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Course code: sfm 301 (S) Course Title: forest extension and communication full marks: 50 Theory: 50 general objective


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UNIT 2 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS (18)


2.1 Introduction

2.2 Frequency distribution: discrete, continuous

2.3 Diagrammatic and graphical presentation of data:

2.3.1 Simple, sub-divided, percentage and multiple bar diagrams, pie diagram.

2.3.2 Histogram, frequency polygon, frequency curve and ogive

2.4 Measure of central tendency: Introduction, types, properties, merits, demerits and uses of mean, median and mode.

2.5 Measure of dispersion: Introduction, types, properties, merits, demerits and uses of range, quartile deviation, mean deviation, standard deviation, coefficient of variation and Lorenz curve.

2.6 Measure of skewness

2.7 Measure of Kurtosis

2.8 Moments and their uses

2.9 Correlation: Introduction, simple linear correlation(scatter diagram, Karl Pearson’s and Spearman’s rank), properties of correlation coefficients.

2.10 Regression: Introduction, simple linear regression, properties of regression coefficients, coefficient of determination.


UNIT 3 PROBABILITY (4)

3.1 Terminology used in probability

3.2 Introduction and definition of probability

3.3 Theorems of probability: Addition and multiplication theorems


UNIT 4 RANDOM VARIABLE AND MATHEMATICAL EXPECTATION (4)

4.1 Definition of a random variable (discrete and continuous)

4.2 Probability mass function and probability density function

4.3 Distribution function

4.4 Mathematical expectation
UNIT 5 PROBABILTY DISTRIBUTION (10)

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Discrete and continuous probability distribution

5.3 Binomial distribution

5.4 Normal distribution

5.5 Normal probability curve and area calculation


UNIT 6 STATISTICAL INFERENCE (12)

6.1 Estimation: Introduction, types of estimation (point and interval), confidence interval for mean.

6.2 Hypothesis testing: Introduction, definition of different terms (statistical hypothesis, types of errors, level of significance, critical region, degrees of freedom), procedure of testing of hypothesis.

6.3 Types of tests: z-test, t-test, F-test


PRACTICAL:
1. Computer applications in statistics

2. Frequency distributions, diagrams and graphs

3. Computation of mean, median, mode, quartile deviation, mean deviation, standard deviation, comparisons of distributions by using coefficient of variation

4. Computation of correlation and regression and its test of significance

5. Probability and probability distribution (binomial and Normal)

6. Computation of confidence interval, hypothesis testing, Z –test, t –test and F-test


TEXT AND REFERENCE BOOKS
1. David V. Huntsberger & Patric Billingsley, Elements of Statistics

2. Statistical Inference, Allyn and Baccon INC. Statistics.

3. Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Prornetrval Approach, R.G.D. Steel and J.H Torrie

4. R. G. Kruchokoff, Biometry.

5. Mendenhall, Scheaffer & Wacherly, Mathametical Statistics with Applications.

6. Helen M. Walker & Joseph Lev; Elementary Statistical Methods.

7. Frank Freese, Elementary Statistical Methods, USDA Agriculture Handbook No. 232

8. V.E. Chacko, Manual on Sampling Techniques of Forest Survey, The manager of publication, Delhi, 1964.

9. S. C. Gupta & V.K. Kapoor, Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics, Sultan Chand & Sons; 23, Daryagunj, Delhi-110002

COURSE CODE: WME 404

COURSE TITLE: FOREST GEOLOGY

FULL MARKS: 50 THEORY: 40 PRACTICAL: 10
GENERAL OBJECTIVES: On completion of this course, the students will have a basic understanding of geology.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE: On completion of this course, the students will be able to:


  1. Understand theories regarding the origin and modification of the earth and its various landforms throughout the geological time scale.

