Course code: sfm 301 (S) Course Title: forest extension and communication full marks: 50 Theory: 50 general objective

UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION (22)

1. 
   Concept of CBFM
   
2. 
   Evolution of CBFM
   
3. 
   Global Practices of CBFM
   

Degree of people’s involvement (Any 3 countries)

3. 
   CBFM in Nepal
   

2. 
   Leasehold forestry
   
3. 
   Buffer zone community forestry
   
4. 
   Conservation area management committee
   
5. 
   Collaborative forest management
   
6. 
   Private Forestry (e.g. agro forestry, farm forestry)
   
7. 
   Religious Forestry
   

UNIT 2 PRINCIPLES AND PROCESS OF CBFM (6)

1. 
   Common design principles in CBFM
   
2. 
   Indigenous knowledge of forest management (Mixing technical forestry with peoples knowledge- A practical forestry for future)
   
3. 
   Power analysis - Right, Responsibility, Return and Risk (4 R) in relation of CBFM
   

UNIT 3 PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CBFM (4)

1. 
   Case study – National- one case
   

UNIT 4 ASSESSMENT OF CBFM IN NEPAL (11)

4.2 Assessment tools

1. 
   Organizational Analysis
   
2. 
   Appreciative Inquiry
   
3. 
   Strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats/limitations SWOT/L
   
4. 
   Spider Web Tool
   
2. 
   Application of Tools in CBFM
   
   1. 
      Buffer zone community forestry
      
   2. 
      Collaborative forest management
      
   3. 
      Public and private forestry
      
   4. 
      Sub-watershed community
      
   5. 
      Community forestry
      

UNIT 5 APPLICATION OF GOVERNANCE IN CF (8)

5.2 Access to resources and benefit sharing

5.3 Decision making process

5.4 Communication and information flow system

5.5 Gender, diversity, social equity and social inclusion (women, poor, marginalized, ethnic groups)

5.6 Participatory monitoring, public audit and reporting

UNIT 6 GOVERNANCE IN CBFM (4)

6.1.1 Participation

6.1.2 Transparency

6.1.3 Accountability

6.1.4 Predictability

6.1.5 Responsiveness

6.1.6 Rule of Law

6.1.7 Efficiency and Effectiveness

6.2 Equity, Gender and Social inclusion (women, poor, marginalized, ethnic groups)

6.3 Communication and information flow system

6.4 Actors of Governance and their roles (State, Civil Society and Private sectors)

UNIT 7 SUSTAINABILITY OF CBFM

7.2 Forest Certification – Process- International Clarifies Involved

1. 
   Case study on analysis of an institution related to forestry
   
2. 
   Case study on watershed community
   
3. 
   Analysis of gender and social equity of forestry institution
   
4. 
   Prepare a case study of good governance on CBFM (any one) of Nepal
   

2. Community and Forestry: Continuities in the Sociology of Natural Resources. Robert Lee et al; International Book Distributors, Dehradun.

3. Readings in Social Forestry and Natural Resources Management for Nepal, HMG Ministry of Agriculture-Winrock International/IOF Project.

4. Sustainable and Effective Management Systems for Community Forestry, RECOFTC, Bangkok, Report No.9.

5. Field Research Methods Vol.1, Diagnostic Tools for Supporting

Joint Forest Management Systems. Society for Promotion of Wastelands Development, New Delhi, India.

6. Field Research Methods Vol.2, Community Forestry Economy and Use Patterns, PRA Methods in South Gujrat, Joint Forest Management Systems. Society for Promotion of Wastelands Development, New Delhi, India.

7. Social Science Applications for Asian Agroforestry, William Burch and K. Parker. South Asia Publications, Delhi. Oxford – IBH and Winrock International.

8. Forest User Groups in Nepal, Messerschmidt and Richard, IOFP Technical Paper.

9. Field Manuals for Community and Private Forestry, CFDD Publications (4 volumes).

1. 
   Explain different factors harmful to a forest and seedlings in the nurseries.
   
2. 
   Describe various methods (protective and preventive) to control damaging agents.
   
3. 
   Describe the life history and characteristics of harmful insects and diseases damaging some of principal species in the natural forest or plantation.
   

