Managing the Miombo Woodlands of Southern Africa Policies, incentives and options

səhifə	58/66
tarix	26.06.2016
ölçüsü	2.25 Mb.

1 ... 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 ... 66

1.2Understanding the barriers to the sustainable use and management of miombo

Is miombo not already contributing significantly to the livelihoods of the poor? Evidence from Malawi (Coote et al. 1993a,b, Lowore et al. 1993), Mozambique (Hegde 2007, Salomão & Matose 2007), Zimbabwe (Mukamuri et al 2003), Zambia (Bwalya, 2007) and Tanzania (Monela et al 1999) indicate that it is. However, these and other studies (e.g. Kowero, Campbell & Sumaila 2003) have identified there are constraints that limit the livelihood contributions the poor extract from miombo, and with deforestation continually diminishing the available resource, the problem appears to be that current policies and policy instruments are not tackling the problem – or at least not tackling it in a way that provides “routes out of vulnerability” for the rural poor. Campbell et al (2007) have reviewed these constraints and grouped them into eleven barriers to the sustainable use and management of miombo by the poor (Table 1). They also identify four opportunities that may provide new ways of strengthening the role of miombo in rural livelihoods.
Most of the barriers may be influenced – by a greater or lesser degree – through policy-level intervention. This may be through policy reform, improved policy implementation, development of policy instruments (such as legislation or incentive mechanisms) or reform of policy delivery mechanisms. A few, such as issues of woodland productivity, are most likely to be resolved through technical developments or interventions but may also need to viewed through a different lens than the traditional technical-scientific one and thus have a policy relevance.

Table 1: Opportunities and barriers to managing miombo woodlands to meet household needs
Issue	Policy Relevance	Geography	Indicative Sector Relevance
Economic barriers
Low inherent productivity	Technical	Regional Context	Forestry
Elite and external actors capture values	Policy	National and local	Law, government
Restrictive regulations reduce access and increase transaction costs of producers and traders	Policy	Regional, national and local	Land, environmental, forestry
Limited support for local forest enterprise development	Policy, markets	National and local	Trade, finance, local economic development
The lack of strong local organization	Policy, social capital	Local	Government, social development, law
A legacy of armed conflict	Policy, sociological, technical	Regional and national	Social protection, infrastructure, law, government
Sustainable Use Barriers
Low resource rents – high management transaction costs	Policy, market	National and local	Infrastructure, land, trade, finance
Weak local institutions	Policy, social capital	Local	Rural development, law, government, land
‘Forestry’ is marginalised	Policy	Regional and national	Forestry, finance, economic development
Domestication of high value species reduces importance of natural forests	Technical and policy	Regional and national	Agriculture and Rural Development
Cash constraints	Policy and markets	National and local	Finance, economic development
Opportunities for improving management
Forests are still a valuable resource at household level	Policy and markets	Local	Land, trade, forestry,
Resource rights are shifting to rural people	Policy	National and local	Law, government, land, local economic development
New integrated conservation-development approaches are emerging	Policy and market	Regional, national and local	Environment, finance, tourism
New product and service markets are expanding and emerging	Policy and market	Regional, national and local	Water, environment, energy, finance
Source: Campbell et al. 2007

Table 1 also implies that the situation is complex in that the issue has – in most cases – to be dealt with at a range of levels (from local to regional) and will often have to involve sectors well beyond forestry. This complexity presents, if not a barrier, then a further challenge to leveraging national and international finance and influence to strengthen the access of the rural poor to the benefits of improved miombo management.
To enable us to navigate through the policy analysis, the next section will map out the current institutional landscape within which policy and its instruments has to operate.

1 ... 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 ... 66