Local plan for sustainable development for tulcea county

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In urban localities in Tulcea County, approximately 100,000 tonnes of household waste are produced annually, with the greatest waste production in Tulcea municipality (approximately 80%). The rest is produced in the other urban localities: Măcin (approximately 12%), Babadag (approximately 4%), Isaccea (approximately 3%) and Sulina (approximately 1%). Waste is mostly composed of organic materials (approximately 40%), with the rest made up of plastics (10%), paper (9%), metals (9%), textiles (5%), glass (4%), others (23%).

The elimination of collected household waste is done through deposits in urban landfills, which are controlled. In Tulcea Municipality there are two landfills (Vărărie and Agighiol Street), with other landfills located in Isaccea (3), Babadag, Măcin, Sulina. Waste deposits are not properly managed and are not deposited and processed properly.

The deposit of inert construction and demolition waste, as well street cleaning waste, is deposited in Tulcea Municipality in the landfill at Vărărie, which was especially created in the north-western part of the city, at the urban limit.

The main activities which generate significant quantities of industrial waste in Tulcea County are: mining industry, metallurgic and construction industries. During 2003, the total quantity of industrial waste collected was of approximately 864,000 tonnes, and was primarily made up of mining waste (approximately 48%), red slate from Alum SA (33.4%) and metallurgic slag from SC Feral SRL (18%).
Most dangerous waste originates in industrial activities, and from hospitals. SC Aker Tulcea SA, SC Petrom SA, SC Electrica SA, and Tulcea County Hospital are the primary producers of such waste.

I.2.9. SWOT ANALYSIS

Strong Points	Weak Points
Natural capital and environment (biological and landscape diversity) Attractiveness of the area Areas organised to be protected natural areas County program for waste management Sustainable development programme in the Danube Delta Biosphere Conservation Area (Master Plan) Ecological reconstruction programme Favourable legal framework	Weak involvement of the local community in environmental issues Lack of integrated system for waste management Townships without water distribution systems Lack of sewage infrastructure and of wastewater treatment Lack of a sustainable development strategy Old naval park Industrial units with old technology
Opportunities	Threats
Development of ecotourism Revival of traditional crafts with low environmental impact Inclusion of some important areas in the county into the Natura 2000 Programme Increase in the demand for organic products Partnerships to solve environmental issues Environmental financing opportunities	Increased naval traffic in the Danube Delta Opening of new international naval routes in the Danube Delta (Bâstroe Canal) Increased road traffic and lack of parking spaces Increased external pollution Negative effects of global warming Delayed development of the essential infrastructure (water distribution, sewage, waste management) Continued soil degradation process Soil, river, and coast erosion Increased pressure on renewable natural resources Increased pressure on landscape resources

I.2.10. OBJECTIVES
STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT

Sustainable management of the natural capital
Return to nature of some dam areas in the Danube Delta and meadow
Implementation of county waste management system
Increase in the level of involvement of the local community (raising awareness, education, preparation, changes, etc.)

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

Provision of optimal air and water quality for the population of the municipality (Tulcea West Platform) and that of Tulcea County.

Air quality monitoring programme at sources with high pollution potential (Tulcea West Platform), and for water
Establishment of a county operator for water distribution
Treatment of wastewater

Sustainable use of water for irrigation

Development plan for irrigation
Improvement of irrigation systems in order to maintain efficient systems with small water and energy use

Developing closed mines to be environmentally friendly (Somova, Altân Tepe, Caraorman, Baia)

Sustainable capitalisation of natural resources in the county

Development of a county plan for the working of stone quarries used in construction

Development of non-conventional energy use, including wind energy, in harmonisation with the objectives for biodiversity conservation

Restoration of degraded soils:

Environmental reconstruction of excessively humid areas, saturated or sandy, in the Danube Delta, in accordance with the DDBCA Master Plan
Restoration of areas affected by erosion in Tulcea County through re-forestation

Extension of forested areas, especially on degraded and cleared lands

Management of protected natural areas for the benefit of the local community:

Development of management plans for all natural protected areas, including Natura 2000 sites
Implementation of Master Plan – Support for the sustainable development of the Danube Delta Biosphere Conservation Area, regarding environmental construction, sustainable use of natural resources, stimulation of traditional economic activities which will use the renewable natural resources in the Danube Delta
Establishment of new natural protected areas, in view of integrating them among Natura 2000 sites

Establishment of an infrastructure for selective waste management and processing, including an integrated transport system

Development of Tulcea County “environmental map”.

