Ana səhifə

Managing the Miombo Woodlands of Southern Africa Policies, incentives and options


Yüklə 2.25 Mb.
səhifə55/66
tarix26.06.2016
ölçüsü2.25 Mb.
1   ...   51   52   53   54   55   56   57   58   ...   66

5References


Abbot, P.G. 1997. The supply and demand dynamics of miombo: an analysis of household responses. LTS International, Penicuik.
Abbot. P.G & Lowore, J.D. 1995. Productivity of some miombo woodlands of Malawi – initial results from the establishment of silvicultural trials. In: Lowore, J., Abbot, P.G., & Khofi,C.F. (eds) 1995. Management of miombo by local communities. Proceedings of a workshop for technical forestry staff. Forest Research Institute of Malawi and University of Aberdeen.
Abbot, J.I.O. & Homewood, K. 1998. A history of change: causes of miombo woodland decline in a protected area in Malawi. Journal of Applied Ecology, 36: 422-433.
Abbot, P.G. & Lowore, J.D. 1999. Characteristics and management potential of some indigenous firewood species in Malawi. Forest Ecology & Management, 119: 111-121.
Akinnifesi, F.K., Kwesiga, F., Mhango, J. Chilanga, T., Makonda, A., Kadu, C.A. & Kadzere, I., Mithofer, D., Saka, J.D., Sileshi, G., Ramadhani, T. & Dhliwayo, P. 2006. Towards development of miombo fruit trees as a commercial tree crops in southern Africa. Forests, Trees & Livelihoods, 16: 103-121.
Arnold, J.E.M. & Dewees, P.A. (eds). 1995. Tree management in farmers’ strategies. Oxford University press, Oxford. 287 pp.
Backéus, I., Pettersson, B., Strömquist, L. & Ruffo, C. 2006. Tree communities and structural dynamics in miombo (Brachystegia-Julbernadia) woodland, Tanzania. Forest Ecology & Management, 230: 171-178.
Banda, T., Schwartz, M.W. & Caro, T. 2006. Woody vegetation structure and composition along a protection gradient in a miombo ecosystem in western Tanzania. Forest Ecology & Management, 230: 179-185.
Barany, M., Hammett, A.L., Stadler, K.M. & Kengeni, E. 2004. Non-timber forest products in the food security and nutrition of smallholders afflicted by HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. Forest, Trees & Livelihoods, 14: 3-18.
Boaler, S.B. 1966. The ecology of Pterocarpus angolensis DC in Tanzania. Overseas Research Publications, 12. London.
Botha, J., Witkowski, E.T.F. & Shackleton, C.M. 2004. Market profiles and trade in medicinal plants in the lowveld, South Africa. Environmental Conservation, 31: 1-9.
Brigham, T.1994. Trees in the rural cash economy: a case study from Zimbabwe’s communal areas. MA thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa.
Brouwer, R. & Falcão, M.P. 2004. Woodfuel consumption in Maputo, Mozambique. Biomass & Bioenergy, 27: 233-245.
Bwalya, S.M. in prep. The contribution of dry forests to rural poverty reduction and to the national economy, Zambia. Accessed at CIFOR website, 18 May 2007.
Byers, B.A., Cunliffe, R.N. & Hudak, A.T. 2001. Linking the conservation of culture and nature: a case study of sacred forests in Zimbabwe. Human Ecology, 29: 187-218.
Campbell, B.M. 1987. The use of wild fruits in Zimbabwe. Economic Botany, 41: 375-385.
Campbell, B.M., Bradley, P. & Carter, S.E. 1997. Sustainability and peasant farming systems: observations from Zimbabwe. Agriculture & Human Values, 14: 159-168.
Campbell, B.M. & Byron, N. 1996. Miombo woodlands and rural livelihoods: options and opportunities. In: Campbell, B.M. (ed.). The miombo in transition: woodlands and welfare in Africa. CIFOR, Bogor. pp. 221-230.
