Local plan for sustainable development for tulcea county
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I.2.8. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IN TULCEA COUNTYI.2.8.1. Atmospheric Quality The quality of the atmosphere is determined, in general, by a set of factors, the most important of which are: urbanism, industrialisation, use of cars, chemical substances, demographic density. Climate changes can be felt in Tulcea County, similar to national levels, which include abrupt temperature changes, large oscillations in daytime and nigh time temperatures, abrupt changes between seasons, with large temperature variations. By signing the Kyoto protocol regarding climate change, Romania has committed to its provisions regarding the limits of quantities of greenhouse gas emissions and their reduction, in order to promote sustainable development. In accordance with the inventory of atmospheric emissions, Tulcea County records a reduction in the amount of these emissions, and the situation can still improve if modernisation of the existing polluting technology is carried out. With regards to greenhouse gases, the Tulcea Environmental Protection Agency evaluates these emissions based on estimation models outlined in the “Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook-2000’’- a CORINAIR guide, and based on the MAPPM Order No. 524/2000. In Tulcea County, during 2003, the following were emitted into the atmosphere: 888,524 tonnes of CO 2, 3,215 tonnes of Nitrates, 4,079 tonnes of CH4. The main sources of greenhouse gases are industrial combustion processes, the production of thermal energy for the population in local thermal stations, the production of thermal energy in stations for commercial, institutional, and residential use, road and water transportation, and inadequate waste deposits. The acidity levels of the atmosphere in Tulcea County is watched through the ongoing monitoring of the following gas pollutants: sulphur dioxide (SO2); nitrogen dioxide (NO2); ammonia (NH3). In comparison with previous years, annual emissions into the atmosphere of acidifying gasses has decreased by 5% for sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide in 2006, and by 8% for ammonia. In 2003, approximately 6,262 tonnes of acidifying substances were released in the atmosphere in Tulcea County (3,023 tonnes of SO2, 3,215 tonnes of nitrates, and 24 tonnes of NH3). The main sources of acidifying gases are combustion processes, the production of thermal energy through combustion of fossil fuel, transportation and inadequate processing of waste. In 2006, there were no recorded breaches of the MAC (maximum admissible concentrations) for any atmospheric pollutant. With regards to the emissions of suspension particles, which include Cr, Mn, heavy mental (Hg, Pb, Cd), persistent organic pollutants (POPs) or troposphere ozone, these decreased in 2006 compared to previous years. In Tulcea Municipality, the main county source for the production of these pollutants includes five economic agents, who use substances which produce troposphere ozone in their processes: SC Servis Frig SRL, SC Giva SRL, SC Carniprod SRL, SC Aker SA, SC Iorgus SRL. At county level in Tulcea, there are two problems which still need to be solved regarding persistent organic pollutants: the neutralisation / destruction of expired pesticides which are still in storage for some organisations, and the eliminations of PCBs from equipment which has been replaced and is now in storage at some economic entities. I.2.8.2. Surface Water Quality The hydrographical network of the county is marked, from a physio-chemical perspective, by water of the 2nd and 3rd classes of quality. From a biological perspective, the analysed water falls in the mezosaprobic water category. The River Danube on the area of Tulcea County, together with the Delta’s and coastal ecosystems, area areas where strong ecological pressures meet, as a result of human activity both within and outside the county. In accordance with Order 1146/2002 which approved the norm regarding reference objectives for the classification of surface water, the results of analyses for the water in the Danube are in the 2nd class of quality, which reflects the quality condition for the protection of water ecosystems. As such, with regard to nutrients, there are frequent breaches of the N- NH4 indicators, for which over 62.5% of tests resulted in values beyond those of the 2nd class of quality. Accidental breaches can be observed for phosphorus and nitrates. Oxygen levels fall within the limits for the 2nd class of quality, while there are breaches of CCO-Cr. Among toxic substances, there have been breaches of phenol limits. When it comes to dissolved metals, breaches of the levels of zinc, copper, and nickel have been registered, as well as cadmium and lead, in smaller proportions. On the territory of the DDBCA, in terms of the chemical quality of the water, the Danube River falls under the 2nd quality class with the exception of some specific pollution parameters (heavy metals – Pb and Cd).The monitoring of the lake ecosystems in Tulcea County for the DDBCA area