Course code: sfm 301 (S) Course Title: forest extension and communication full marks: 50 Theory: 50 general objective

1. 
   Take the measurements of standing and felled trees.
   
2. 
   Prepare local volume table and use different V.T.S.
   
3. 
   Execute different methods of sampling enumeration of the forest.
   
4. 
   Demonstrate an understanding of increment.
   
5. 
   Calculate the weight and volume of different forest products.
   

1.1. Definition of forest mensuration

1.2 Scope of forest mensuration
UNIT 2 MEASUREMENT OF STANDING TREES (13)

2.1 Diameter measurement and its importance (3)

2.1.1 Diameter at breast height & Rules of dbh measurement

2.1.2 Diameter caliper and diameter tape, their use, advantages and disadvantages

2.2 Height measurement and its importance (6)

2.2.1 Hypsometer and clinometer

2.2.2 Abney's level and its use

2.2.3 Measurement of height of trees on plane areas

2.2.4 Measurement of height of tree on sloped areas

2.2.5 Sources of error in height measurement

2.3 Forms of trees and Metzger's theory (4)

2.3.1 Form factors

2.3.2 Form quotients
UNIT 3 MEASUREMENT OF FELLED TREES & FUELWOOD (4)

3.1 Measurement of logs

3.1.1 Measurement of length, diameter and sectional areas of logs.

1. 
   Different formulae for the calculation of volume (Newton's, Huber's, Smalian's, and Quarter Girth) of logs.
   
2. 
   Calculation of volume of sawn timber
   

3.2.1 Dimensions and volume of a chatta (stacked fuelwood and solide volume percentage)

4.1 General volume table: Use of Govts.

4.2 Local volume table: Preparation of LVT (graphical method)

4.3 Differences between LVT & GVT

5.1 Definition and scope of sampling

5.2 Types of sampling

5.2.1 Random sampling

5.2.2 Systematic sampling

a. Line plot sampling

b. Strip sampling

c. Stratified sampling

5.3. Computation of volume & crop density

5.4 Inventory of commercially important five NTFPs

6.1 Definition and types of increment

6.1.1 Basic concept of DBH, height and volume increment

6.1.2 Concept of CAI and MAI

6.1.3 Estimation of increment e.g. diameter growth percentage, volume growth percentage
UNIT 7 WEIGHT AND VOLUME CALCULATION (2)

7.1 Weight and volume calculation of seed, and other forest products

1. DBH measurement of standing trees.

2. Height measurement of standing tree.

3. Preparation of LVT Graphical method.

4. Line plot sampling

5. Strip sampling

6. Log volume calculation.
TEXT AND REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Forest Mensuration – L.S. Khanna and A.N. Chaturvedi

COURSE CODE: SFM 305 (S)

COURSE TITLE: FOREST LAW AND OFFICE MANAGEMENT

FULL MARKS: 50 THEORY: 50
GENERAL OBJECTIVES: The students will gain general Knowledge about the principles and practices of forest policy, forest law and policy of Government of Nepal.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: After the completion of the course, the students will be able to:

1. 
   Understand the legal procedures of forest protection and conservation.
   
2. 
   Understand the implementation and procedures of forest rules and regulations.
   

1.1 Private forest nationalization act 2013

1.2 Forest act 2049

1.3 National park and wildlife conservation act 2029 & 2050

1.4 Plant protection act 2029 and 2050

1.5 Soil and water conservation act

1.6 Environment Act; 2053

1.7 Constitution of Kingdom of Nepal; 2047

2.1 Introduction, concept, History

2.2 Sales and distribution rules of forest produce

2.3 Wild life rules and regulations

2.4 Legal procedures and charge sheets

2.5 Buffer zone regulation; 2052

2.6 Environment Regulation; 2054

PART - B OFFICE MANAGEMENT

UNIT 3 OFFICE MANAGEMENT (4)

3.1 Meaning and objectives management

3.2 Meaning of Office

3.3 Office lay-out

4.1 Government accounting system

4.2 Objectives

4.3 District treasury and Account controller's office

5.1 Meaning and Objectives

5.2 Budget Estimation and Formulation

UNIT 6 INVENTORY ACCOUNTING (4)

6.1 Meaning and Objectives

6.2 Classification

6.3 Procurement system

7.1 Correspondence

7.2 Filing and Indexing

7.3 Authority-letter

7.4 Benefits (Leave, retirement, pension & gratuity)

TEXT AND REFERENCES BOOKS

1. 
   Government Budget and Accounting System (with Audit)--B. G. Bista and S. N. Shrestha
   
2. 
   Government Accounting System and Budgetary System in Nepal--M. M. Shrestha & M. Bajimaya
   
3. 
   Byabasayik Siddhanta Tatha Karyalaya Bysthapan--Kul Nar Singh
   
4. 
   Byabasayik Siddhanta Tatha Karyalaya Karyabidhi, Amuda Shrestha (Publisher: Educational Enterprises).
   
5. 
   Nepal Ain Sangrah, Volume 7, revised.
   
6. 
   Forest Act 2049.
   
7. 
   Muluki Ain 2049.
   
8. 
   Nepal Niyam Sangrah, volume 7, revised.
   

FULL MARKS: 50

1. 
   Definition, nature, scope, and branches of sociology and anthropology. Historical development of sociology/anthropology in Nepal.
   