Campbell, B., Clarke, J.M. & Gumbo, D.J. 1991. Traditional agroforestry practices in Zimbabwe. Agroforestry Systems, 14: 99-111.
Campbell, B.M., Costanza, R. & van den Belt, M. 2000. Introduction, overview and synthesis. Ecological Economics, 33: 341-351.
Campbell, B.M., Jeffery, S., Kozanayi, W., Luckert, M.K., Mutamba, M. & Zindi, C. 2002. Household livelihoods in semi-arid regions: options and constraints, CIFOR, Bogor. 153 pp.
Campbell, B.M. & Luckert, M.K. 2002. Uncovering the hidden harvest: valuation methods for woodland and forest resources. Earthscan, London. 262 pp.
Campbell, B.M., Vermeulen, S.J., Mangono, J.J. & Mabugu, R. 2003. The energy transition in action: urban domestic fuel choices in a changing Zimbabwe. Energy Policy, 31: 553-562.
Caro, T.M. 2001. Species richness and abundance of small mammals inside and outside an African national park. Biological Conservation, 98: 251-257.
Cauldwell, A.E., Zieger, U., Bredenkamp, G.J. & Bothma, J. du P. 1999. The response of grass species to grazing intensity in the miombo woodlands of Chibombo district of the Central Province, Zambia. South African Journal of Botany, 65: 311-314.
Cavendish, W. 2000. Empirical regularities in the poverty-environment relationship of rural households: evidence from Zimbabwe. World Development, 28: 1979-2003.
Chidumayo, E.N. 1991. Seedling development of the miombo woodland tree Julbernardia globifora. Journal of Vegetation Science, 2: 21-26.
Chidumayo, E.N. 1993. Responses of miombo to harvesting: ecology and management. SEI, Stockholm. 132 pp.
Chidumayo, E.N. 2002. Changes in miombo woodland structure under different land tenure and use systems in central Zambia. Journal of Biogeography, 29: 1619-1626.
Chidumayo, E.N. 2004. Development of Brachystegia-Julbernardia woodland after clear-felling in central Zambia: evidence of high resilience. Applied Vegetation Science, 7: 237-242.
Chidumayo, E.N. & Frost, P.G. 1996. Population biology of miombo trees. In: Campbell, B. (ed.). The miombo in transition: woodlands and welfare in Africa. CIFOR, Bogor. pp 59-71.
Chidumayo, E.N., Gambiza, J. & Grundy, I. 1996. Managing miombo woodland. In: Campbell, B.M. (ed). The miombo in transition: woodlands and welfare in Africa. CIFOR, Bogor. pp 175-194.
Chidumayo, E.N. & Kwibisa, L. 2003. Effects of deforestation on grass biomass and soil nutrient status I miombo woodland, Zambia. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 96: 97-105.
Chivaura-Mususa, C., Campbell, B.M. & Kenyon, W. 2000. The value of mature trees in arable fields in the smallholder sector, Zimbabwe. Ecological Economics, 33: 395-400.
Clarke J. 1995 Building on indigenous natural resource management: forestry practices in Zimbabwe’s communal lands. Zimbabwe Forestry Commission, Harare. 55pp.
Clarke, J., Cavendish, W. & Coote, C. 1996. Rural households and miombo woodlands: use, value and management. In: Campbell, B. (ed.). The miombo in transition: woodlands and welfare in Africa. CIFOR, Bogor. pp 101-135.
Cunningham, A. 1996. Saturnid subsidy: cash and protein from edible caterpillars of Zambesian woodlands. In Campbell, B.M. (ed). The miombo in transition: woodlands and welfare in Africa. CIFOR, Bogor. pp 107-108.
Cunningham, A. 2004. Medicinal plants in miombo woodland: species, symbolism and trade. In: Lawes, M.C., Eeley, H.A., Shackleton, C.M. & Geach, B.S. (eds). Indigenous forests and woodlands in South Africa: policy, people and practice. University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg. pp. 166-167.