has been carried out through the monitoring of physio-chemical and biological parameters in lakes in the county, and in the seven lake complexes of the DDBCA (Somova, Sireasa-Şontea, Matiţa-Merhei, Gorgova-Uzlina, Roşu-Puiu, Dunavăţ-Dranov and Razim-Sinoie), with the latter representing the largest in this category of surface waters. The registered variances for the majority of parameters reflects the diversity of environmental conditions in a complex area such as the Danube Delta, with the distribution of values being influenced by the natural evolutionary tendencies of the ecosystems, in addition to anthropological influences more or less direct.When it comes to water chemistry, the lakes in Tulcea County fall within the 2nd quality class, with the exception of specific pollutant parameters (heavy metals - Pb and Cd). Lake Ciuperca represents a special case. It is located inside the municipality, and it should serve as a leisure area for the city’s inhabitants; however, it is currently in an accentuated state of degradation from an ecologic perspective. Physio-chemical analyses carried out on the lake’s water show high organic and inorganic values, due to the fact that the lake’s water is not regularly cleaned, as well as to substances dumped into the lake through rain water canals. Water quality indicators in Lake Ciuperca
With regard to subterranean water in Tulcea County, findings show that there is a high level of nitrates. In 2003, of the 20 research points, 5 recorded values that breached by as much as fifty times the maximum admissible concentration levels. High values of nitrates were recorded in some individual wells used for drinking water. The metals analysed for the same 20 research points showed values between 0.006 – 0.153 mg/l for bivalent iron, and 0.01 – 1.3 mg/l for manganese. Drinking water distribution in Tulcea County is done through centralised systems and through wells. The quality of the drinking water in wells is monitored through chemical and bacterial tests. In urban areas, the distribution of drinking water for the four cities and for Tulcea Municipality is done from surface and underground water, and the distribution of water is 80% centralised. In rural areas, only 10% of the county’s inhabitants consume drinking water which has been processed through the 4 treatment steps, and the rest of the population consumes water from deep wells which meet current standards (approximately 32%), from drinking water springs or medium depth wells (approximately 20%), from shallow wells (approximately 28%), while 10% of the population still consumes water directly from the Danube or from the Danube Delta canals. I.2.8.3. Household and Industrial Wastewater The main industrial wastewater release into surface water is carried out by the industrial units in Tulcea Municipality, in urban centres, or other townships with industrial units: SC Alum SA Tulcea, SC Carniprod (pig farm), SC Carniprod (slaughter house), SC Pigcom Satu Nou, SC Aker Yard Tulcea, SC Carpat Agregate SA Tulcea, SC Viticola Sarica Niculitel, SC Acet Tulcea, SCH Constanta (Turcoaia quarry), etc. In general, economic units have wastewater purification plants with the necessary technologies. Released wastewater, however, at times does not meet the regulated norms for numerous reasons, such as: inadequate maintenance of the purification installations, lack of qualified staff, inadequately sized stations, etc. Household wastewater is released without being treated; the only towns which do not have wastewater treatment plants are Tulcea, Măcin, Isaccea, Babadag, Sulina. I.2.8.4. Soil The large surface with degraded soils in Tulcea County, of approximately 26.8%, is inadequate. The main cause for soil degradation is erosion, with areas affected by different types of erosion (68.8% of all degraded areas); other causes for degradation include excessive humidity (11.1%), saturation (15.7%), or the presence of sand (3%). Still, there is no clear understanding of the degree of soil degradation, because there are no commissioned agrochemical or pedological studies, only sporadic analyses over small areas, therefore inconclusive at county level. It has been noted that those who use chemical fertilisers, do so without having a soil fertilisation plan. There have been no significant soil pollution events due to excessive application of chemical fertilisers, or of phytosanitary products. I.2.8.5. Environmental Radioactivity In Tulcea County, there are two radioactive power plants, located in Tulcea and Sfântu Gheorghe, in the Danube Delta, both emitting global beta radioactivity for all environmental factors, natural radon and toron isotope concentrations in the air, as well as the monitoring of gamma doses absorbed in the air. The level of radioactivity of the environment is based on global beta measurements carried out for environmental, air, atmospheric deposits, water, vegetation soil factors, and through external gamma radiation measurements. Measurements registered in recent years have surpassed warning levels or have reached noticeable levels for the monitored environmental factors. I.2.8.6. Waste Management |