Development of an infrastructure to improve education opportunities and to raise awareness with regard to the involvement of the local community in environmental matters

Centre for environmental information and education in Murighiol
Centre for environmental information and education in Sf. Gheorghe
Centre for environmental information and education in Chilia Veche

Development of an infrastructure to combat the effects of floods, and other natural disasters, and to improve emergency response.

I.3 EVALUATION OF THE SOCIAL CAPITAL

I.3.1. DEMOGRAPHICS AND STRUCTURE OF THE POPULATION

The total surface area of Tulcea County is of 8,499 km3, of which 4,655 km3 make up the Danube Delta. The county makes up 3.5% of the area of the country, and is the fourth in size. The county includes 51 administrative areas, divided as follows: Tulcea Municipality – including a third of the county’s population, 4 towns, 46 communes, and 133 villages.
The population, the principal element of society, has an important place in the socio-economic analysis of the county, as it is a factor and a scope for development.
Currently, 256,491 persons live in Tulcea County, 4,5% less than during the 1992 census, and representing 1.2% of the population of Romania. Of this number, 49% live in urban areas, and 51% in rural areas. During 1996-2002, the county’s population decreased by 5,429 persons.
Tulcea County has the smallest population density, at 30.4 inhabitants/ km2, which is three times smaller than the national average of 91 inhabitants / km2. This is mostly due to the large surface areas covered by water in the county.

The demographics at the time of censuses have been recorded as follows:

Tulcea County	Number of inhabitants	Inhabitants / km2
Date of census	Number of inhabitants	Inhabitants / km2
29 December, 1930	186,782	22.0
25 January, 1948	192,228	22.6
21 February, 1956	223,719	26.3
15 March, 1966	236,709	27.9
05 January, 1977	254,531	29.9
07 January, 1992	270,997	31.9
18 March, 2002	256,492	30.2

The structure of the population by average and by sex, at 1 January 2004, shows that of the 253,419 county inhabitants, 124,061 live in urban areas, and 129,358 live in rural areas. The decrease in the urban population follows national trends, and is a direct consequence of the transformation of the national economy. Also, of the total population, 125,869 are male and 127,550 are female, which also follows the national trend with a slight decrease in the number of men.

In Tulcea County, birth rates have been stable during 1992 – 2002, with 2400 – 2500 children born each year, equally distributed among the sexes (slightly more male). When it comes to residence, rural residences predominate (especially due to the administrative composition of the county). The birth rate in 2006 was of 9.5 for one thousand inhabitants, with a larger number of females.

In the county, approximately 17 ethnicities co-habit in harmony for centuries, whose customs and beliefs have been integrated in the cultural and spiritual life of the region. According to statistics for 2002, 90% of the population is of Romanian ethnicity, and 10% of other ethnicities, with the largest groups being Russians and Lipovens – 6.3% of the population, Turks and Tatars – 1.4%, Rroma – 0.9%, and Greeks – 0.7%.

I.3.2. WORKFORCE IN TULCEA COUNTY

At the beginning of 2006, the main indicators which characterised the workforce, according to statistics from the National Statistics Institute (Workforce Balance at 1 January 2006), were as follows:

Work resources – 168.8 thousands of persons;
Active civil population – 91.9 thousands of persons;
Population undergoing professional qualifications and in other categories according to age – 76.9 thousands of persons;
Occupied civil population – 86.7 thousands of persons;
Employed – 46.1 thousands of persons.

On this basis, in 2006, registered unemployment did not undergo major fluctuations, and the difference between the maximum and minimum unemployment rates was of 2.12% - the maximum of 6.47% was reached in January, and the minimum of 4.35% in September.

