Course code: sfm 301 (S) Course Title: forest extension and communication full marks: 50 Theory: 50 general objective
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UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION (5) 1.1 History status of wildlife conservation in Nepal 1.2 Legislation concerning wildlife conservation in Nepal 1.3 Problems of wildlife conservation in Nepal 1.4 Lesson learnt, challenges & prospects in conserving wildlife in Nepal
2.1 Capturing wild animals (indigenous & modern techniques) 2.1.1 Capturing birds and mammals 2.2 Marking animals for identification 2.2.1 Marking birds and mammals 2.3 Capturing and handling reptiles 2.4 Chemical Immobilization 2.5 Radio telemetry 2.6 Camera trapping 2.7 GPS & satellites collaring 2.8 GIS application & remote sensing
3.1 Habitat Evaluation 3.1.1 Evaluation for specific management objectives: food production, cover, edge, indicator species, and condition of individual animals 3.1.2 Evaluation of natural communities 3.1.2.1 Species diversity 3.1.3 Standard evaluation procedures 3.2 Habitat Management 3.2.1 Adjustment of seral stages: 3.2.1.1 Setting back and advancing succession 3.2.2 Manipulation of edge 3.2.3 Mitigation 3.3 Management technique 3.3.1 Food production (fruits, fodder, flowers etc ) 3.3.2 Water hole development (natural & artificial) 3.3.3 Wetland improvement (shallow marshes potholes) 3.3.4 Cover management (protective nesting) 3.3.5 Grassland management 3.3.6 Fences & trenches 3.3.7 Predation management & control 3.3.8 Fire as a tool management UNIT 4 POPULATION ESTIMATION AND ANALYSIS (7) 4.1 Estimation of animal abundance (Direct &indirect count) 4.1.1 Mark-and-recapture 4.1.2 Transect surveys 4.1.3 Change-in-ratio method 4.1.4 Pellet-group counts 4.1.5 Roadside counts 4.1.6 Water hole counts 4.1.7 Road kills 4.1.8 Scent station surveys 4.2 Population analysis: Estimating rate or increase and estimating mortality and survival; life table 4.3 Application of population genetics to wildlife management UNIT 5 WILDLIFE DAMAGE AND CONTROL TECHNIQUES (5) 5.1 Types & nature of damage life casualties, &live stock damages, crop damage 5.2 Damage assessment 5.3 Control technique – physical, chemical & biological 5.4 Compensation schemes
6.1 Introduction 6.2 Wildlife law enforcement 6.3 Economic and social perspectives including the scope of tourism and recreation 6.4 Public policy issues in wildlife conservation 6.5 Resolving conflicts between park/people UNIT 7 BUFFER ZONE & LAND USE MANAGEMENT (5) 7.1 Human population growth 7.2 Forest management and wildlife 7.3 Wildlife on croplands 7.4 Range lands and wildlife 7.5 Buffer zone management: concepts and practices UNIT 8 ZOO MANAGEMENT (8) 8.1 Definition 8.2 Objectives & role of zoo in wildlife management 8.3 Planning and administration of zoos 8.4 Core maintenance and welfare of captive wild animals 8.5 Enclose designer and barrier 8.6 Isolation/quarantine ward and postmortem facilities 8.7 Visitors' facilities and safety 8.8 Breeding animals in captivity 8.9 Animal handling, restraint & veterinary facilities UNIT 9 WETLAND MANAGEMENT (6)