1.3 Transhumance

2.1 Society, Culture, Group, Community, Institutions, Class, Caste, Status and Roles

2.2 Norms and Values, Family and Kinships, Ethnicity, Assimilation, Socialization, and Sanskitization.

2.3 Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism

2.4 Religion

2.5 Holism, System Approach

2.6 Gender and Feminism
UNIT 3 GROUP AND COMMUNITY (5)

3.1 Definition, Features, and types of groups

3.2 Basic Component of a group:

1. 
   Insider/Outsider (emic, etic perspective),
   
2. 
   Primary and Secondary group
   
3. 
   Users Group
   
4. 
   Interest group
   
5. 
   Group vs community
   
6. 
   Basic Elements of a Community
   
7. 
   Society vs Community
   
8. 
   Ethnicity
   
9. 
   Tribe
   

4.1. Values

4.1.1 Characteristics

4.1.2 Values orientation (Local vs. Govt.)

4.2. Norms

4.2.1 Decision-Making

4.2.2 Politics and power, distribution and equity

4.2.3 Good Governance: Definition, types and application in Forestry.

4.2.4 Role of Caste, Class, Gender and Age in decision making
UNIT 5 SOCIAL SYSTEMS, ORGANIZATION AND CHANGE (5)

5.1 Social Structure

5.2 Social system: Feudalism, Capitalism and Socialism

5.3 Social organization

5.4 Social change

5.5 Some General Aspects of social change

5.6 Social change and Development
UNIT 6 SOCIAL PROCESSES AND INTERACTION (5)

6.1 Basic Concepts of Social Process

6.2 Conflict resolution/Group cohesion

6.3 Causes of Conflicts

6.4 Conflict resolution

6.5 Social control

6.6 Social Stratification and inequality: Caste, Class, Gender and Ethnicity

7. 
   The forms of accommodation
   

1. 
   Modernization theory
   
2. 
   Dependency theory
   
3. 
   World system theory
   
4. 
   Human Ecology
   

1. 
   Cultural Diversity – mountain, hill, Terai
   
2. 
   Economic structure of Nepalese society
   
3. 
   Ethnic/Caste & class structure and change
   
4. 
   Gender structure and change
   

1. 
   Acculturation
   
2. 
   Process of Nepalization & Sanskritization
   
3. 
   Regionalism and National Integration
   
4. 
   Westernization and Modernization
   

10.1 Indigenous Vs Traditional.

10.2 Resource management through indigenous knowledge and practice.

3. 
   Importance and relationship of social sciences in resource management
   

1. 
   Readings in Social Forestry: Edited by Don Messerschmidt and N.K. Rai. Winrock International Kathmandu.
   
2. 
   Introduction to Sociology: Sadhu and Singh
   
3. 
   Forest, Tree and People of Nepal; Gilmour and Fisher
   
4. 
   Proceedings of International training on participatory process, tools, Techniques in Community Forestry organized by RECOFTC/DOF/IOF
   
5. 
   An Introduction to Sociology by Vaidhya Bhusan Sachdeva, Kitab Mahal, India.
   
6. 
   Rural Sociology by K. Singh, Prakashan Kendra, Lucknow, India.
   
7. 
   Modern Sociological Theory by M. Francis Abraham, Oxford University press, 1992.
   
8. 
   The Structure of Sociological Theory by H.Jonathan Turne, Rawat Publication, Jaipur, 2002.
   

1. Define and classify agroforestry systems.

2. Select species suitable for different agroforestry practices.

3. Identify suitable species for horticulture and animal farming along with tree crops.

1. 
   Definition and basic concepts of agroforestry
   
2. 
   Scope and importance of agroforestry in Nepal
   
3. 
   Components of agroforestry and their interactions
   

2.1 Criteria for classification

2.1.1 Structural basis

2.1.2 Functional basis

2.1.3 Ecological basis

2.1.4 Commercial basis

2.2 Agro-forestry systems

2.2.1 Agro-silviculture

2.2.2 Horto-silviculture

2.2.3 Silvipasture

2.2.4 Agri-silvi-pasture

2.2.5 Sericulture and aqua-silviculture

2.2.6 Taungya & Shifting cultivation
UNIT 3 AGROFORESTRY PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN NEPAL (14)