Cunningham, A., Campbell, B., Belcher, B. & Achdiawan, R. 2005. Ecological footprints: carving, sustainability and scarcity. In: Cunningham, A., Belcher, B. & Campbell, B. (eds). Carving out a future: forests, livelihoods and the international woodcarving trade. Earthscan, London. pp. 199-228.
Cunningham, A.B. & Shackleton, C.M. 2004. Use of fruits and seeds from indigenous and naturalized plant species. In: Lawes, M.C., Eeley, H.A., Shackleton, C.M. & Geach, B.S. (eds). Indigenous forests and woodlands in South Africa: policy, people and practice. University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg. pp. 603-626.
DeFoliart, G.R. 1999. Insects as food: why western attitudes are important. Annual Review of Entomology, 44: 21-50.
Department of Forestry, 1996. Forestry Extension Kit for Field workers in Malawi. Government of Malawi/ UNDP 5th Country Programme, Lilongwe, Malawi
Desanker, P.V., Frost, P.G.H., Justice, C.O. & Scholes, R.J. (eds.) 1997. The miombo network: framework for a terrestrial transect study of land use and land cover change in the miombo ecosystems of central Africa. IGBP rep. No. 41, Stockholm, Sweden.
Dewees, P.A. 1995. Trees on farms in Malawi: private investment, public policy and farmer choice. World Development, 23: 1085-1102.
Dovie, D.B.K. 2003. Rural economy and livelihoods from the non-timber forest products trade: compromising sustainability in southern Africa. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 10: 247-262.
Epstein, S. 1992. Raising trees from seeds and cuttings. Zimbabwe Forestry Commission, Harare. 39pp.
Emanuel, P.L., Shackleton, C.M. & Baxter, J.S. 2005. Modelling the sustainable harvest of Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra fruits in the South African lowveld. Forest Ecology & Management, 214: 91-103.
Ernst, W.H. 1988. Seed and seedling ecology of Brachystegia spiciformis, a predominant tree component in miombo woodlands in South Central Africa. Forest Ecology & Management, 25: 195-210.
FAO. 1988. Traditional food plants. FAO Food & Nutrition Paper no. 42. Rome. 593 pp.
Flueret, A. 1979. The role of wild foliage plants in the diet: a case study from Lushoto, Tanzania. Ecology of Food & Nutrition, 8: 87-93.
Fortmann L, Antinori C, Nabane N (1997) Fruits of their labours: gender, property rights and tree planting in two Zimbabwe villages. Rural Sociology, 62: 295-314
Frison, E.A., Snith, I.F., Johns, T., Cherfas, J. & Eyzaguirre, P.B. 2006. Agricultural biodiversity, nutrition and health: making a difference to hunger and nutrition in the developing world. Food & Nutrition Bulletin, 27: 167-179.
Frost, P. 1996. The ecology of miombo woodlands. In: Campbell, B. (ed.). The miombo in transition: woodlands and welfare in Africa. CIFOR, Bogor. pp. 11-58.
Fox, F.W. & Norwood Young, M.E. 1982. Food from the veld: edible wild plants of southern Africa. Delta Books, Cape Town.
Gambiza, J., Bond, W., Frost, P.G.H. & Higgins, S. 2000. A simulation model of miombo woodland dynamics under different management regimes. Ecological Economics, 33: 353-368.
Geldenhuys, C.J. 2004. Meeting the demand for Ocetea bullata bark. In: Lawes, M.C., Eeley, H.A., Shackleton, C.M. & Geach, B.S. (eds). Indigenous forests and woodlands in South Africa: policy, people and practice. University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg. pp. 517-550.
Gerhardt, K. & Nemarundwe, N. 2006. Participatory planting and management of indigenous trees: lessons from Chivi district, Zimbabwe. Agriculture & Human Values, 23: 231-243.
