Managing the Miombo Woodlands of Southern Africa Policies, incentives and options
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4.3Contributing to rural growthMiombo woodlands present a limited opportunity for economic growth except in niche markets where investment in service delivery is commercially attractive. But they provide a valuable opportunity for small scale enterprise development and new techniques for production processing or marketing may raise incomes or reduce vulnerability to insecurities. Given the spatial extent of the miombo, new economic and financing instruments related to payments for environmental services, biodiversity or carbon offsetting, hydrological services or catchment protection show potential but as yet little large scale impact. Design issues still need to be worked out (such as the structure of financing) and access and rights to the land and service for which payment s being made must be clear and secure. The alternative, livelihood uses that the most vulnerable depend upon will need to be sustained. 4.4Governance and institutionsCountries can benefit from development assistance if they have the right governance conditions in place so say Burnside & Dollar (2004) Seymour & Dubash (2000) World Bank (2005b). Countries with sound governance institutions, policies and political will, that have or are able to develop through reforms effective open processes, transparent and fair justice and fiscal systems, freedom of information for accountability and monitoring, political and popular will be those that can. A thicker web of reporting and accountability relationships backed up by simple regulations, checks and balances will help, with civil society playing a key role in supporting both Government and the poor to do this. The ownership of national development process, the recognition of weaknesses and a commitment to driving through the changes that will lead to miombo providing real benefits for the poor is something yet to be really engendered in the countries of the miombo, it need to be for the poor to strengthen the benefits they secure from their dry woodlands. 5ReferencesAbbot P, 1997 PhD thesis. Supply and demand dynamics of miombo woodland. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Aberdeen, UK. Arnold, J.E.M. 2001. Forestry, poverty and aid. CIFOR Occasional Paper 33. CIFOR, Bogor. Ashley C, 2006. How can governments boost the local economic impacts of tourism? Options and tools. ODI Toolkit. ODI London. Bass S, Balogun P, Mayers J, Dubois O, Morrison E, Howard B 1998. Institutional change in public sector forestry: A review of the issues. IIED London. Behera B, Engel S, 2006. Institutional analysis of evolution of joint forest management in India: A new institutional economics approach. 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Tel: +265 1 277433, Email: charlesjumbe@yahoo.com. 2 Director, Research and Planning, Zambia Revenue Authority & Department of Economics, University of Zambia, Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia. Tel: +260 1 290475, Email: bwalyasamuel@hotmail.com. 3 Scientist, Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Zambia office, C/O Forestry Nursery, Elm road, Woodlands, Lusaka, Zambia, Tel: +260 1 265 885, E-mail: m.husselman@cgiar.org 4 US$1.00 = Zambian Kwacha (ZMK) 4200 as of 2005 5 US$1.00 = Zambian Kwacha (ZMK) 4200 as of 2005 6 US$1.00 = Zambian Kwacha (ZMK) 4200 as of 2005 7 US$1.00 = Zambian Kwacha (ZMK) 4800 as of 2003 8 Center for International Forestry Research and Rhodes University 9 The poverty line is determined as the amount of monthly income that is required to purchase basic food to meet minimum caloric requirement for a family of six (PRSP 2002) 10 Small group meetings comprised about 10-15 participants although 5-7 participants were preferred for specific issues requiring expert opinion. Large meetings usually involved most people in the village, sometime numbering more than 50 participants. 11 At the time of the survey the exchange rate between the Zambian Kwacha and the US dollar was around K4000 : 1 USD 12 Centro Terra Viva, Mozambique 13 University of Western Cape, South Africa 14 USAID. 2006. Improving the Competitiveness of the Timber and Wood Sectors in Mozambique. 15 Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique, 2004. BR No.51, SERIE I, of December 22. 16 Ibid. 17 Law No.19/97, of October 1. 18 English formulation by Durang and Turner (2004) 19 Portuguese acronym to “Direito de Uso e Aproveitamento da Terra”. 20 Legal definition provided in Article 1, No.1, of the Land Law. 21 Land Law, Article 27 22 Law No.10/99, of December 22. 23 Ibid, Article 26. 24 Ibid. Article 15(3) 25 Ibid. Article Ibid. Article 15(1) 26 The forest and wildlife law establishes three categories of protected area including: (1) National parks, designed purely for the protection of nature and managed by the Department of Conservation Areas of the Ministry of Tourism. No resources may be extracted and no settlements are allowed within this category. Examples of these areas are the Gorongosa National Park and the Zinave National Park, established particularly for wildlife protection; (2) National reserves, which include game and forest reserves, managed by the Department of Forestry and Wildlife of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Human settlements and resources extraction may be allowed but restricted by the rules set by the conservation plan. Areas under this category may also be co-managed by other organizations including local communities and NGOs. Examples of these areas include the Niassa Reserve, one of the largest areas established for protection of elephants. There are 13 forest reserves classified within this category. The forest reserves were established to provide timber to state agencies either for building purposes or for furniture (e.g. Licuáti, Mecuburi, Derre and Matibane) or for protection of water catchments (e.g. Moribane, Maronga, Zomba and Mpalwe). Most of the forest reserves do not have a formal management plan and some of them have been invaded by local communities for agriculture (e.g. Mecubúri and Moribane) and by poachers to cut valuable timber (e.g. Licuáti) (Sitoe and Enosse, 2003); (3) Community conservation areas with local or cultural interest, managed by local or district authorities. These areas include sacred areas such as the Chirindzene forest, which can also provide medicinal plants and other goods for local communities. Most of these areas are ruled by local beliefs and myths. Traditional leaders may use these areas for agricultural harvesting and rain ceremonies. Access to these areas is granted by the traditional leaders and, in general, rules are strictly followed. 27 Tanner and Norfolk (2006) also make this observation. 28 Cited in Cousins and Claassens (2006) 29 Análise das Concessões Existentes nas Àreas de Conservação Transfronteriças. 2004. MITUR/DINAC/GACTF. 30 Dept. of Forest Resource Management, University of British Columbia 31 FAO (2005) provides land use data for the 787,608 km2 area. 32 Traditional authority. 33 Details can be seen at ( |