Average number of employed persons, by national economic sector, during 1991-2004:

Tulcea County	Years – Number of persons
National economic activities	1991	1995	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004
Total economy	86703	75923	48340	48423	44223	45801	43822
Agriculture, hunting, forestry	17141	12957	3968	4725	2669	2947	3047
Fishing	5062	2144	937	659	528	759	711
Industry / of which :	28851	19185	17030	18114	17559	18986	18449
Extracting industry	1642	1494	832	966	941	693	702
Manufacturing industry	26270	16514	15090	16013	15480	17364	16648
Electrical and thermal industry, gas, water	939	1177	1108	1135	1138	929	1099
Constructions	5096	5450	3530	3322	2661	3382	2444
Commerce	6346	15952	6663	5600	4485	3481	3154
Hotels and restaurants	2057	1735	347	778	1080	1235	949
Transportation, storage, communications	8249	5579	4137	3589	3116	3076	2873
Financial intermediaries	769	1036	688	581	586	535	522
Real estate and other services	1415	697	923	1067	1006	1342	1286
Public administration and defence	1552	1902	2072	2073	2155	2128	2358
Education	4941	4979	4486	4374	4256	4093	4131
Health and social aid	3238	3591	2925	2870	3312	3192	3362
Other national economic activities	1986	716	634	671	810	645	536

I.3.2.1 UNEMPLOYMENT

The development of the county’s economy from 1990 to present has led to an increase in unemployment. The ratio of employed persons to pensioners has been negative, and it still is. Still, the unemployment rate has decreased from 12.3% in 1998 to 9% in 2002. Also, at this date, of the total number of unemployed persons – 9,208, women represent 43.3%.

Tulcea County	Unemployed persons registered at employment agencies			Unemployment rate(%)
Years	(number of persons)			Unemployment rate(%)
Years	Total	Women	Men	Total	Women	Men
1991	7652	3821	3831	6,2	7,0	5,5
1995	13788	6957	6831	11,0	13,4	9,2
2000	11991	5716	6275	11,4	10,7	12,0
2001	9459	4106	5353	9,2	8,2	10,3
2002	9208	3992	5216	9,6	8,4	10,9
2003	8530	3375	5155	8,7	7,2	10,1
2004	5181	2151	3030	5,6	4,9	6,3

Unemployment Rate in Tulcea County During 2006

Indicator

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Unemployment rate 2006

6.47%

6.24%

6.18%

5.64%

5.11%

5.09%

4.93%

4.59%

4.35%

One explanation for the decreased unemployment rate and for the decreased effect of seasons upon unemployment is the implementation of active measures identified in 2006, through the effort of county agencies for employment.

Through an analysis of the number of unemployed persons who receive social aid and who do not receive aid registered with county employment agencies, we see that the number of unemployed persons who do not receive aid has been constant throughout the year, with a slight increase in January.

During 2006, Tulcea County Employment Agency has identified a total of 3036 jobs.

2217 persons were employed in advertised jobs by 30 September 2006, inclusive. Of these, 45% come from urban areas and 55% from rural areas, in accordance with the employment programme cumulated at the end of September.

In conclusion, during 2006 unemployment has followed the same trends as in 2005, trends of minimised unemployment and of lower levels of unemployment compared to previous years.
I.3.3. HEALTHCARE
Public healthcare includes services for the community and for individuals in order to maintain and promote the good health of the population. Healthcare is guaranteed for all citizens, and is funded through the state budget, through local budgets, social insurance budgets, or through direct contributions of benefactors. At local level, the institution responsible for public health is Tulcea Public Health Department.

The healthcare system includes material and human resources.

Material resources are as follows:
Number of beds: 1312 – of which:
Acute hospitals:

Tulcea Emergency County Hospital – 1052 beds

Măcin Town Hospital – 130 beds

Babadag Town Hospital – 70 beds

Chronic hospitals:

Tichileşti Leper House – 30 beds

Sulina Health centre – 30 beds

Human resources are as follows:
Doctors:

- 115 + 26 resident doctors in hospitals;

- 21 in the specialised clinic;

- 97 family doctors;

- 35 dentists.
Medical nurses:

- 974 of which:

- 156 primary care

- 30 community.