1. 
   Cereal-based production systems (4)
   
2. 
   Fruit and vegetable-based production systems (4)
   
3. 
   Animal-based (6)
   

3.3.2 Management of forest resources (3)

1. 
   Timber
   
2. 
   Fuel wood
   
3. 
   Food-fruit-vegetables
   
4. 
   Fodder & forage
   
5. 
   Shade
   
6. 
   Green manuring
   
7. 
   Windbreak and shelter belts
   

1. 
   Description of agroforestry
   
2. 
   Biophysical consideration
   
3. 
   Socio economic consideration
   
4. 
   Case study (Hills and Terai )
   
5. 
   Preparation of agroforestry projects
   

1. 
   Visit nearby agroforestry projects and farm activities. (1)
   
2. 
   Collection and identification of agroforestry species and crops. (1)
   
3. 
   Rapid collection methods of socio-economics and bio-physical information. (2)
   
4. 
   Study of Agroforestry Systems, Windbreak, and shelterbelts should be done during the field visit (1).
   
5. 
   Design and drawing of simple agroforestry models
   

1. 
   Agroforestry Principles and Practices A.P. Dwivedi
   
2. 
   Hand Book of Agroforestry S.P. Singh
   
3. 
   Agroforestry in india K.G. Tejwani
   
4. 
   Text Book of Agroforestry Dr. B.S. Chundwat & Mr. S.K. Gautam
   
5. 
   Agroforestry – Classification & management Edited by Kenneth G. Mac Dicken Napoleon T. Vergera
   
6. 
   Agroforestry Land use Systems NFTA Special Publication 90-02-1990
   
7. 
   Agroforestry Practices in Nepal Dr. S.M. Amatya
   
8. 
   Tree Fodder & Fodder Tree in Nepal K.K. Pandey
   

1. 
   To acquire sufficient knowledge in Physics
   
2. 
   Heat as sources of energy.
   
3. 
   Laws of thermodynamics used in ecology.
   
4. 
   Shrinking and swelling of wood.
   
5. 
   Thermal and electrical conductivity of wood.
   
6. 
   Modulus of elasticity of a wooden beam.
   
7. 
   To solve mathematical problem in related topics.
   
8. 
   To deduce mathematical equations and formulas.
   

1. 
   Motion in straight line:
   
   1. 
      Displacement, velocity, acceleration, Scalars and Vectors, Equation of motion in a straight line,
      
   2. 
      Newton's laws of motion.
      
   3. 
      Circular Motion:
      
   4. 
      Angular Velocity, Time period, Acceleration, Centripetal and Centrifugal force.
      

2.1 Harmonic motion (3)

2.1.1 Simple harmonic motion and its characteristics

2.1.2 Energy in simple harmonic motion

2.1.3 Phase of vibration

2.1.4 Simple pendulum

2.2 Gravitation (4)

2.2.1 Newton's law of gravitation

2.2.2 Gravitation and variation of g with altitude

2.2.3 Depth

2.2.4 Gravitational and inertial mass

2.2.5 Gravitational potential energy

2.3 Motion (4)

2.3.1 Motion of a projectile

2.3.2 Motion of a satellite

2.3.3 Escape velocity

2.3.4 P.E. and K.E. of a satellite

2.4 Rotation of rigid bodies (4)

2.4.1 Moment of inertia

2.4.2 Torque on a body

2.4.3 Angular momentum and its conservation

UNIT 3 ELASTICITY (4)

3.1 Particle nature of matter (4)

3.1.1 Intermolecular forces

3.1.2 Elasticity of metals

3.1.3 Proportional and elastic limits

3.1.4 Hook's law and its verification

3.1.5 Young's modules and its determination

3.1.6 Energy stored in a wire

3.1.7 Bulk modules

UNIT 4 VISCOSITY (4)

4.1 Definition

4.1.1 Newton's formula

4.1.2 Coefficient of viscosity

4.1.3 Unit and dimension

4.1.4 Streamline and turbulent motion

4.1.5 Stoke's law

4.1.6 Terminal Velocity

5.1 Surface tension phenomenon

5.1.1 Molecular theory

5.1.2 Capillarity

5.1.3 Angle of contact

5.1.4 Measurement of surface tension by capillary tube method

6.1 Change of Phase (2)

6.1.1 Latent heat of fusion of ice and latent heat of steam

6.2 Gases (5)

6.2.1 Gas laws and the equation of state (Boyles law, Charles law)

6.2.2 Work done by a gas

6.2.3 Internal energy of a gas

6.2.4 First law of thermodynamics

6.2.5 Molar and specific heat capacity

6.2.6 c_p & c_v, c_p - c_v = R

6.3 Kinetic theory of gases (1)

6.3.1 Postulates of Kinetic Theory of gaseous

6.4 Saturated and unsaturated vapors (2)

6.4.1 Behavior of saturated vapor (Definition)

6.4.2 The equilibrium of solid, liquid and vapor (Triple point)

6.5 Hygrometry (3)

6.5.1 Dew point

6.5.2 Absolute humidity

6.5.3 Dryness and dampness

6.5.4 Relative humidity and its determination

6.5.5 Wet and dry bulb hygrometers

6.5.6 Humidity control

7.1 Forms of Energy

7.2 Mechanical Energy, Heat Energy, Light Energy, Nuclear Energy (Concept of fission and fusion), Wood Energy

7.3 Alternative sources of wood energy in context of Nepal (Biogas, solar battery, hydroelectricity).

2. Principles of Physics, Brij Lal & N. Subramanyam.

3. A Text book of Physics, S.K. Gupta & J.M. Pradhan

4. Physics Practical Guide, U.P. Shrestha

5. A Text Book of Practical Physics, Prakash & Ramakrishna.
PRACTICAL
1. Using a simple pendulum to determine the length of second pendulum and the value of 'g' in the laboratory.

2. Determining the modulus of elasticity of a wire by vernier apparatus.

3. Determining the coefficient of viscosity of a liquid using the Stoke's method.

4. Determining the moment of inertia of a fly wheel.

5. Determining the % of R.H. by dry and wet hygrometer

6. Determination of surface tension of a given liquid by capillarity rise method.

1. 
   General characteristic, economic importance of lower as well as higher plants.
   
2. 
   Familiarize with the commonly used systems of classifications of plants.
   

1.1 General characteristics classification and economic importance of virus bacteria, algae, fungi, bryophyta, pteridophyta.