  2. Name the major rocks and minerals and understand their origin and composition.

  3. Describe weathering of rocks and influence of geologic processes in soil formation and composition.


UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO GEOLOGY (3)

1.1 Definition and concept of geology

1.2 Components of geology

1.3 The interior of the earth

1.4 Origin of the Earth
UNIT 2 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE ON LANDFORM / OUTCROPS (5)

2.1 Attitude of beds

2.2 Joint

2.2.1 General introduction of Joint

2.2.2 Classification of Joint (geometric classification)

2.2.3 Significance of Joints on out croups

2.3 Fold

2.3.1 General introduction of fault

2.3.2 Classification of Fold (based on cross section)

2.3.3 Significance of Fold on out croups

2.4 Fault

2.4.1 General introduction of Fault

2.4.2 Classification of Fault (geometric classification)

2.4.3 Significance of Fault on land from / out croups


UNIT 3 PLATE TECTONICS (3)

3.1 Features of plate tectonics

3.2 Plate boundaries

3.3 Importance of plate tectonics


UNIT 4 MINERALS (3)

4.1 Physical properties of minerals

4.2 Chemical composition of Rocks forming minerals
UNIT 5 TYPES OF ROCKS (10)

5.1 Igneous rocks and volcanism

5.1.1 Definition

5.1.2 Origin of magma

5.1.3 Volcanism

5.1.4 General texture (on the basis of fabrics) and structure of Igneous rocks

5.1.5 Forms of igneous rocks

5.1.6 Classification of Igneous rocks (on the basis of mode of origin and SiO2 content)

5.2 Sedimentary rocks

5.2.1 Definition

5.2.2 Mode of formation of sedimentary Rocks.

5.2.3 Sedimentary textures and structures

5.2.4 Classification of sedimentary Rocks.

5.3 Metamorphic rocks

5.3.1 Definition

5.3.2 Agents of metamorphism

5.3.3 Types of metamorphism

5.3.4. Structure of metamorphic rock

5.4 Relations among rocks, soils and plant growth
UNIT 6 STRATIGRAPHY AND FOSSILS (4)

6.1 Principles of Stratigraphy

6.2 General introduction to Chronostratigraphy, Lithostratigraphy and Biostratigraphy

6.3 Fossils and conditions of fossilization

6.4 Index fossils

6.5 Importance of fossils in forestry science

6.6 Geological Time scale.
UNIT 7 WEATHERING OF ROCKS (5)

7.1 Processes of weathering

7.2 Types of weathering

7.3 Controlling factors on weathering

7.4 Significance of weathering
UNIT 8 INTRODUCTORY GEOMORPHIC PROCESSES (5)

8.1 Exogenous processes

8.1.1 Effect of erosion on land stability

8.1.2 Mass wasting

8.1.2.1 Types of landslides

8.1.2.2 Causes of land slides

8.1.2.3 Mechanism of landslides

8.1.2.4 Investigation of landslides

8.1.2.5 Treatment of landslides

8.2 Endogenous processes


UNIT 9 GLACIATION (2)

9.1 Types of glaciers

9.2 Glacial deposition and its relation to plant growth

9.3 Introduction to glacial landforms.


UNIT 10 GEOLOGY OF NEPAL (5)

    1. Geological Framework of Nepal

    2. Tectonics of Nepal Himalayas (HFT, MBT, MCT, STDFS)

    3. Geological History of Nepal Himalayas


PRACTICALS

1. Study and identification of minerals and rocks

2. Familiarization of geological maps

3. Regional geomorphic features

4. (Excursion)
Instead of excursions (day trips), arrange for 3 day’s trip for geological filed work (may be during management tour?)
TEXT AND REFERENCE BOOKS

1. Geology Made Simple, William H. Matthews.

2. A Text Book of Geology, P.K. Mukharjee.

3. Introduction to geology, R.K. Sinha.



  1. Introduction to geology, Watson & Read.

  2. Geology of Nepal, C.K. Sharma

  3. Landslides studies and Management in Nepal, B.N. Upreti, and M.R. Dhital (ICIMOD)

  4. A text book of geology: G. B. Mahapatro

  5. Physical geology: G. B. Mahapatro

  6. Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rock: ….. Blatt

COURSE CODE: PWM 405

COURSE TITLE: WILDLIFE BIOLOGY

FULL MARKS: 50

GENERAL OBJECTIVES: Students will gain the general knowledge about wildlife habitat, wildlife population, animal behavior etc.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE: After completion of the course, the students will be able to:
1. Demonstrate understanding of the basic concepts of wildlife biology upon which the art of wildlife management is based.