Gram, S. 2001. Economic valuation of special forest products: an assessment of methodological shortcomings. Ecological Economics, 36: 109-117.
Grundy, I.M., Campbell, B.M., Balebereho, S., Cunliffe, R., Tafangenyasha, C., Fergusson, R. & Parry, D. 1993. Availability and use of trees in Mutanda Resettlement Area, Zimbabwe. Forest Ecology & Management, 56: 243-266.
Guy, P.R. 1981. Changes in the biomass and productivity of woodlands in the Sengwa Wildlife Research Area, Zimbabwe. Journal of Applied Ecology, 18: 507-519.
Huntley, B.J. 1982. Southern African savannas. In: Huntley, B.J. & Walker, B.H. (eds). Ecology of tropical savannas. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. pp. 101-119.
Hofstad, O. 1993. Woodland management practices in Zimbabwe. In: Piearce, G.D. and Gumbo, D.J. (eds.) The Ecology and Management of Indigenous forests in Southern Africa. Proceedings of an International Symposium, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, 27-29 July 1992.
Kajembe G.C. Monela, G.C and Mvena Z.S.K 2003. Making community-based forest management work: A case study of Duru-Haitema village forest reserve, Babati, Tanzania. In: Kowero, G. Campbell, B.M. & Sumaila, U.R. (eds) Policies and governance structures in woodlands of southern Africa. CIFOR, Bogor. 438 pp.
Kowero, G. Campbell, B.M. & Sumaila, U.R. (eds) 2003. Policies and governance structures in woodlands of southern Africa. CIFOR, Bogor. 438 pp.
Kaschula, S.A., Twine, M.C. & Scholes, M.C. 2005. The effect of catena position and stump characteristics on the coppice response of three savanna fuelwood species. Environmental Conservation, 32: 76-84.
Keller, G.B., Mndiga, H. & Maass, B.L. 2006. Diversity and genetic erosion of traditional vegetables in Tanzania from the farmer’s point of view. Plant Genetic Resources, 3: 400-413.

Kruger, M., N. Sayed, M. Langenhoven & Holing, F. 2005. Composition of South African foods: vegetables and fruit. Medical Research Council, Pretoria.


Leakey, R.R.B., Shackleton, S.E. & du Plessis, P. 2005a. Domestication potential of marula (Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra) in South Africa and Namibia. 1. Phenotypic variation in fruit traits. Agroforestry Systems, 64: 25-35.
Leakey, R., Pate, K. & Lombard, C. 2005b. Domestication potential of marula (Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra) in South Africa and Namibia: 2. Phenotypic variation in nut and kernel traits. Agroforestry Systems, 64: 37-49.
Lowore, J.D & Abbot, P.G. 1995. Initial regeneration of miombo woodland under three silvicultutal systems. In: Lowore, J., Abbot, P.G., & Khofi, C.F (eds). Management of miombo by local communities. Proceedings of a workshop for technical forestry staff. Forest Research Institute of Malawi and University of Aberdeen.
Luoga, E.J., Witkowski, E.T.F. & Balkwill, K. 2000. Differential utilization and ethnobotany of trees in Kitulanghalo Forest Reserve and surround communal lands, eastern Tanzania. Economic Botany, 54: 328-343.
Luoga, E.J., Witkowski, E.T.F. & Balkwill, K. 2002. Harvested and standing wood stocks in protected and communal miombo woodlands of eastern Tanzania. Forest Ecology & Management, 164: 15-30.
Luoga, E.J., Witkowski, E.T.F. & Balkwill, K. 2004. Regeneration by coppicing (resprouting) of miombo (African savanna) trees in relation to land use. Forest Ecology & Management, 189: 23-35.
Lynam, T., Cunliffe, R., Mapaure, I. & Bwerinofa, I. 2003. Assessment of the value of woodland landscape function to local communities in Gorongosa and Muanza districts, Sofala province, Mozambique. CIFOR, Bogor. 111 pp.