1.2 Brief Life Cycles of Spirogyra, Mucor, Marchantia and Fern
UNIT 2 GYMNOSPERMS (8)

2.1 General characteristics and classification, distribution and economic importance of gymnosperms

2.2 Life Cycle of Pinus
UNIT 3 TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS (14)

3.1 A brief history of classification of angiosperms.

3.2 Systems of classification – Bentham and Hooker, and Engler and Prantle's Systems.

3.3. Study of systematic positions, distribution, general characters, floral formula, floral diagram and economic importance of plant members of following families:

1. Magnoliaceae 6. Fagaceae

2. Rosaceae 7. Betulaceae

3. Verbenaceae 8. Combretceae

4. Dipterocarpaceae 9. Leguminosae

5. Ericaceae
UNIT 4 PHYTOGEOGRAPHY OF NEPAL (2)
PRACTICAL (12)
1. Study of the structures of the following representative plant members.

a. Bacteria - any bacterial cell

b. Algae - Volvox, Spirogyra, Nostoc

c. Fungi -Mucor , Puccinia & Agaricus

d. Bryophyta - Marchantia, Moss

e. Pteridophyta - Lycopodium, and Fern

2. Gymnosperm: Structure of male and female cone of Pinus.

3. Herbarium preparation, Identification, nomenclature and classification of representative plants from the above mentioned families.

2. Text Book of Botany (for Degree students) - A.C. Dutta

3. Forest Botany --Dr. MP Shiva

4. Taxonomy of Angiospermic plants –V.S.Lawrence

5 .Flora of British India Vol-I-VII- Sir Josheph D.Hooker

6 .Flowers Of Himalayas –JDA Stainton

7. Nepal's Nature Paradise-T.C. Majpuria
COURSE CODE: BSH 323 (F)

COURSE TITLE: FOREST ZOOLOGY

FULL MARKS: 50 THEORY: 40 PRACTICAL: 10
GENERAL OBJECTIVE: his course has been designed to familiarize students with the vital roles and activities of forest dwelling animals.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: After the completion of this course the students will be able to:
1. Classify different animals in different groups

2. Understand the different parts of cell and their functions

3. Familiarize with the principle of organic evolution and its theories and the process of Fossilization

4. Familiarize with major Zoo-geographical regions

5. Familiarize with some of the common forest pests & their control.

UNIT 1 CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMAL KINGDOM (25)

1.1 Animal phylogeny

1.2 General characteristics & classification of following

Phylum Anthropoda with special reference to Insecta (upto order)

Class – Pisces (upto order)

Amphibia (upto order)

Reptilia ( upto order )

Aves (upto important families)

Mammals (upto important families)
UNIT 2 CELL BIOLOGY (10)

2.1 Organization of an animal cell

2.2 Structure & functions of cell organelles: Plasma membrane, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, Lysosome, Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Nucleus and Chromosome.
UNIT 3 PALEONTOLOGY (9)

3.1 Zoological time scale

3.2 Fossils, fossilization & its significance
UNIT 4 ZOOGEOGRAPHIC REGIONS (4)

1. 
   Boundary, Climatic condition and common and peculiar faunas of following regions:
   

• 
  Palaeartic region
  
• 
  Oriental region
  
• 
  Ethiopian region
  
• 
  Australian region
  
• 
  Neartic region
  
• 
  Neotropical region
  
• 
  Dispersal and its barriers
  
• 
  Discontinuous distribution
  

5.1 Principle of organic evolution

5.2 Evidences of organic evolution

5.3 Origin and evolution of Man

5.4 Origin of species & speciation

5.5 Adaptive radiation (Diversification)

6.1 Forest Pests and their types

6.2 Host parasite relationship

6.3 Pest control:

• 
  Mechanical control
  
• 
  Biological control: Use of pathogenes, sterilization, Pheromones, Insect hormones.
  
• 
  Silvicultural Control
  
• 
  Pesticide control
  
• 
  Chemicals
  
• 
  Bio-pesticides
  

4. 
   Integrated Pest management
   

1. 
   Museum specimens & collections
   
2. 
   Study Mouth parts of insects - Grasshoppers
   
3. 
   Slide preparation
   
   • 
     Cockroach
     
   • 
     Bee
     
   • 
     Housefly (Diptera)
     
   • 
     Moth/Butterfly
     
4. 
   Study of adaptational characteristics found in birds and mammals (At least two from each group).
   

Chordate Zoology by Prof. T. C. Majupuria

Entomology by Metcalf and Flint

Kotpal, R. L. (Latest edition) Arthropoda. Rastogi Publications, Meerut, India.

Cell Biology By De Robertis


COURSE CODE: BSH 324 (F)

COURSE TITLE: MATHEMATICS FOR FORESTRY

FULL MARKS: 75
GENERAL OBJECTIVE: The students will gain general knowledge about different branches of mathematics applicable to forestry and natural resource management.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: After completion of this course, the students will be able to:

1. 
   Understand mathematical procedures and basic principles in preparation for studying statistics, forest economics, forest engineering etc.
   