2. Comprehend the components of and concepts related to wildlife habitat.

3. Understand the principles of wildlife populations.

4. Demonstrate understanding of the concepts of animal behavior.



UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS (6)

1.1 Terms such as indigenous, endemic, exotic, endangered, vulnerable, rare, depleted, intermediate, buffer species, edge and ecotone, niche, home range and territory, dispersion, carrying capacity, corridor & connectivity nomadism biodiversity & conservation hot spot buffer zone, Snag & den habitat fragmentation.

1.2 Interspersion and juxtaposition

1.3 Translocation & relocation


UNIT 2 WILDLIFE HABITAT (8)

2.1 Habitat components: food, cover, space and water

2.2 Concepts related to wildlife habitat tropic levels

2.2.1 Energy transfer

2.2.2 Carrying capacity

2.2.3 Succession & habitat change.

2.2.4 The edge effect

2.2.5 Allien & invasive species (Lantana , Mikenia , Water Hycanth)


UNIT 3 WILDLIFE POPULATIONS (8)

3.1 Population dynamics

3.1.1 Population growth models

3.1.2 Natality and Mortality

3.1.3 Age structure and sex-ratio

3.1.4 Dispersal, population fluctuations

3.1.5 Population patterns (r-selected and k-selected)

3.2 Population genetics related problems

3.2.1 Severe reduction in gene pool

3.2.2 Genetic swamping

3.3 consumptive & non consumptive values of wildlife
UNIT 4 ANIMAL BEHAVIOR (9)

4.1 Habitat selection

4.2 Territorial behavior

4.3 Mate & courtship behavior

4.4 Reproductive physiology and behavior

4.5 Aggressive behavior

4.6 Circadian and circannual rhythms

4.7 Imprinting

4.8 Parental care in wildlife

4.9 Migration – Definition, type, causes

4.9.1 Waterfowl

4.9.2 Mammals

4.9.3 Reptiles

4.9.4 Fishes


UNIT 5 FOOD AND COVER (8)

5.1 Food


5.1.1 Carbohydrates

5.1.2 Fats

5.1.3 Proteins

5.1.4 Vitamins

5.1.5 Macro-nutrients

5.1.6 Micro-nutrients

5.2 Feeding behavior, food & defense

5.2.1 Quality of food

5.2.2 Quantity of food

5.2.3 Prey predator relationship types of cover & its uses

5.2.4 Food management for wildlife

5.2.5 Phenols (toxins) & repellent

5.3 Types of cover & its uses

5.3.1 Forage, Browse, Grass cover estimation

5.3.2 Phenology & wildlife use

UNIT 6 THE BIOSPHERE AND ANIMAL DISTRIBUTION (6)

6.1 The biosphere

6.2 Animal distribution

6.2.1 Ecology of dispersal

6.2.2 Pathways of dispersal

6.2.3 Major faunal realms

6.3 The diversity of biomes

6.3.1 Terrestrial biomes

6.3.2 Freshwater biomes
UNIT 7 WILDLIFE DISEASES (6)


    1. Wildlife diseases & postmortem examination

7.1.1 Infection diseases, contagious disease & non contagious diseases epidemiology surveillance of diseases

7.1.2 Bacteria, virus, protozoa, parasites, fungi, non infection diseases

7.1.3 Causes of diseases

Inflammation, fever, morbidity, mortality



      1. Bacterial diseases : Anthrax, Brucellosis, tuberculosis, Salmonellosis

      2. Viral diseases: foot & mouth diseases, rabis, rhinderpest

      3. Protozons & Helminthes



TEXT AND REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Wildlife Biology, Raymond F. Dasman (University of California)

2. Introduction to wildlife, management James H. Shaw (Imp.)

3. Principles of Wildlife Management by J.H. Bailey

4. Ecology and Field Biology by Robert L. Smith (1990)

5. Animal Behaviors by John Alcock (1975)

6. An Introduction to behavioral ecology by J.R. Kseb & N.B. Davies, 1987. Blackweel scientific publication, oxford, London, Edinburgh.