1.1 Role of forest protection

1.2 Difficulties in forest protection
UNIT 2 PROTECTION AGAINST ATMOSPHERIC AGENCIES (2)

2.1 Temperature

2.2 Frost

2.3 Drought

2.4 Rainfall

2.5 Wind

2.6 Smoke & poisonous gas

2.7 Lighting

3.1 Deforestation

3.2 Encroachment

3.3 Shifting cultivation practices

3.4 Illegal felling

3.5 Heavy constructions inside forest lands

3.6 Defective forest policies
UNIT 4 FOREST FIRES AND CONTROL MEASURES (4)

4.1 Causes of fires

4.2 Classification of fires

4.3 Damage by fire

4.3 Factors Influencing the spread & severity of forest fire

4.4 Prevention and control methods (mechanical, biological, social and educational)

4.6 Rehabilitation of burnt areas

4.7 Beneficial effects of fires (as management tool

5.1 Forest grazing intensity

5.2 Physical effect: Effect of grazing, Effect on reproduction, Effect of fire control, Benefit versus injurious from grazing

5.3 Regulation of forest grazing

5.4 Protection from grazing by wild animals (Deer, Porcupine, Rabbits, Squirrels)

5.5 Damage by birds

6.1 Weeds, climbers & Phenerogamic parasite

6.2 Excessive number of the plants

SECTION B - FOREST ENTOMOLOGY

UNIT 7 PROTECTION AGAINST INSECT DAMAGE (5)

7.1 Introduction: concept of forest entomology

7.2 General harmful characteristics of insects

7.3 Damage to forest resources

7.4 Development and metamorphosis of insects

7.4.1 Post embryonic development

7.4.2 Metamorphosis

7.4.3 Types of insect larvae-pupae

7.5 Insect control

7.5.1 Applied control (chemical, mechanical, silvicultural, biological and legal)

7.5.2 natural control (climate, typography, predators, parasites, insect diseases)

7.6. Nursery pests

8.1 Order Coleoptera

8.1.1 Curculionidae (Sissoo leaf-roller)

8.1.2 Bostrichidae (bamboo borer)

8.1.3 Bostrychidae (Sissoo bark borer)

8.1.4 Scarabaeidae (Cockchafers)

8.1.5 Platypodidae (Chairpine borer)

8.1.6 Scolytidae (Conifers bark beetle)

8.1.7 Cerambycidae (Sal borer)

8.2 Order Lepidoptera

8.2.1 Geometridae (deodar defoliator)

8.2.2 Hyblaeidae (Teak Defoliator)

8.2.3 Noctuidae (Greasy cutworm and sissoo defoliator)

8.2.4 Pyralidae (Teak sceletoniser)

8.2.5 Oecophoridae (Simal shoot borer)

8.3 Order orthoptera

8.3.1 Grallidae (Crickets)

8.4 Order Isoptera

8.4.1 Termitidae (White ants)
SECTION C - FOREST PATHOLOGY
UNIT 9 PLANT DISEASE SYMPTOM AND CONTROL MEASURES (4)

9.1 Plant diseases: symptoms, effects

9.2 Host-parasite relationship

9.3 Forest disease control

9.4 Factors affecting epiphytology of a disease and its control
UNIT 10 PROTECTION AGAINST DAMAGE BY DISEASES (10)

10.1 Classification of forest tree diseases (root diseases, heart diseases, wilt diseases)

10.2 Concept on pythium, polyporous, Fomes, Ganoderma, Poria, Lenzites, Fuszrium, Armillarea, and their control

10.3 Symptoms, pathogenic organisms, mode of infection, Life cycle and control measures for: Sal, Sissoo, Khair, Teak, Poplars, Eucalyptus, Chir Pine, Blue Pine, Deodar, Utis.

1. Regions of insect body (Simple and compound eyes, types of antenna, mouth parts and legs)

2. Study of external morphology with help of slides and set specimens of honey bee, silk worm, house fly, mosquito, and other common insects.