2. 
   Understand general concepts about algebra, trigonometry and relation and mapping.
   

1.1 Solution of system of linear equations

1.2 Application of matrix and determinant
UNIT 2 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR INEQUALITIES (5)

2.1 Linear inequalities

2.2 Elementary properties of simple inequalities

2.3 System of inequalities

2.4 Linear programming with convex polygonal region

UNIT 3 SEQUENCE AND SERIES (6)

3.1 Definition, concept of A.P, G.P., H.P & means (Revision)

3.2 Infinite series.

3.3 Sum of the natural numbers.

3.4 Use of ∑ notation.
UNIT 4 MATRICES AND DETERMINANT (9)

4.1 Definition of Matrix

4.2 Addition, subtraction and multiplication of matrices

4.3 Trans pose, Adjoint Inverse of a matrix

4.4 Rank of matrix

4.5 Definition of determinant

4.6 Minors and cofactors

4.7 Properties of 3x3 determinant

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Algebra of complex numbers

5.3 Imaginary units

5.4 Conjugate and Modulus of a complex number

5.5 Polar form of a complex number

5.6 De Moivre’s Theorem (without proof)

5.7 Square roots of a complex number

5.8 Cube roots of unity

UNIT 6 SIMPLE PARTIAL FRACTION (4)

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Partial fractions

6.3 Determination of partial fraction

7.1 Definition

7.2 Formulas on Permutation and Combination (without proof)

7.3 Solution of problems

8.1 Expansion of Binomial expression for any index (Positive, negative, fraction)

8.2 General term

8.3 Middle terms

8.4 Properties of Binomial Coefficients
UNIT 9 LOGARITHM (5)

9.1 Definitions

9.2 Properties of logarithms

9.3 Study of characteristic and mantisa

9.4 Study of log and antilog table
Trigonometry, Relation and Mapping
UNIT 10 RELATION AND MAPPING (5)

10.1 Ordered pairs and cartesian product of sets (Revision)

10.2 Symmetric, Reflexive and Transitive relation

10.3 Equivalence relation

10.4 Definition of Mapping

10.5 Types of Mapping

10.6 Inverse Mapping

10.7 Composite Mapping

1. 
   The Cosine Law
   
2. 
   Sine law
   
3. 
   Projection law
   
4. 
   Half angle formula
   
5. 
   Tangent law
   
6. 
   The area of triangle
   

12.1 Solution of triangle

12.2 Use of logarithm in solution of triangle
UNIT 13 HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES (5)

13.1 Solution of problems

2. Intermediate Algebra by Ganguli & Mukherji

3. Intermediate Trigonometry by Das and Mukherji

4. College Algebra by Raymond

2. To understand inorganic and organic chemistry.

1. Understand the role of Chemistry in natural resources.

2. Explain the structure of atom; combining nature of elements and bond formation in a compound focused in Forest plants.

3. Write a chemical equation and explain its importance in a chemical reaction

4. Find out the strength of solution of acids, bases and salts

5. Explain electrochemistry, solution, colloids and suspensions.

6. Understand Hybridization and the system of naming of organic compounds
UNIT 1 BASIC CONCEPTS (6)

1.1 Chemistry and its importance

1.2 Atomic structure.

1.2.1 Rutherford Model & its Defects,

1.2.2 Bohr's Model & Idea about Summerfield modification.

1.2.3 Quantum Numbers

1.2.4 Hund's rule, Pauli Exclusion Principle, Auf bau Principle and electronic configuration of elements (Atomic Number from 1-30).

1.3 Isotopes and the uses of Labeled Isotopes (N, P, C, H, Fe) in forest.

2.1 Dipole moment and its applications

2.2 Hydrogen bonding, types and its significance

2.3 Resonance

3.1 Modern periodic table and its significance.

3.2 Long form of periodic table, Periodicity

3.3 Electro-negativity

3.4 Atomic size

3.5 Ionization potential

3.6 Electron-affinity

3.7 Metallic character

4.1 Theories of acids and bases

i. Arrhenius theory

ii. Bronsted-Lowry concept

iii. Lewis concept

4.2 Types of salts - simple salts, double salts and complex salts

4.3 Strength of acids and bases, pH & pH scale and its uses in the determination of different type of solutions.

4.4 Normality, molarity, molality, gram per litre, %(W/W), % (W/V), Mole fraction

4.5 Acid base titration:

4.6 Indicators

4.7 Normality equation, simple problems related to normality, molarity gram per litre of acids & bases
UNIT 5 OXIDATION AND REDUCTION (6)

5.1 Old concept

5.2 Electronic concept

5.3 Oxidation number and its counting

5.4 Redox reactions

5.5 Balancing of redox reactions by oxidation number method or ion electron method (only in acidic medium)

5.6 Some common oxidizing and reducing agents, e.g. KMnO₄. K₂Cr₂O₇, SO₂, H₂S. HNO₃ etc.

UNIT 6 SOLUTION, COLLIDES AND SUSPENSION (3)