7. Arrival world by Morica & Robert Burton, 1977, Macmillan, London Ltd.

COURSE CODE: SFB 406

COURSE TITLE: PLANTATION SILVICULTURE

FULL MARKS: 50 THEORY: 40 PRACTICAL: 10
GENERAL OBJECTIVES: On completion of this course, the students are expected to understand the concepts and practices of plantation silviculture.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: The course specifically will prepare the student to:
1. Understand nursery operation/management techniques, planting as well as reproduction methods.

2. Understand the role of silvicultural treatments in forest management.

3. Learn the technique of plantation in different types of areas
UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION (3)

1.1 Plantation Forests

1.2 Methods of artificial regeneration

1.2.1 Regeneration from seed



      1. Regeneration from vegetative parts (sprouting, root suckers, and coppice etc.)



UNIT 2 NURSERY OPERATIONS (8)

2.1 Objectives and importance of nursery

2.2 Types of nursery

2.3 Site selection for nursery

2.4 Design and layout of nursery

2.5 Nursery construction

2.5 Types of nursery beds and their preparation

2.6 Methods of seed treatments

2.7 Seed testing and seed certification

2.8 Seedling production and management


UNIT 3 PLANTATION TECHNIQUES (10)

3.1 Appraisal of planting sites and its protection,

3.2 Plantation design

3.3 Choice of species

3.4 Methods of Site/ ground preparation,

3.5 Pitting

3.6 Spacing

3.7 Handling seedlings,

3.8 Plantation versus direct sowing.

3.9 Concept of Forest Fertilization

3.10 Concept of irrigation in plantations
UNIT 4 SILVICULTURAL TREATMENTS (10)

4.1 Thinning (basis, types, effects of thinning, methods of thinning, regulation of thinning)

4.2 Pruning and lopping (type and effects)

4.3 Release operations (weeding & cleaning, liberation cutting of herbicides

4.4 Improvement cuttings (T.S.I.)

4.5 Salvage and sanitation cutting

4.6 Effects of prescribed burning and fire on regeneration


    1. Relationship of silvicultural treatment with biodiversity conservation



UNIT 5 AFFORESTATION/REFORESTATION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF AREAS (10)

5.1 Objectives and importance of afforestation and reforestation.

5.2 Locality factors, choice of species and methods of plantation in following areas.

5.2.1 Denuded Hill Slopes

5.2.2 Abandoned Cultivated Lands

5.2.3 Grasslands

5.2.4 Ravine Lands

5.2.5 Dry Area with or without Irrigation

5.2.6 Canal Banks

5.2.7 Road Side Plantation

5.2.8 Farm Forestry/on-farm Trees

5.2.9 Urban Forestry


PRACTICAL
1. Nursery Visit, preparation of nursery design and layout

2. Study of Germination Percentage and survival in the lab/nursery

3. Planting exercises: Digging pits and plantation (excursions)

4. Pruning, lopping, and thinning exercises (excursions)

5. Burning and effects of fire on forest regeneration (field visit)

6. Visit to demonstration plots to study silvicultural treatment (Exertion)


TEXT AND REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Principle and practice of silviculture: L.S.Khanna.

2. Manual of afforestation, Ist ed., 1987, JK Jackson

3. Manual of afforestation, 2nd ed., Vol. 2, 1994, JK Jackson

4. The practice of silviculture: D.M. Smith

5. Principles of silviculture: J.W. Daniels, J. Helms and F.S. Baker.

6. Manual on Reforestation Techniques: R.C. Ghosh.

7. Thinning guidelines for Pinus Patula and Pinus roxburghii Plantations in Nepal NACRMLP Publication.

8. Plantation Forestry by R. K. Loona.


COURSE CODE: SFB 451

COURSE TITLE: TREE IMPROVEMENT AND SILVICULTURE

FULL MARKS: 50
GENERAL OBJECTIVES: On completion of this course the students are expected to learn about silvics of important trees and tree improvement.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE: The course will prepare the students to
1. Gain a basic silvicultural and ecological understanding of some important forest species of Nepal.