Maghembe, J.A. 1995. Achievements in the establishment of indigenous fruit trees of the miombo woodlands of southern Africa. In: Maghembe, J.A., Ntupanyama, Y. & Chirwa, P.W. (eds). Improvement of indigenous fruit trees of the miombo woodlands of southern Africa. ICRAF, Nairobi. pp. 39-49.
Maghembe, J.A., Kwesiga, F., Ngulube, M., Prins, H. & Malaya, F.M. 1994. Domestication potential of indigenous fruit trees of the miombo woodlands of southern Africa. In: Leakey, R.R.B. & Newton, A.C. (eds). Tropical trees: the potential for domestication and the rebuilding of forest resources. IUFRO, London. pp. 220-229.
Magingo, F.S.S. & Dick, J.M. 2001. Propagation of two miombo woodland trees by leafy stem cuttings obtained from seedlings. Agroforestry Systems, 51: 49-55.
Malaisse, F. & Parent, G. 1985. Edible wild vegetable products in the Zambezian woodland area: a nutritional and ecological approach. Ecology of Food & Nutrition, 18: 43-82.
Malimbwi, R.E., Zahabu, E. & Monela, G.C. 2005. Charcoal potential of miombo woodlands at Kitulangalo, Tanzania. Journal of Tropical Forests Science, 17: 197-210.
Mander, M. 2004. An overview of the medicinal plant market in South Africa. In: Lawes, M.C., Eeley, H.A., Shackleton, C.M. & Geach, B.S. (eds). Indigenous forests and woodlands in South Africa: policy, people and practice. University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg. pp. 440-445.
Mandondo, A. 1997. Trees and species as emotion and norm laden components of local ecosystems in Nyamaropa communal land, Nyanga district, Zimbabwe. Agriculture & Human Values, 14: 353-372.
Mandondo, A. 2001. Use of woodland resources within and across villages in a Zimbabwean communal area. Agriculture & Human Values, 18: 177-194.
Mapaure, I. 2001. The influence of elephants and fire on the structure and dynamics of miombo woodland in Sengwa Wildlife Research Area, Zimbabwe. PhD thesis, University of Zimbabwe, Harare. 254 pp.
McGarry, D.K. & Kaschula, S. in press. Child's play? The consumption of wild foods by vulnerable rural children in South Africa. Ecology of Food & Nutrition
McGregor, J. 1995. Gathered produce in Zimbabwe’s communal areas: changing resource availability and use. Ecology of Food & Nutrition, 33: 163-193.
Mithöfer, D. & Waibel, H. 2003. Income and labour productivity of collection and use of indigenous fruit tree products in Zimbabwe. Agroforestry Systems, 59: 295-305.
Msuya, J., Weinberger, K., & Mamiro, P. in press. Iron, Zinc and alpha-carotene potential of indigenous vegetables in Tanzania. African Journal of Food & Nutritional Sciences
Munyanziza, E. 1994. Miombo trees and mycorrhizae: ecological strategies and a basis for afforestation. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen.
Munyanziza, E. & Oldeman, R.A. 1996. Miombo tree: ecological strategies and management. Ambio, 25: 454-458.
Mutmaba, M. in prep. Farming or foraging? The composition of rural livelihoods in Mafulira and Kabompo districts, Zambia. CIFOR, Harare.
Mwabumba, L. & Situabi, L.A. 1995. Seed pre-treatment, growth and phenology of some indigenous fruit trees of the miombo ecozone at Maungu Forestry Reserve, Malawi. In: Maghembe, J.A., Ntupanyama, Y. & Chirwa, P.W. (eds). Improvement of indigenous fruit trees of the miombo woodlands of southern Africa. ICRAF, Nairobi. pp. 66- 75.
Mwambo, L.R. 2000. Species utilisation preferences and resource potential of miombo woodlands: a case of selected villages in Tabora, Tanzania. M.Sc thesis, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch.