1. 
   Difference between solution, colloids & suspension
   
2. 
   Vapor pressure & boiling point
   
3. 
   Introduction to colligative properties of solution
   

7.1 Concept of rate law, order and molecularity

7.2 The law of mass action

7.3 Common ion effect

7.4 Solubility product

7.5 LeChatelier's principle and its applications

8.1 Electrolytes and non-electrolytes

8.2 Electrolysis

8.2.1 Arrhenius theory of electrolysis

8.2.2 Faraday's law of electrolysis

8.2.3 Problems related to electrolysis

9.1 Introduction: Source of organic compounds

9.2 Classification of organic compounds

9.3 Functional groups, Homologous series

9.4 Nomenclature of organic compounds by common and IUPAC systems

9.5 Isomerisms

9.6 Role of organic chemistry in forestry
UNIT 10 HYBRIDIZATION, ORGANIC REACTIONS AND THEIR MECHANISMS (6)

10.1 Hybridization (Sp, Sp2, Sp3) & formation of sigma & pi-bonds

10.2 Inductive effect and its applications

3. 
   Mechanism of Substitution, Elimination and Addition reactions
   

1.1 Preparation of Standard solution of Na₂CO₃, Oxalic Acid (N, N/5, N/10 etc)

1.2 Preparation of approx. solns. Of NaOH, H₂SO₄, KOH, HCl, (N, N/5, N/10 etc.)

1.3 Determination of strength of Acids/bases by titration methods.

2. Determine Acidity of various types of soils by using p_H meter universal indicator.

3. Salt Test (at least 6 practical)

3.1 Simple salt analysis

4. Detection of elements (N, S, Cl, Br and I) present in the organic compounds.

1. 
   Essential of Physical Chemistry by B.S. Bahl
   
2. 
   Advance Inorganic chemistry by Satya Prakash
   
3. 
   Text Book of Physical Chemistry by K.K. Sharma
   
4. 
   Text Book of Physical Chemistry by Sharma and Puri
   
5. 
   Text Book of Physical Chemistry by P.C. Rakshit
   
6. 
   Text Book of Inorganic Chemistry by R.C. Agarwal
   
7. 
   Basic Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis by P.N. Yadav
   
8. 
   Basic Qualitative Analysis by K.R. Palak
   
9. 
   A Hand Book of Practical Chemistry by K.R. Palak or K.K. Vaidya
   
10. 
    Foundation of Chemistry vol I & II, by R.R. Pradhananya & M.K.Sthapit.
    

1. 
   Have gained a general understanding of silviculture.
   
2. 
   Have learned skills which will enable them to work in the national, community and private forestry sectors.
   

1.1 Definition and objectives of silviculture

1.2 Common terms in silviculture

1.3 Relation of silviculture with other branches of forestry

2.1 Definition, importance and classification

2.2 Climatic factors

2.3 Topographical factors

2.4 Edaphic factors

2.5 Biotic factors

2.6 Other factors (Pollution, stress)
UNIT 3 CONCEPT OF SUCCESSION (5)

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Kinds of succession (Primary, Secondary)

3.3 Causes of succession

3.4 concept of climax
UNIT 4 FOREST TYPE OF NEPAL ON ECOLOGICAL BASIS (5)

4.1 Tropical

4.2 Sub tropical

4.3 Temperate

4.4 sub Alpine

4.5 Alpine

5.1. Types of forests

5.1.1 National forest

5.1.1.1 Protection forest

5.1.1.2 Production forest

5.1.1.3 National parks, reserves, conservation area and buffer zone forest.

5.2 Community forest

5.3 Private forest

5.4 Lease forest

5.5 Religious forest

5.6. Urban forest
UNIT 6 INTRODUCTION TO NURSERY (5)

6.1 Types of nursery (Permanent, Temporary)

6.2 Nursery tools and equipments

6.3 Construction of nursery

6.4 Preparation of nursery beds

6.5 Seed treatment & seedling production

7.1 Introduction to plantation activities in Nepal

7.2 Artificial regeneration and its imporatance

7.3 Seed production, extraction and storage

7.4 Plantation techniques

7.4.1 Pitting

7.4.2 Spacing

7.5 Silvicultural operations

7. 5.1 Wedning, cleaning

7..5.2 Casuality replacement

7..5.3 Thinning

7..5.4 Prunning

8.1 Natural regeneration and its importance

8.2 Factors effecting natural regeneration

8.3 Methods of natural regeneration

8.3.1 Classification of silvicultural system

8.3.2 Clear felling system

8.3.3 Shelter wood system

8.3.4 Selection system

8.3.5 Coppice system
UNIT 9 CONCEPT OF FOREST PROTECTION (4)

1. 
   Delimitation and important
   
2. 
   Factors causing damages to forest
   
3. 
   Principles of forest protections
   

1. 
   Study of primary and secondary successions and the concept of climax (excursions and field visits).
   
2. 
   Study of forest types (three days field trip to show tropical, sub-tropical and temperate forests)
   
3. 
   Study of silvicultural systems.
   
4. 
   Nursery practices (during practical hours and excursions)
   

- Seed treatments, germination percentage

- Sowing & mulching

- Polybag filling and transplanting of seedlings in polybags

- Root pruning, grading etc.

- Weeding

5 Study of damages caused by pests and pathogens (excursion)
TEXT AND REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Principles and Practice of Silviculture, L.S. Khanna.

2. Silvics of Trees of Nepal, Baban Prasad Kayastha.

3. Handbook of Silviculture, Champion and Trevor.

4. Manual of Afforestation in Nepal, Vol I, J.K. Jackson.

5. Forest Act of Nepal 1993, HMG.

6. Elements of general silviculture - Dr. S.S. Negi.

7. Forest protection by: Dr. S.S. Negi

COURSE CODE: BSH 351 (SF)

COURSE TITLE: BASIC ECONOMICS

FULL MARKS: 50
GENERAL OBJECTIVES: After completion of this course, the students will be able to understand and apply the theories and principles of micro and macro economics to planning, management and decision- making schemes at various levels in the natural resources sector.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: After completion of this course, the students will be able to:

1. 
   Apply knowledge of microeconomic theories in analyzing the behavior of individuals and organizations.
   
2. 
   Analyze the relationships among theories of microeconomic and macroeconomics.
   
3. 
   Demonstrate an understanding of basic Nepalese economic systems and the role of natural resources in the economic development of Nepal.
   