UNIT 10 HIGH ALTITUDE WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT (6)
10.4 Wildlife farming PRACTICAL: Field tour in protected area: one protected area and conduct following exercise. 1. Census in National Park and Wildlife Reserve (Transect survey and pallet group count) 2. Radio-telemetry 3. Drug administration and darting 4. Buffer zone and park-people conflict survey
2. Katel, Heinens and Mehta, National Parks and Administration 3. J.B. Sale and K. Berkmuller, (1988) Manual of wildlife Techniques for India 4. Garden Woodroffe (1981) Wildlife conservation and modern zoo COURSE CODE: SFB 556 COURSE TITLE: ADVANCED SILVICULTURE FULL MARKS: 50 GENERAL OBJECTIVES: On completion of this course, the students are expected to understand silviculture and be able to apply and advice the silvicultural techniques in improving the forest management practice. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: The course specifically will prepare the students to: 1. Be able to design and apply silvicultural systems and advice both the user groups and forest department on appropriate silvicultural practices. 2. Learn about appropriate silvicultural systems for community forests. UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION (3) 1.1 General Introduction about the systems 1.2 Classification and concept of Silvicultural Systems
2.1 Clear felling System 2.1.1 with Artificial Regeneration 2.1.2 with Natural Regeneration 2.2 Seed tree system 2.3 Shelter wood Systems 2.3.1 Uniform system 2.3.2 Group 2.3.3 Strip 2.3.4 Irregular 2.4 Selection system 2.4.1 Single Tree selection 2.4.2 Group selection system 2.5 Accessory systems 2.5.1 Two storied High Forest System 2.5.2 High Forest with Reserve System 2.6 Coppice Systems 2.6.1 Simple Coppice 2.6.2 Coppice with Standards 2.6.3 Coppice with reserves 2.6.4 Other variations of coppice systems 2.7 Conversion 2.7.1 Objective of Conversion 2.7.2 Techniques of Conversion 2.7.3 Examples of Conversion
3.1 Factors to be considered while selecting and formulating a system: 3.1.1 Identification of objective of management 3.1.2 Provision for regeneration 3.1.3 Efficient use of growing spaces 3.1.4 Control of damaging agencies 3.1.5 Provision for sustained yield 3.1.6 Optimum use of forest capital UNIT 4 APPLICATION OF SILVICULTURAL SYSTEMS (8) 4.1 Silvicultural systems applicable to following Forest types: Sal, Asna, Khair- Sissoo, Katus- Chilaune, Utis, Oak, Chir Pine, Blue pine, Spruce- Fir, Deodar. UNIT 5 SILVICULTURAL SYSTEMS AND PRACTICES IN NEPAL (5)
OBSERVATION DURING FIELD TRIP 1. Clear felling System 2. Coppice system 3. Shelterwood System 4. Selection System 5. Conversion 6. Silvicultural systems of community Forests. 7. Visit to demonstration plots TEXT AND REFERENCES BOOKS 1. Silvicultural systems: R.S. Troup. 2. Theory and Practice of Silvicultural system: L.S. Khanna & Ram Prakash. 3. The practice of silviculture: D.M. Smith. 4. Principles of Silviculture: J.W. Daniels, J.Helms & F.S.Baker. 5. Silviculture: Champion and Seth. 6. Farm and Community Forestry: G. Foley and G. Bernard. 7. Publication from IOF, Nepal Australia Community Forestry Project and Sagarnath Forestry Project.