3. Visit local nursery and nearby forest to study the insects, pests, and diseases symptoms and their control.

4. Identification of important insect orders and families.

5. Collection and preservation of insects and fungi.

6. Identification of important diseases of forest trees.

7. Histo-pathological study of diseased plant material.

2. Forest Pathology, B.K. Bakshi.

3. The Ecology and Control of Forest Insects of India and Neighboring countries, C.F.C. Beeson.

4. Plantation Forestry in the Temperate Regions, Peter Savil and Julian Evans.

5. Principles of Forest Entomology, S.A. Graham and F.B. Knight.

6. Forest Protection – Ralph C. Howley & Paul W. Shilkel, John wiley & sons Inc N.Y. Champman & hall Ltd. London

7. Forest Ecology – Spurr & Barnes (1880)
COURSE CODE: WME 504

COURSE TITLE: AIR PHOTO INTERPRETATION AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY

FULL MARKS: 50 THEORY: 40 PRACTICAL: 10
GENERAL OBJECTIVE: After completion of this course students will gain the general knowledge about aerial photography, principles of photography, photographic measurements etc.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: By the end of this course, the students will be able to:

1. 
   Understand fundamentals of aerial photos and photogrammetry and use them for different measurement purposes.
   
2. 
   Interpret aerial photographs for natural resources planning and management.
   
3. 
   Prepare flight plans and to understand the use and application of aerial photographs in preparing management plan.
   

1. 
   Definition and scope
   
2. 
   Development of Aerial Photography
   
3. 
   Types of Aerial Photographs and their use in natural resources management
   

1. 
   Development of camera
   
2. 
   Types of Aerial Camera, main parts of frame Aerial Camera, Camera calibration
   
3. 
   Relation between aperture and shutter speed, lens quality lateral magnification, depth of field.
   
4. 
   Photographic films and filters
   

3.1 Geometry of aerial photographs measurement of photo coordinates

3.2 Refinement of measured image co-ordinates

3.2.1 Shrinkage and expansion

3.2.2 Radial lens distortion

3.2.3 Atmospheric effects

3.2.4 Earth curvature

3.3 Other measurements

3.3.1. Scale determination

3.3.2. Horizontal distance

3.3.3. Height and slope

3.3.4. Area and bearings

4.1. Stereoscopes and their uses

4.2. Depth of perception, conditions for viewing photos stereoscopically, causes of y parallax and vertical exaggeration

4.3. Monoscopic and stereoscopic method of parallax measurement, principle of floating marks.

4.4. Preparation of aerial photos for photo interpretation, object recognition,

4.5 Element of photo interpretation and various steps involved in aerial photo interpretation

5.1. Introduction to vertical aerial photographs

5.2. Planimetric mapping by direct tracing (Orthophoto), radial line triangulation fundamentals of radial line triangulation, graphic method of radial line triangulation, pass point, control points, three point resection.

5.3. Ground Controls for Aerial Photos (horizontal and vertical) flight planning and specifications for Aerial photos (scale, side lap/end lap, tilt crab, draft, time, weather condition, season etc.)

5.4. GPS application in aerial photography
UNIT 6 APPLICATION OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS (8)

6.1. Forest interpretation

6.1.1. Vegetation classification

6.1.2. Species identification

6.1.3. Forest inventory including determination of % crown cover

6.1.4. Road location and layout for harvesting units

7.2. Soil interpretation

7.3. Water resource application

7.4. Environmental impacts assessment application

1. 
   Familiarization with aerial photographs
   
2. 
   Establishment of photo coordination and their measurements (pp, cpp, fiducial marks)
   
3. 
   Refinement of measurement [photo coordinate by adjusting for shrinkage and expansion of paper Aps
   
4. 
   Prepare Aps for photo interpretation (pp,cpp, fiducial mark, effective area)
   
5. 
   Use stereoscope to measure parallax for elements of height of trees
   
6. 
   Determination of crown closure crown density, trees heights, forest areas and scale etc.
   
7. 
   Prepare planimetric map by radial line triangulation method
   
8. 
   Flight planning exercise
   

1. 
   Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, Thomas M. Lillesand and Ralph W. Kiefer, John Wiley and Sons.
   
