什麼呢?」, he asked “What do you know?”]

(3) 動詞經常被整個地省略:”maressami nan” ti,[ (他想或說:)「我將會殺了他。」he thought, or said]“ I’ll kill him!”]

(4) 若iti或ti接在母音後(前),則要規則性地進行連音化: iti + evaj = iccevaj; kvaci + iti = kvacīti.

(5) 通常iti意味著“因為because”,有意地表達理由、動機、意圖、目的: － “jīvituj asakkonta” ti [因為(我們)無法以維持生計, because (we) are unable to make a living;－ “makasaj paharissami” ti pitu matthakaj dvidha bhindi [想要打蚊子的緣故,他打了父親的頭兩次, intending to kill the mosquito he broke his father’s head in two. Makasa【m.】蚊子。Matthaka【m.】頭。Dvidha【Adv.】以二方式;兩次。Bhindati (bhid + m-a)壞,打破,劈開,切斷;【aor.】bhindi。]

625. (i)否定質詞為na:－ imasmij sare sudakaj n’atthi [此湖沒有水, there is no water in this lake; Sara【m.】湖。]－na abbasi [你不知嗎? did not thou know? ]－ setthina saddhij kathetuj na sakkomi [我不能去跟財務官說話, I am unable to speak with the banker. Setthi, setthi【m.】 財務官、長者]。

(ii)可能/願望式用na表禁止: na hatthisalaj gaccheyya [別讓他去象棚! let him not go to the elephant-shed. [Sala【f.】廳堂,棚。]

(iii) na可用於複合字的第一成員: － nagamanaj (= na+agamanaj) [沒抵達non-arrival]－ nabhikkhu [非比丘,a non-monk; 一個在家男子, a layman]

(iv) 雙重否定則為肯定: － bherij na na vadeyya [鼓不能不擊, not that he may not beat the drum; Vadeti (vad + e)演奏（樂器）]

(v) no也跟na一樣用於否定句: no janati [他不知, he does not know.]

(vi) no後接na表強烈肯定: －no na dhameyya (他很可能會吹奏, he should surely blow) [Dhamati (dham + a) 吹,使發聲]－no nappahoti [他應該能勝任, he is most certainly able. Pahoti (pa + hu + a) 能夠,勝任,充份。]

(vii)疑問句透過使用疑問副詞或代詞表達,如: kasma(為什麼, why? ) kissa, kena (為什麼,why?) ko (誰,who? )...等。

(viii)也有透過疑問質詞來表達疑問句。例如:

(ix)當api被用在疑問句,要置於句首: ap’avuso, amhakam sattharaj janasi [友(具壽)！你知道我們的師尊嗎?do you, Sir, know our Teacher?]

(x) api後接nu kho,表達一個非常語有力的的疑問: api nu kho koci upaddavo hoti (那你有造成任何危難嗎？ well, have you any cause of distress?) [Upaddava【m.】不幸,危難,危險。]

(xi) nu(我感到疑惑!I wonder!) nu後常接疑問代詞kho: kīdiso nu kho paraloko [不知道他方世界像什麼? I wonder what the next world is like? Kidisa【adj.】什麽類型？似什麽的？]－cora nu atthi (有盜賊嗎？are there thieves?)

(xii)由na引領表達強而有力的疑問: －na nu’haj yodho (難道我不是一個戰士嗎？am I not a warrior?)

(xiii)疑問句也可以把動詞置放於句首來表達: socasi upasaka, (你傷心嗎?居士！ grievest thou layman?)

(xiv)有時只靠語氣聲調就可以表達疑問: supaj labhi [你有肉湯嗎? did thou get broth?] Supa【m.】肉湯。]
感歎詞 (Iinterjections)

9. 
   主要的感嘆詞是: ha (唉！alas!) ah! (啊,哎呀); handa(表容許、那麽、好了,come!) ; avga (誠然, indeed!); bho (大德, friend!閣下, Sir! 您,I say! ); hare (用來稱呼晚輩的質詞,小子,老兄sirrah!) ama (是的, yes!對啊! truly!) (538)
   

(iii) mabbe為mabbati中間型第一人稱單數,也可用來當感嘆詞,意為“我想methinks! 我敢說, I dare say! 我認為, I suppose!”

第十五章 音律 (PROSODY)

■ 介紹

628. 以下為四種分解後的巴利音步。

629. 以下八種音步,巴利稱atthagana:

■ 長短音節 (Short and Long Syllables)

630. 巴利短母音有a, i, u,長母音有a, ī, u, e, o。當a, i 或u 後有兩個子音,在音韻上是長的。譬如cakkabca,第一、二音個a是長音,因為它們分別跟有kk和bc。在輔音(j)前的短母音在音韻上是長音。因此saccaj, 這個j前的a是長音。在韻文中,為了合音律短母音偶而會長化,長母音偶而會短化。為了使短母音長化,它後面的子音有時會重複。
■ 音律的種類 (VARIETIES OF METERS)

631. 有三種律,稱為等同調(sama),半分調(addhasama),以及不等同調(visama)。當所有的句(pada)的音節都合韻稱等同調;當一、三句或二、四句的律不同,則為半分調;當所有句都不合則稱這種為不等同調(visama)。

632. 這類偈(gatha,漢語亦稱伽陀),每句由6-22音節組成。這17種格律,巴利名稱如下:

gayatti	6音節	jagati	12音節	dhuti	18音節
unhi	7音節	atijagati	13音節	atidhuti	19音節
anutthubhaj	8音節	sakkarī	14音節	kati	20音節
brahati	9音節	atisakkarī	15音節	pakati	21音節
panti	10音節	atthi	16音節	akati	22音節
tutthubhaj	11音節	atyatthi	17音節

633. 根據每偈所使用音步再次區分;因為四個句是類似的,以下只以句(pada)為基礎,在此提供每種格律的組合。