- 8 health mediators
Specialised health clinics

- hospital clinics - 2;

- private clinics- 62 of which 41 in contract with CJAS

- private laboratories - 8

- denial clinics - 56 of which:

- 44 in urban areas

- 12 in rural areas

- individual medical clinics

– primary care – 97 of which:

– 47 in urban areas

– 50 in rural areas

- pharmacies – 36 of which:

– 24 in urban areas

– 12 in rural areas

The Tulcea County Ambulance Service also includes two sub-stations at Măcin and Babadag:

- Individual Medical Clinic with ambulance services - Dr. Boris Ivanov

- Individual Medical Clinic with ambulance services - Dr. Năstase George

HOSPITAL ACTIVITY DURING 2003 – 2004 – 2005

Year	2003	2004	2005
Concluded cases	52.643	48.794	47.727
Surgical cases	11.274	11.853	11.960
Transfusions	4.538	5.495	5655

AVERAGE HOSPITAL STAY

	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005
National average	10.1	10.0	9.5	8.9	8.6	8.1	8.0	8.1	-
Tulcea	9.2	9.0	8.8	7.8	7.6	6.6	6.6	7.2	7.2

USE OF BEDS

	2002	2003	2004	2005
National average	296.0	298.4	307.9	-
Tulcea	275.9	277.8	274.5	267.4

I.3.4. EDUCATION
During the academic year 2005-2006, the activities of the County School Inspectorate have included two aspects:

Problem of de-centralisation
Ensure the quality of the quality of pre-university education

Projects for the re-establishment of education in rural and disadvantaged areas took priority, as opportunities for those in difficult situations was provided, and the protection and re-integration into the education system of those with special needs was carried out, pre-primary education was generalised.

During the academic year 2005-2006, the Tulcea education network was as follows:

By type of unit - 161 education units, namely:

16 independent urban kindergartens;
39 rural schools teaching grades I-IV;
86 schools teaching grades I-VIII, of which: 17 in urban areas;
16 high schools and school groups, of which: 14 in urban areas;
3 independent professional schools, in urban areas;
1 special needs school in the urban area.

By level of education, the previously mentioned units:

in 147 units have kindergartens:
in 135 units have primary grades;
in 96 units have middle school grades;
in 16 units have secondary grades;
in 24 units have professional education.

The network of high schools in the county has increased through the establishment of Mahmudia School Group, which specialises in tourism and includes the monastic section of the Theological Seminary.

In terms of primary and middle school education, there are special classes for Rroma, classes for catching up, with special teaching for those who have passed school age.

During the academic year 2005-2006, 41,018 children were included in the education system, distributed as follows:

LEVEL OF EDUCATION	TOTAL	Urban	Rural
Pre-school	8163	3454	4709
Primary	10586	4613	5973
Middle school	10982	5190	5792
High school	7271	7121	150
Professional +S.A.M.	3908	3166	742
Special needs	108	108	-
TOTAL	41018	23652	17366

The distribution by area of residence shows the following:

A large number of children in pre-schools in rural areas (4709 compared to 3454 in urban areas). As a result, the inclusion rate is of 79.38%, with the lack of inclusion in proportion of 50% for children aged 3, as well as in the decreased number of children from isolated areas; due to the extension of the “milk and bread” programme to pre-school level, the inclusion rate for disadvantaged children from rural areas increased at primary school level also;
In the primary education system, the situation is similar. Inclusion is at 89.5%. Due to efforts to school children who have passed school age in urban areas, as well as Rroma, the inclusion percentage reaches 96.3%, much larger than the rural percentage (84.90%);
In middle school education, the degree of inclusion is of 91.32%. School leaving is of 1.10% in disadvantaged social and geographical rural areas, although recovery programmes have been implemented at this level, mostly for Rroma;
In the post- middle school education system, there is a large inclusion of students in urban areas, with a strong female representation, especially at high school level. Due to a large coverage of post- middle schools by residential area through the establishment of professional education classes as well as rural middle schools, at this level, in villages the inclusion is higher.

Number of students/ children by class / group, by level and type of education

TYPE OF EDUCATION	lEVEL	Total
Normal	Pre school	21.31
	Primary	18.16
	Middle school	19.89
	High school	27.54
	Professional / SAM	24.58
	Total	21.08
Special needs	Pre school	6.50
	Primary	6.25
	Middle school	6.29
	High school	0.00
	Professional / SAM	8.67
	Total	6.75

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