COURSE CODE: WME 557 COURSE TITLE: WATERSHED MANAGEMENT FULL MARKS: 50 THEORY: 40 PRACTICAL: 10 GENERAL OBJECTIVE: By the end of the course, the student will gain knowledge and skills regarding the concepts and practices of watershed management in the context of the mixed farming livestock system of Nepal. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of the course, the student will be able to
UNIT 1 INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT (12) 1.1 Objective, Concept, Approach and Scope 1.2. The Watershed as a Management Unit 1.3. Watershed Characteristics
1.3.3.1 Climatic zones of Nepal 1.3.3.2 Agro-climatic zones of Nepal (Department of Soil Conservation) 1.3.3.3 Factors affecting micro-climatic patterns
1.3.4.1 Agriculture 1.3.4.2 Forest 1.3.4.3 Grass lands 1.3.4.4 Shrub lands 1.3.4.5 Urban and industrial
1.3.5.1 Land Evaluation 1.3.5.2 Land Capability Classification
UNIT 2 DESERTIFICATION (2)
UNIT 3 LAND PRODUCTIVITY AND SOIL FERTILITY (3) 3.1. Factors Affecting Production and Productivity 3.2. Nutrient Management / Soil Fertility
UNIT 5 MANAGEMENT APPROACHES (7) 5.1. Introduction (History) to the Watershed Management Approaches
UNIT 6 SOIL CONSERVATION PROGRAM AND ACTIVITIES (2)
UNIT 7 THEORY AND PRACTICAL WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLANNING (10)
7.2.1 Computation of Climatic Information 7.3.2 Agro-climatic Mapping 7.3.3 Compilation of Geological Information 7.3.4 Preparation of land capability map 7.4. Sub-watershed Prioritization 7.5. Synthesizing the Watershed Information into a Coherent Plan 7.6. Evaluation and Monitoring of the Watershed Management Program 7.7. Five Year Planning and Annual Planning Process of Govt of Nepal PRACTICAL Socio-economic Survey Introduction to maps Preparation slope map Delineation of watershed Computation of area from different maps TEXT AND REFERENCES BOOKS
Course Code: FPE 601 Course Title: NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS Full Marks: 50 Theory: 40 Practical: 10 GENERAL OBJECTIVES: The students will understand the importance and the potentiality of the Non-Timber Forest Products. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: After completion of this course, the students will be able to: 1. Explain the importance and scope of NTFPs. 2. Explain the economic cultivation and processing of NTFPs. 3. Explain the importance of medicinal plants. 4. Select and recommend the uses of harvested /marketed NTFPs 5. Explain the importance of value addition
UNIT 2 NTFPs AND LIVLIHOOD (3)
UNIT 3 NTFPs and Sustainable Forest management (4) 3.1 Bio-diversity conservation 3.2 Sustainable management
4.1 Importance 4.2 Ethnic value of MAPS
5.1 Importance 5.2 Harvesting practices 5.3 Sustainable harvesting UNIT 6 RESOURCE ASSESSMENT (5) 6.1 NTFPs Inventory 6.1.1 Sampling 6.1.2 Measurement 6.1.3 Estimation
UNIT 8 MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS (5) 8.2 Collection & extraction methods 8.3 Parts used for medicine of commercially valuable plants 8.4 Value and uses
9.1 Enterprise development 9.1.1 Micro and Macro 9.2 Business plan 9.3 Marketing channel
PRACTICAL Identification of at list 10 important NTFPs species Value addition processing exercise (Drying, cleaning, storing etc.) Field visits to some ntfp processing and marketing. TEXT AND REFERENCES BOOKS 1. The Indian Forest Utilization, FRI Publication Vol. I & II, Deharadun. 2. Journals of NTFPs 3. Minor Forest Products 4. Manual of Forest Utilisation, S. Chowdhury (2003) 5. Manual of Important NTFPS of Nepal (1998), D.P. Parajuli, A.R. Gyawali and B.M. Shrestha 6. Sustainable Management of NTFPS, M.P. Shiva COURSE CODE: SFB 602 COURSE TITLE: AGROFORESTRY FULL MARKS: 50 THEORY: 50 GENERAL OBJECTIVES: Students will gain knowledge and skills regarding the concepts and issues in developing, designing and implementing agro forestry projects. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of the course, the students will be able to: 1. Understand constraints and issues related to the agro forestry systems in Nepal. 2. Collect and analyze soil, crop and tree information (agro-ecosystem analysis of farming system analysis). 3. Describe tree-crop-animal interactions. 4. Design, develop and analyze an agro forestry project. UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION (6) 1.1 Historical development of agroforestry in the world and in Nepal (2) 1.2 Definitions, concepts and principles of agroforestry (2) 1.3 Components of agroforestry and their interaction UNIT 2 DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS (7) 2.1 Farming systems in Nepal 2.2 Principles of classification of agroforestry systems (1) 2.3 Major agroforestry systems (3) 2.3.1 Agri-silviculture (0.5) 2.3.2 Horti-silviculture (0.5) 2.3.3 Silvi-pasture (0.5) 2.3.4 Agri-horti-silviculture (1) 2.3.5 Aqua silviculture 2.3.6 Agroforestry systems with reference to plantation crop practices of tea, cardamum, coffee and medicinal plants in Nepal. (0.5) 2.4 Alley cropping (0.5) 2.5 Hedge row planting (0.5) 2.6 Taungya System (1)