2. 
   Text book of Photogrammetry, K. K. Rampal
   
3. 
   Aerial Photographs in Forestry, Stephen H. Spurr
   
4. 
   Remote Sensing and Forest Surveys, Dr. M.K. Sharma
   
5. 
   Interpretation of aerial photographs, Thomas Eugene Averly, Berlin
   
6. 
   Aerial photographs in landuse and forest survey, M. S. Tomar and A. R. Maslekar
   
7. 
   Aerial Photography and Remotes Sensing, A. B. Bhatt
   
8. 
   A Basic Course in Remote Sensing for Nepal, Joel Heinen
   

2. Explain and demonstrate the application of ergonomics in forestry

3. Use the appropriate methods of storage and grading of logs

4. Know the cost estimation of harvesting products.

1.1 Planning

1.2 Agencies involved in harvesting practices in Nepal
UNIT 2 HARVESTING PRACTICES (6)

1. 
   Trends of forest harvesting practices in Nepal
   
2. 
   Appropriate Forest harvesting technology
   

3.1 Log Extraction from hill

3.2 Log extraction in Terai plain
UNIT 4 LOADING AND UNLOADING (6)

1. 
   Planning
   
2. 
   Mechanism of loading and unloading
   

1. 
   Transportation of logs in Nepalese context
   
2. 
   Other transportation system
   

6.1 Principles and importance of grading

6.2 Grading system in Nepal

6.3 Logs storage system in Nepal

6.4 Protective measures of logs in storage
UNIT 7 ERGONOMY (2)

7.1 Introduction and Importance

7.2 Application of ergonomics in forestry
UNIT 8 COST ESTIMATION OF HARVESTING PRODUCTS (6)

8.1 Manual production cost

8.2 Mechanical production cost
Note: Exercise on harvesting practices (6)

TEXT BOOKS AND REFERENCES:
1. Indian Forest Utilization vol. I. FRI Deharadun, 1970