Mwase, W.F., Bjornstad, A., Bokosi, J.M., Kwapata, M.B. & Stedje, B. 2007. The role of land tenure in conservation of tree and shrub species diversity in miombo woodlands in southern Malawi. New Forests, 33: 297-307.
Nyathi, P. & Campbell, B.M. 1993. The acquisition and use of miombo litter by small-scale farmers in Masvingo, Zimbabwe. Agroforestry Systems, 22: 43-48.
Nyirenda, W. 1995 Effect of licensed grazing on seasonal variation in cattle weight. In: Lowore, J., Abbot, P.G., & Khofi, C.F. (Eds). Management of miombo by local communities. Proceedings of a workshop for technical forestry staff. Forest Research Institute of Malawi and University of Aberdeen.
O’Brien, E.M. 1988. Climatic correlates of species richness for woody edible plants across southern Africa. Monographs in Systematic Botany of the Missouri Botanic Garden, 25: 385-401.
Panayotou, T. & Ashton, P.S. 1992. Not by timber alone. Island Press, Washington D. C.
Peters, C.R. & O’Brien, E.M. 1981. The early hominid plant food niche: insights from an analysis of human, chimpanzee and baboon plant exploitation in eastern and southern Africa. Current Anthropology, 22: 127-140.
Piearce, G.D. 1993. Natural regeneration of indigenous trees: the key to their successful management. In: Piearce, G.D. and Gumbo, D.J. (eds.) The Ecology and Management of Indigenous forests in Southern Africa. Proceedings of an International Symposium, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, 27-29 July 1992.
Prins, E. & Kikula, I.S. 1996. Deforestation and regrowth phenology in miombo woodland assessed by Landsat Multispectral Scanner System data. Forest Ecology & Management, 84: 263-266.
Prins, H. & Maghmebe, J.A. 1994. Germination studies on seed of fruit trees indigenous to Malawi. Forest Ecology & Management, 64: 111-125.
Saka, J.D. & Msonthi, J.D. 1994. Nutritional value of edible fruits of indigenous trees in Malawi. Forest Ecology & Management, 64: 245-248.
Sayer, J. & Campbell, B.M. 2004. The science of sustainable development: local livelihoods and the global environment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 268 pp.
Schippers, R.R. 2000. African Indigenous Vegetables. An Overview of the Cultivated Species. Natural Resources Institute/ACP-EU Technical Center for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation. Chatham, UK.
Scholes, R.J. & Biggs, R. 2004 (eds). Ecosystem services in southern Africa: a regional assessment. CSIR, Pretoria. 78 pp.
Schwartz, M.W. & Caro, T.M. 2003. Effect of selective logging on tree and understory regeneration in miombo woodland in western Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology, 41: 75-82.
Shackleton, C.M. 1998. Annual production of harvestable deadwood in semi-arid savannas, South Africa. Forest Ecology & Management, 112: 139-144.
Shackleton, C.M. 2001. Managing regrowth of an indigenous savanna tree species (Terminalia sericea) for fuelwood: the influence of stump dimensions and post-harvest coppice pruning. Biomass & Bioenergy, 20: 261-270.
Shackleton, C.M., Botha, J. & Emanuel, P.L. 2003. Productivity and abundance of Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra in and around rural settlements and protected areas of the Bushbuckridge Lowveld, South Africa. Forests, Trees & Livelihoods, 13: 217-232.
Shackleton, C.M. & Shackleton, S.E. 2006. Household wealth status and natural resource use in the Kat River Valley, South Africa. Ecological Economics, 57: 306-317.
Shiundu, K.M. 2002. Role of African leafy vegetables (ALVs) in alleviating food and nutrition insecurity in Africa. African Journal of Food & Nutrition Science, 2: 96-97.
Smith, W., Meredith, T.C. & Johns, T. 1996. Use and conservation of woody vegetation by the Batemi of Ngorongoro district, Tanzania. Economic Botany, 50: 290-299.