3.1 Symbiotic relationship (1) 3.2 Allelopathic relationship (1) 3.3 Crop stratification 3.3.1 Aboveground and underground relationship (1) 3.3.2 Biosphere management through agroforestry (1) UNIT 4 SOIL & WATER CONSERVATION UNDER AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS (9) 4.1 Problems and potentials (1) 4.2 Concept of land capability classification in AF (2) 4.2.1 Potential of A.F. Systems in Soil Conservation (1) 4.2.2 Sustenance of Soil Fertility and regulated supply of multiple products (1) 4.3 Agroforestry methods of improving soil productivity (2) 4.3.1 Soil productivity trends in agroforestry (1) 4.3.2 Case studies (1) 4.3.3 SALT 4.4 Techniques for soil and water conservation (4) 4.4.1 Farming system approach (1) 4.4.2 Rainfed based agriculture (2) 4.4.3 Cropping systems (1)
5.1 Field research techniques (methodology) (7) 5.1.1 Study of traditional/indigenous land use systems (1) 5.1.2 Application of methodology to A.F. Systems planning and management (1) 5.1.3 Site selection consideration (2) 5.1.4 PRA methods (2) 5.1.5 On station agroforestry research methods (1) 5.2 Strategy (guidelines) for designing appropriate agroforestry systems (3) 5.2.1 Terai (1) 5.2.2 Mid-hills (1) 5.2.3 Mountains (1)
6.1 Project identification and selection (2) 6.2 Design and development (2) 6.3 Implementation strategies (2) 6.4 Monitoring & evaluation of AF (1)
2. Crop intensity, crop area and crop yield measurement (1) and Socio-economic data analysis (2)
4. Agro forestry design exercise (2) 4.1 Selection of AF system & layout 4.2 Calculations & estimates (seeds, saplings, fertilizers) 5. Project report preparation of two typical agroforestry models one in Terai and one in hill. (2) TEXT AND REFERENCES BOOKS
COURSE CODE: PWM 603* COURSE TITLE: Ornithology & Mammology (Elective) FULL MARKS: 50 THEORY: 40 PRACTICAL: 10 GENERAL OBJECTIVES: General objective of this course is to provide the general knowledge about orthology, sensory organs, behavior, general classification of mammals etc. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE: To provide the basic knowledge of biology of birds and mammals common to Nepal. To familiarize the students with the behavior & ecology of common birds of Nepal To make the students able to develop the techniques of research on birds & mammals To be able to imply there knowledge for the conservation and management of birds mammology
1.1 Origin and evolution of birds Unit 2 Classification of common birds of Nepal (4) UNIT 3 SENSORY ORGANS (3) 3.1 Sense of smell 3.2 Hearing 3.3 Vocalisation 3.4 Homing and navigation 3.5 Orientation Unit 4 Behaviour (3) 4.1 Territorial 4.2 Nesting 4.3 Mating 4.4 Parasitism 4.5 Competition 4.6 Migration 4.7 Feeding Unit 5 Flock (3) 5.1 Seasonal variation of food 5.2 Predation
2.1 Dentition, arboreal, diaphragm, diastema, echolocation, implantation, lactation, juvenile, sweet gland, mammary gland, body temperature, courtship behavior, parental care. Unit 3 Animal physiology (12) 3.1 Digestive, circulation, respiration, nervous, excretion and reproduction. UNIT 4 A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY (4) 4.1 Thyroid, pituitary, gonads, pancreas and adrenal glands PRACTICALS:
TEXT AND REFERENCES BOOKS Birds of Nepal – Robert Fleming Birds – Kotpal Fundamental s of wildlife management – Rajesh Gopal Mammals – Gudersor Mammals – Kotpal
UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATIONSYSTEM (GIS) (3) 1.1. What is GIS? Components of GIS. 1.2. Questions that GIS can answer. 1.3. Kinds of GIS models 1.4. Raster GIS 1.4.1 Software used in Raster GIS and Terminology: map, image, cell, feature, object, capture, digitization, and documentation. 1.4.2 Data store, Management and display 1.4.3 Spatial Modeling UNIT 2 RASTER DATA STRUCTURE AND DIGITIZING (3) 2.1. Data types: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and, Ratio 2.2. The Raster 2.3 Creating thematic data layer 2.4. Digitizing rules 2.5. Data Management UNIT 3 CHARACTERIZING LAYERS (3) 3.1. Viewing options 3.2. Printing the values of the cells 3.2.1. Printing symbols: Palette, truncate, color, autoscale, stretch. 3.3. Generalization and classification and other useful information about maps 3.4. Reclassification UNIT 4 DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL, SLOPE,ASPECT AND AREA (4) 4.1. Preparation of DEM (Raster and Vector GIS) 4.2 Slope and aspect 4.3. Slope calculation 4.4. Measurements: Area, perimeter and grouping 4.5. Performing spatial analysis 4.5.1 Distance and buffering 4.5.2 Overlay: Functions of the overlay 4.5.3. Boolean logic 4.6 Performing watershed and view shed UNIT 5 INTRODUCTION TO VECTOR GIS (5) 5.1. Basic map concept 5.2. Storing spatial data in Vector GIS 5.3. Representing map in the computer 5.4. Representing multiple features 5.5. Topology 5.6. Terminology review
6.1. Data capture 6.2. Digitizing 6.3. Steps used to capture the data by digitizing 6.4. Tics and their uses in the Vector GIS 6.5. Digitizing from a map manuscript and adding labels 6.6. Constructing topology 6.7. Identifying digitizing error and correcting spatial data. 6.8 Creating thematic layers 6.9 Vector data structure and database management UNIT 7 MAP PROJECTION AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS (3) 7.1. Real world co-ordinate system 7.2. Co-ordinate system for a multicoverage data base 7.3. Map Projection and projection systems used in Nepal 7.4. Map preparation and printing 7.5 Buffering and performing spatial analysis in Vector GIS PRACTICALS 1. Introduction to GIS software and their uses 2. Creation of digital elevation model for a micro watershed 3. Digitizing the thematic layers in raster GIS for a selected micro watershed. 4. Performing spatial analysis for micro-watershed in raster GIS. 5. Performing slope, aspect, and watershed in the raster GIS or vector GIS 6. Introduction to vector GIS software 7. Digitizing tics and maps in vector GIS 9. Map projection 10. Carrying simple spatial analysis 11. Final project on selected topics TEXTS AND REFERENCES BOOKS
COURSE CODE: WME 603* COURSE TITLE: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY (Elective) FULL MARKS: 50 THEORY: 40 PRACTICAL: 10 GENERAL OBJECTIVE: After completion of this course students will gain general knowledge about pollution (air, miler and land), and solid master pollution etc. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE: At the end of the course the students will be able to: 1. Understand the principles and practice of analytical chemistry. 2. Understand about pollution and is management. 3. Understand the solid waste pollution and is management. 4. Understand the practical process to detect the elements in organic compounds. UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION (4) 1.1 Role of environmental chemistry in natural resources, 1.2 Definition of pollution pollutants, Types of pollution (air pollution, water pollution, solid waste pollution, radiation pollution, noise pollution, thermal pollution, etc). 1.3 Role of plants as anti-pollutant in nature UNIT 2 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (8) 2.1 Common analytical techniques/methods used for determining various types of pollutants UNIT 3 ATMOSPHERIC/AIR POLLUTION (7) 3.1 Stratification of atmosphere 3.2 Ozone layer and its importance 3.3 Green house effect, its cause and control 3.4 Major source of air pollution and Major pollutants 3.5 Classification and sampling procedure 3.6 Analytical methods 3.7 Adverse effect of air pollution on plants and animals 3.8 Control measure 3.9 Global warming, Carbon dioxide/ Carbon sequestration UNIT 4 WATER POLLUTION (7) 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Water standards for different uses 4.3 Water pollutants and major source of water (surface and ground) pollution. 4.4 Analytical methods, water treatment (Textile, Paper, Soap, Leather, and Chemical indicators)
5.1 Introduction 5.2 Source of land pollution and Main pollutant 5.3 Adverse effect of land pollution on plants and animals 5.4 Control measures 5.5 Toxicology (concept) 5.6. Chemical hazards 5.6.1 Adverse effect of toxic organic chemicals on Environment 5.6.2 Adverse effect of toxic inorganic substances on Environment 5.7 Pesticides and its potential adverse effects UNIT 6 SOLID WASTE POLLUTION (4) 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Types of solid wastes 6.3 Effect of pollution 6.4 Control measures.