2. Logging practices by Steve Conway.

3. Logging News, A quarterly Newsletter & Journals

4. Logging of mountain forests. FAO 33, 1982.

5. Appropriate technology in forestry FAO vol. 31 1982.

6. Manual of Forest Utilization by S. Chowdhury, 2003

1. 
   Identify the causes of land degradation in the watershed,
   
2. 
   Explain the conservation measures to mitigate land degradation and maintain its productivity,
   
3. 
   Able to design major erosion control structures,
   
4. 
   Understand conservation techniques and measures,
   
5. 
   Understand erosion monitoring processes
   

1.1. Introduction to Land Degradation and its consequences

1.2 Water Erosion

1.2.1 Types of water erosion: Sheet, Rill, Gullies and Flood

1.2.2 Agents active in water erosion

1.2.3 Water erosion prediction equation

1.3 Wind erosion

1.3.1 Factors causing wind erosion

1.3.2 Soil movement due to wind erosion

1.3.3 Control of wind erosion

2.1 Introduction to mechanical control measures

2.2.1 Check dams (5)

2.1.1.1 Types of check dams

2.1.1.2 Design of check dams

2.1.1.3 Stability analysis of check dams

2.1.1.4 Construction consideration and layout procedure of check dams

2.2.2 Terraces (3)

2.1.7.1 Types of Terraces

2.1.7.2 Design of Terraces

2.1.7.3 Consideration in the stability of Terraces

2.1.7.4 Construction consideration and layout procedure of Terraces

2.2.3 Waterways (3)

2.1.5.1 Types of Waterways/Drainage

2.1.5.2 Design of Waterways/Drainage

2.1.5.3 Stability analysis of Waterways/Drainage

2.1.5.4 Construction consideration and layout procedure of Waterways / Drainage

2.2.4 Bunds (2)

2.1.6.1 Types of Bunds

2.1.6.2 Design of Bunds

2.1.6.3 Consideration in the stability of Bunds

2.1.6.4 Construction consideration and layout procedure of Bunds

3.1.1 Types of spurs

3.1.2 Design of spurs

3.1.3 Stability analysis of Spurs

3.1.4 Construction consideration and layout procedure of Spurs
3.2. Embankments (3)

3.2.1 Types of embankments

3.2.2 Design of embankments

3.2.3 Stability analysis of embankments

3.2.4 Construction consideration and layout procedure of Embankment

3.3 Bolster (1)

3.3.1 Design of Bolster

3.3.2 Construction consideration and layout procedure of Bolster

4.1 Water Harvesting Structures

4.1.1 Types of Water Harvesting Structures

4.1.2 Design of Water Harvesting Structures

4.1.3 Consideration in the stability of Water Harvesting Structures

4.1.4 Construction consideration and layout procedure of Water Harvesting Structures

1. 
   Introduction / Definitions / Concepts / Functions
   
2. 
   Soil Bio-engineering Practices
   

1. 
   Plants and Planting Techniques
   
2. 
   Grass Planting / Seeding
   
3. 
   Strip Planting
   
4. 
   Crib Wall
   
5. 
   Brush Layering
   
6. 
   Turfing / Sodding
   
7. 
   Wattle Fence
   
8. 
   Palisade
   
9. 
   Fascine
   
10. 
    Jute Netting
    
11. 
    Hedge-Brush Layering
    
12. 
    Brush Mattressing
    
13. 
    Rip-rap / Joint Planting
    

1. 
   Gully and Landslide Treatments
   
2. 
   Slope Stabilization
   
3. 
   Stream / River bank Erosion Control
   
4. 
   Road Erosion Control
   
5. 
   Cultivated, Forest Lands and Pasture Lands
   

1. 
   Shelter Belts / Green Belts
   
2. 
   Hedgerows
   
3. 
   Minimum tillage
   
4. 
   Relay cropping
   
5. 
   Mixed cropping
   
6. 
   Multiple cropping
   
7. 
   Strip cropping
   
8. 
   Cover cropping
   
9. 
   Mulching
   
10. 
    Green manure
    
11. 
    Compost manure
    
12. 
    Nitrogen fixing plants
    

8.1 Erodibility of soil

8.2 Erosivity to Rainfall-impact

8.3 Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation

8.4 Erosion Monitoring

8.4.1. Run-off Plot Monitoring

8.4.2. Paired Catchment’s Studies

8.4.3. Sedimentation survey

1. 
   a: Field observation of check dams and other conservation structures
   
2. 
   b: Field observation and design of hydraulic channel for peak flow for a small catchment
   
3. 
   c: Field observation and compression between bio engineering practice and mechanical protection works.
   

1. 
   Alford, D. 1992. Hydrological Aspects of the Himalayan Region. ICIMOD Occasional Paper No. 18.
   
2. 
   Bruijnzeel, L. A. and C. N. Bremmer, 1989. Highland - Lowland Interactions in the Ganges Brahmaputra River basin: A review of Published Literature. ICIMOD Publication Occasional Paper No. 11.
   
3. 
   Dunn and Leopold, 19??. Water in Environmental Planning.
   
4. 
   FAO, 1977. Guidelines for Watershed Management. FAO Watershed Management Field Manual. FAO Conservation Guide 1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO/UN).
   
5. 
   FAO, 1985. Vegetative and Soil Treatment Measures. FAO Watershed Management Field Manual. FAO Conservation Guide 13/1. FAO/UN.
   
6. 
   Pereira, H. C., 1989. Policy and Practices in the Management of Tropical Watersheds. Westview Press.
   
7. 
   Rimal, B. K. and M. D. Joshi, 1991. Soil Conservation and Watershed Management. In Background papers to the National Conservation Strategy for Nepal - Volume 1. National Planning Commission / HMG and IUCN, Kathmandu.
   
8. 
   Sharma, P. N. (edited) 1997. Recent Developments, Status and Gaps in Participatory Watershed Management and Training in Asia, PWMTA-FARM Field Document No. 6. FARM Programme and Participatory Watershed Management Training in Asia, Kathmandu.
   
9. 
   Sthapit, K. M., 1987. Land Capability Classification. Watershed Planning Manual No. 4. Watershed Management Project, Department of Soil Conservation, Kathmandu.
   
10. 
    Sthapit, K. M. 1988. Flood Control and Watershed Management. A paper presented to the workshop on “River Training / Embankment Protection”. Organized by Department of Irrigation and UNDP-ILO. 9 to 13 May, 1988, Kathmandu.
    
11. 
    WECS, 1987. Erosion and Sedimentation in the Nepal Himalayan. Water and Energy Commission Secretariat, Kathmandu.
    
12. 
    Soil Conservation, Norman and Hudsan
    
13. 
    Soil Conservation and Land Management, S.K. Dutta