1.1 Economic problem - problem of scarcity and choice

1. 
   The demand function, demand schedule and demand curve (law of demand)E
   
2. 
   Exception to the law of demand
   
3. 
   Change in demand and causes of change in demand.
   

1. 
   Meaning
   
2. 
   Types – price
   
3. 
   Income and cross elasticity
   
4. 
   Degrees of price elasticity
   
5. 
   Measurement of price elasticity
   

1. 
   Cardinal utility analysis – concept of total and marginal utility
   
2. 
   Law of diminishing marginal utility
   
3. 
   Law of substitution
   
4. 
   Derivation of demand curve0
   
5. 
   Criticism
   
6. 
   Concept of consumer surplus
   
7. 
   Ordinal utility analysis (indifference curve approach) – indifference schedule
   
8. 
   Indifference curve and indifference map
   
9. 
   Properties of IC
   
10. 
    Budget lines
    
11. 
    Equilibrium of the consumers, income
    
12. 
    Substitution and price effect
    
13. 
    Derivation of the demand curve
    

1. 
   Meaning of production
   
2. 
   Production functions – long run and short run
   
3. 
   Concept of TP, AP and MP
   
4. 
   Law of variable proportions
   
5. 
   Concept of isoquant and iso-cost curves
   
6. 
   Laws of returns to scale
   
7. 
   Conditions for equilibrium of the firm with profit maximisation objective, single and multiple commodities (production possibility curve)
   

1. 
   Concept of money cost, real cost, social cost, implicit and explicit cost and opportunity cost
   
2. 
   Short run costs and cost curves (conventional) - total fixed and variable costs
   
3. 
   Average costs and marginal costs
   
4. 
   long run cost curves (conventional) – derivation of LRAC and LRMC
   

1. 
   Concept and forms of market including duopoly and oligopoly
   
2. 
   Concept of total, average and marginal revenues
   
3. 
   Revenue curves – under perfect competition and monopoly.
   

1. 
   Supply schedules and supply curves (law of supply)
   
2. 
   Change in supply
   
3. 
   Factors determining supply.
   

1. 
   Equilibrium of firms and industry
   
2. 
   Price and output determination under perfect competition
   
3. 
   Monopoly and monopolistic competition
   

1. 
   Concept of national income including GDP, GNP, NNP, PI, DPI
   
2. 
   Per capita income
   
3. 
   GDP deflator
   
4. 
   Real income
   
5. 
   Methods of measuring national income
   
6. 
   Difficulties in estimating national income
   

1. 
   Modern Microeconomics, A. Koutsoyiannis
   
2. 
   Price Theory and its Uses, Donald Stevenson Watson and Malcolm Getz
   
3. 
   Modern Economic Theory, K.K. Dewette
   
4. 
   Principles of Economics, P.N. Chopra
   
5. 
   Advanced Economic Theory, H.L. Ahuja
   
6. 
   Macroeconomic Theory, M.C. Vaish
   
7. 
   Macroeconomic Theory, M.L. Jhingan
   
8. 
   Microeconomics: Theory and Policy, D. N. Dwivedi
   
9. 
   Economic survey, HMG Nepal
   
10. 
    Micro and Macroeconomics: Mankiew and N. Gregory
    
11. 
    www.cbs.org
    
12. 
    www.npc.org
    

1. 
   Explain the definition scope, logic and principles of forest management.
   
2. 
   Understand and explain the interactions and interdependence between humans, forest resources, and the environment.
   
3. 
   Estimate the growing stock of a given forest.
   
4. 
   Prepare an operational plan of a given forest area.
   
5. 
   Understand and explain the concept and importance of multiple use forest management.
   

1.1 Definition & scope of forest management

1.2 Goal and objectives of forest management

1.3 History of forest management in Nepal

2.1 Human dependence on forest resources in Nepal (historical); food, fuelwood, and fodder.

2.2 Human impact on the forest of an area

2.2.1 Wood/ fuelwood collection

2.2.2 Grazing systems

2.2.3 Agriculture cultivation

2.3 Scarcity of forest products and its impact and human response.
UNIT 3 CLASSIFICATION OF FORESTS (6)

3.1 Purpose and Classification of forest on the basis of

3.1.1 Geographical and climatic factors

3.1.2 Functional factors (Protective and productive)

3.1.3 Legal factors.
UNIT 4 NORMAL FOREST (Protective & Productive) (4)

4.1 Definition and concepts

4.2 Implication of the concepts to forest management
UNIT 5 GROWING STOCK, INCREMENT AND ROTATION (10)

5.1 Growing stock and Increment

5.1.1 Introduction and definition of growing stock, determination of growing stock by various methods.

5.1.2 Importance and determination of site quality

5.2 Rotation

5.2.1 Definition and concept of rotation

5.2.2 Rotation in regular and irregular forest

5.2.3 Types of rotation

5.2.3.1 Physical and silvicultural

5.2.3.2 Rotation of max volume production

5.2.3.3 Rotation of high income

5.2.4 Choice of rotation

5.2.5 Rotation and conversion period (8)
UNIT 6 YIELD REGULATION (5)

6.1 Introduction to yield regulation

6.2 Concept of yield regulation (by volume and area)

6.3 Sustained yield

6.4 Yield table
UNIT 7 FOREST PLANNING/ OPERATIONAL PLAN (5)

7.1 Definition, objectives, need and scope of operational plan

7.2 Steps in preparation of Operational Plan.

7.3 Write up of operational plan

8.1 Concept

8.2 Its scope and practicality.
PRACTICAL
1. Study of traditional and C.F. (Indicator, effectiveness practicality analysis & reporting) management