PRACTICAL 1. Element detection present in organic compounds: N, S, Cl, Br & I 2. Determination of M.P. and B.P. of organic substance 3. Identification of organic compounds: alcohol, glycerine, acetone, oxalate, formate, acetate, etc. 4. Preparation of organic compounds: Nitrobenze, Phenol etc. (at least two) PRACTICAL BOOKS: Basic Qualitative Analysis – B.N. Yadav Qualitative Analysis – K.R. Palak
2. Describe the reactivities of various organic compounds and their general preparations. 3. Understand the sources, structure and metabolism of carbohydrate, fats and oils. 4. Describe the roles and bio properties of proteins, hormones, vitamins, and enzymes. 5. Appreciate the hereditary role of nucleic acids in the form of DNA and RNA. 6. Understand the sources and importance of minor forest products. UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION (2)
UNIT 2 CARBOHYDRATES (10) 2.1 Introduction 2.2 General Structure and properties 2.3 Significance of carbohydrates in plants metabolism UNIT 3 FATS AND OILS (6) 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Source of fats and oils 3.3 Distinction between fats and oils and their uses 3.4 Soap manufacturing, and fat metabolism
4.1 Introduction 4.2 Classification and structure 4.3 Properties and their Biological importance UNIT 5 NUCLEIC ACIDS (5) 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Classification and structure 5.3 Molecular replication of DNA and its Importance 5.4 Heredity and genetic code
6.1 Introduction and source 6.2 General properties 6.3 Biological Importance UNIT 7 ENZYMES (3) 7.1 Introduction and Classification 7.2 Role of enzymes in plants 7.3 Mechanism of enzyme action UNIT 8 VITAMINS (4) 8.1 Introduction and classification 8.2 Source, structure and their biological importance (A, B, B6, B12, C, D, E)
9.1 Introduction 9.2 Brief description of Auxins, Gibberlins, and Cytokins 9.3 Sources and major roles UNIT 10 CHEMISTRY OF MINOR FOREST PRODUCTS (6) 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Brief description of Dyes, Drugs, Essential oils, Resins and Tannin
1. Carbohydrate 2. Protein 3. Effect of water-soluble nitrogenous compounds on plant seedlings. 4. Effect of hormones on plant 5. Field/Laboratory experiments TEXT AND REFERENCE BOOKS 1. Outlines of Biochemistry, E. Econ and Pumf. 2. Modern Concepts of Bio-chemistry, Robert Bohinski. 3. Biochemistry for Students, Dr. V.K.Malhotra
UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION (3) 1.1 Definitions: rangeland, pasture, grassland, forage, herbage, browse, range science, range management 1.2 Range ecosystems of Nepal (by physiographic region) (0.5) 1.3 Forage resources of Nepal: the farm-forest linkage (0.5) 1.4 Importance of livestock in Nepal agro-ecosystems (0.5)
2.1 Physiological, and morphological effects of grazing 2.1.1 Defoliation effects on the physical environment 2.1.2 Plant tolerance to defoliation - Timing, frequency and intensity of defoliation - Completion of plant replacement cycle - Avoidance - Maintenance of growth rate - Survival under stress - Carbohydrate cycle in grasses 2.2 Plant succession and community composition in range ecosystems 2.2.1 Factors that define "artificial" and "natural" grassland 2.2.1.1 Physical factors causing stress - Definition of stress - Climate - Edaphically and physiographic 2.2.1.2 Human and natural disturbances, definition of disturbance - Fire