Strang, R.M. 1974. Some man-made changes in successional trends on the Rhodesian highveld. Journal of Applied Ecology, 111: 249-263.
Sunderland, T. & Ndoye, O. 2004. Forest products, livelihoods and conservation: case studies of non-timber forest product systems 2: Africa. CIFOR, Bogor. 333 pp.
Trapnell, C.G. 1959. Ecological results of woodland burning experiments in northern Rhodesia. Journal of Ecology, 47: 129-168.
Trollope, W.S.W. 1984. Fire in savanna. In: Booysen, P. de V. & Tainton, N.M. (eds). Ecological effects of fire in South African ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. pp. 149-176.
Tuyahabwe, N., Geldenhuys, G.J., Watts, S. & Obua, J. 2007. Local organizations and decentralized forest management in Uganda: roles, challenges and policy implications. International Forestry Review, 9: 581-596.
Twine, W.C., Siphungu, V. & Moshe, D. 2003. Harvesting of communal resources by ‘outsiders’ in rural South Africa: a case of xenophobia or a real threat to sustainability. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 10: 263-274.
Twine, W. 2004. Medicinal bark harvesting and yields in woodlands. In: Lawes, M.C., Eeley, H.A., Shackleton, C.M. & Geach, B.S. (eds). Indigenous forests and woodlands in South Africa: policy, people and practice. University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg. pp. 533-537.
Van Huis, A. Insects as food in sub-Saharan Africa. Insect Science & its Application, 23: 163-185.
Van Jaarsveld, A.S., Biggs, R., Scholes, R.J., Bohensky, E., Reyers, B. Lynam, T., Musvoto, C. & Fabricius, C. 2005. Measuring conditions and trends in ecosystem services at multiple scales: the southern African Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (SAfMA) experience. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 360: 425-441.
Vedeld, P., Angelsen, A., Sjaastad, E. & Berg, G.K. 2004. Counting on the environment: forest incomes and the rural poor. Environment Dept Paper no. 98. World Bank, Washington. 95 pp.
Vermeulen, S.J. 1996. Cutting of trees by local residents in a communal area and an adjacent state forest in Zimbabwe. Forest Ecology & Management, 81: 1010-111.
Weinberger, K. & Swai, I. 2006. Consumption of traditional vegetables in central and north-eastern Tanzania. Ecology of Food & Nutrition, 45: 1-17.
Werren, M. 1995. A framework for miombo participatory management planning and implementation in Malawi. In: Lowore, J., Abbot, P.G., & Khofi,C.F. (eds) 1995. Management of miombo by local communities. Proceedings of a workshop for technical forestry staff. Forest Research Institute of Malawi and University of Aberdeen.
Williams, V.L. 2004. Trade and socio-economic value of forest and woodland resources within the medicinal plant market in Johannesburg. In: Lawes, M.C., Eeley, H.A., Shackleton, C.M. & Geach, B.S. (eds). Indigenous forests and woodlands in South Africa: policy, people and practice. University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg. pp. 439-472.
Wilson, K.B. 1990. Ecological dynamics and human welfare: a case study of population, health and nutrition in Zimbabwe. PhD thesis, University Collage London, London. 664 pp.
Wong, T., Delang, C.O. & Schmidt-Vogt, D. 2007. What is a forest? Competing meanings and the politics of forest classification in Thung Yai Naresuan wildlife sanctuary, Thailand. Geoforum, 38: 643-654.
Zinyama, L.M., Matiza, T. & Campbell, D.J. 1990. The use of wild foods during periods of food shortage in rural Zimbabwe. Ecology of Food & Nutrition, 24: 251-265

1   ...   51   52   53   54   55   56   57   58   ...   66


Verilənlər bazası müəlliflik hüququ ilə müdafiə olunur ©atelim.com 2016
rəhbərliyinə müraciət