2. Study of human response to FR scarcity

3. Observation and classification of forests and forest land

4. Normal forest analysis

5. Preparation of operational plan (including steps and methods)


Course Code: FPE 354 (S)

Course Title: INTRODUCTORY FOREST PRODUCTS UTILIZATION

Full Marks: 50 Theory: 40 Practical: 10
GENERAL OBJECTIVES: The main objective of this course is to provide the knowledge and skills regarding the proper utilization of wood, and apply appropriate technology for economical harvesting and logging in Nepal.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: After completion of the course student will be able to:

1. 
   Apply the appropriate techniques of harvesting and logging.
   
2. 
   Identify the wood through physical features.
   
3. 
   Know & explain about the structure of wood and uses, wood defects, wood based industries.
   

1.1 Harvesting tools- Axes, saws, power chain-saw, bill hooks, cant hook, debarking spade, ropes, stem tightener and wedges.

1.2 Season of felling,

1.3 General rules of felling

1.4 Felling with different tools

1.5 Conversion of felled trees

2.1 Animal, carts, men

2.2 Sliding and skidding

2.3 Trucks, tractor, railways

2.4 Loading and unloading by manual and mechanical systems

2.5 Transportation by water: floating & rafting

3.1 Gross structure of wood e.g. bark, pith, sapwood/heartwood, growth rings (annual rings), early wood and late wood, grain and texture.

3.2 Minute (Fine) structure of wood e.g. pores (Vessels), fibers, tracheids, wood parenchyma (soft tissue), pith flecks, rays, ripple marks.
UNIT 4 DENSITY AND MOISTURE OF WOOD (4)

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Density and specific gravity

4.3 Variation of density in wood

4.4 Moisture content and its variation and measurement

4.5 Factors affecting strength of wood

1. 
   Introduction, Importance and objectives
   

6.1 Natural defects

6.2 Other than natural defects
UNIT 7 USES OF WOOD (3)

7.1 Structural

7.2 Decorative

7.3 Specialized

8.1 Sawmilling

8.2 Composite Board Industry

8.3 Wood Preservation

8.4 Pulp and paper industries
UNIT 9 WOOD ENERGY (3)

9.1 Wood as fuel energy

9.2 Importance of fuel wood

9.3 Methods of efficient use of fuel wood energy, Improved Cook Stoves, Charcoal & Briquettes

10.1 Medicinal plants

10.2 Resin tapping

10.3 Bamboos and cane products

10.4 Lac, silk and Bee keeping

10.5 Tans, Dyes, Oil seeds, fiber, and flosses

1. 
   Wood identification at least 10 important species. 2 x 2 = 4 hrs.
   
2. 
   Visit wood based and NTFP based Industries.
   
3. 
   Introduction to power chain saw, tools, other equipments etc. 1 x 2 = 2 hrs.
   
4. 
   Harvesting exercise. 2 x 2 = 4 hrs.
   

1. 
   Forest Utilization FRI, Vol. I and II, Deharadun, 1970
   
2. 
   Forest Utilization by Tribhuvan Mehta
   
3. 
   Hand Book on Appropriate technology for Forestry operation in developing countries (by Mikko Kantola and Klaus Virtanen)
   
4. 
   Logging and Pulpwood production by J. Denneth Pearce and George Stenzel
   
5. 
   Wood Energy News (Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in Asia, Bangkok)
   
6. 
   Forest Products Journals
   
7. 
   Manual of Forest Utilization by S. Chowdhury, 2003
   
8. 
   Manual of Important Woods of Nepal by D. Parajuli, S. Chowdhury, A.R. Gyawali and B.M. Shrestha, 1998.
   
9. 
   A Manual of Forest harvesting and logging by A.R. Gyawali 1999.
   

1. 
   Understand the basic concept of soil and identify physical, chemical and biological properties of soil in the field.
   
2. 
   Define a watershed and understand interactions among watershed components.
   
3. 
   Understand the various kinds of erosion processes contributing to soil erosion and their control measures.
   
4. 
   Understand the basic concept of hydrological cycle and its relationship to watershed management.
   

1.1 Definition and concept of soil

1.2 Introduction to rocks and minerals

1.3 Introduction to weathering

2.1 Climate

2.2 Living organisms

2.3 Relief

2.4 Parent material

2.5 Time

3.1 Soil texture

3.2 Soil structure

3.3 Soil Density

3.4 Soil porosity

3.5 Soil moisture

3.6 Soil organic matter

3.7 Soil color

3.8 Soil organisms

3.9 Soil PH

1. 
   Definition of Forest Soil
   
2. 
   Difference between cultivated and forest soil.
   
3. 
   Effect of vegetation on soil.
   

1. 
   Types and concept of land degradation (Erosion, desertification, water logging, acidity, salinity & alkalinity)
   
2. 
   Definition of erosion, types and causes of soil erosion.
   
3. 
   Consequences of land degradation on productivity and infrastructure