- Land-clearing - grazing - land slides, etc... 2.2.1.3 Competition - Definition of plant competition 2.2.2 Success ional response to grazing in different environments 2.2.3 Examples from Nepal and relevant management objectives 2.3 Grazing behaviors of livestock and wildlife 2.3.1 Grazing habits of different animals (domestic and wild) 2.3.2 Palatability of forage species 2.3.3 Preference for range plants by livestock and wildlife
3.1 Purpose of range inventory 3.2 Vegetation analysis 3.3.1 Species listing including important fodder species 3.3.2 General observations 3.3.3 Cover - visual estimation - point methods 3.3.4 Density 3.3.5 Frequency 3.4 Determination of carrying/grazing capacity 3.4.1 Definitions 3.4.2 How to determine carrying/grazing capacity 3.4.3 Limitations of the carrying capacity concept 3.5 Range condition classification for Nepal 3.5.1 Concepts and definitions 3.5.2 Classification systems 3.5.3 Condition trend analysis
4.1. Nutrient management / Nutrient Cycle 4.2. Vegetation manipulation of rangelands 4.2.1 Manipulating vegetation with grazing animals - Grazing systems - definitions 4.2.2 Fire as a management tool (summary) 4.2.3 Weed control with pesticides
5.1 Indigenous herding systems in Nepal 5.1.1 Local herding systems 5.1.2 Trans-humance sheep herding 5.1.3 Rotation systems 5.2 Socio-economic factors influencing livestock population and structure 5.2.1 Markets 5.2.2 Labor availability 5.2.3 Cultural/religious taboos 5.2.4 Constraints to livestock production 5.2.5 Conflict analysis and management
6.1 Forage resource development in community forestry plantations 6.2 Over story / under story vegetation management 6.2.1 Secondary growth forest 6.2.2 Plantation forest 6.3 Multiple uses of forest grazing land 6.3.1 Fodder production 6.3.2 Fuel wood and timber production 6.3.3 Litter production 6.3.4. Biodiversity 6.3.5. Recreational 6.3.6. Tourism 6.3.7. Carbon sequestration
7.1 Terrace and bund improvements 7.2 Utilization of non-agricultural inclusions (gullies, kharbari) 7.4 Improved management of fodder trees 7.5 Improved crop residue management 7.6 Proper feeding techniques (improved stalls, concentrates) 7.7 Silage and hay production 7.8. Pasture Improvement 7.9.1. Seeding 7.9.2. Fertilization 7.9.3. Seed production
8.1 Integration of farm/forest/livestock systems 8.2 Planning the annual forage budget 8.3 Problems and prospects 8.3.1 Bottlenecks to implementation of forage resource development 8.3.2 Policy recommendations to overcome limitations UNIT 9 INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF RANGELAND MANAGEMENT (4) 9.1. Introduction to traditional management 9.2. Stakeholder Analysis of Rangelands 9.3. Modern institutional management 9.4. Policy and Tenure System
1. Vegetation identification observation and mapping 2. Measuring vegetation (herbage and browse) production 3. Measuring plant density and frequency 4. Measuring plant cover (basal and canopy) 5. Methods of measuring forage utilization 6. Pasture characterization: for livestock, wildlife 7. Calculating carrying grazing capacity 8. Range classification exercises 9. Stakeholder analysis RECOMMENDED LAB SITES 1. Green Pastures Hospital grounds (perform an annual fodder budget for existing livestock population) 2. Local village area - prepare fodder budget for one household per student 3. Set up consistent yearly management tour route so that effective practical sites can be developed and repeatedly used.
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