2. Learn about the tree improvement techniques.


UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION (2)

1.1 Introduction to Tree Improvement (objective and important)

1.2 Silvics and its importance
UNIT 2 TREE IMPROVEMENT (8)

2.1 Provenance tests

2.2 Sources of variation (Biological and others).

2.3 Seed production areas and seed stands

2.4 Plus and elite tree selection

2.5 Seed Orchards (types establishment and management)

2.6 BSO's in Nepal

2.7 Hybrids and Hybridization techniques

2.8 Vegetative propagation & Tree Improvement
UNIT 3 SILVICULTURE OF INDIGENOUS SPECIES (25)

3.1 Terai: Shorea robusta, Dalbergia spp. (D. sissoo and D. latifolia), Acacia catechu, Bombax ceiba, Adina cordifolia, Gmelina arborea, Terminalia spp. (T. tomentosa, T. belerica, T. chebula), Albizzia spp. (A. procera and A. lebbek), Anthocephalus chinensis,Azadirachta indica, Melia azadirach, Lagerstroemia parviflora, Ougenia dalbergoides, Cederella toona, Diospyros melanoxylon.

3.2 Mid Hills: Castanopsis spp. (C. indica, C. hystrix, C.tribuloides), Schima wallichii, Alnus nepalensis, Michelia champaca, Pinus roxburghi,i Quercus spp.,(Q. incana, Q. lamellose)

3.3 High Hills: P. wallichiana,, Juglans regia, Abies pindrow, Picea smithiana, Cedrus deodara, Taxus bacata, Juniperus sps., Cupressus spp. Tsuga dumosa, Betula utilis, Rhododendron spp. Q. semicarpifolia

3.4 Silviculture of Bamboo and rattan.
UNIT 4 SILVICULTURE OF EXOTIC SPECIES: (6)

Eucalyptus spp., Tectona grandis, Populus spp. (P.deltoidea and P. ciliata), Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia Siamea, Cinnamomum camphora, Grevillea robusta, Pinus spp. (Pinus patula and P. caribea), Casurina spp., Leucaena leucocephala.


UNIT 5 SILVICULTURE OF IMPORTANT FODDER SPECIES ( 9)

Acacia nilotica, Artocarpus lakoocha, Bauninia Variegata, B. purpurea, Morus alba, Sesbania grandiflora, Ficus spps.( F. nemoralis and F. cunia), Garuga pinnata, Litsea monopetala


FIELD EXERCISE:
1. Plus tree selection (Excursion)

2. Visit to BSO's (Excursion)

3. Tissue culture (Field visit)

4. Plant identification and preparation of herbaria of above mentioned tree species will be done during excursions and field visits.


TEXT AND REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Silvics of the Trees of Nepal-B.P. Kayastha

2. Manual of Afforestation in Nepal, Ist ed., 1987-J.K. Jackson

3. Manual of Afforestation in Nepal, Ist ed., vol. 2, 1994-J.K. Jackson

4. Silviculture of Indian Trees-R.S. Troup

5. Applied Forest Tree Improvement: Bruce Zobel and John Talbort.
COURSE CODE: SFB 452

COURSE TITLE: TREE PHYSIOLOGY

FULL MARKS: 50 THEORY: 40 PRACTICAL: 10
GENERAL OBJECTIVES: By the end of this course, the students will:
1. Possess and be able to utilize a general knowledge of various physiological processes, which govern the growth and development of trees and forests in the regeneration and management of both natural and manmade forests.

2. Develop a stronger sense of curiosity through investigation.


SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: Upon completion of this course, the students will:
1. Be familiarized with the physiological processes i.e. photosynthesis, respiration, water relations, mineral nutrition, translocation, growth and development.

2. Demonstrate understanding of the mechanism and role of various physiological processes governing growth and development of trees.

3. Be able to apply their knowledge of tree physiology in silviculture and forest management.

4. Be exposed to procedures used to study physiological processes.


UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION (2)

1.1 The science of plant physiology

1.2 Principles of plant physiology
UNIT 2 PHENOMENON OF WATER LOSS (4)

2.1 Transpiration

2.1.1 Mechanism of transpiration

2.1.2 Types of transpiration

2.1.3 Mechanism of stomatal movement

2.1.4 Role of transpiration

2.1.5 Factors affecting the rate of transpiration

2.2 Guttation and bleeding


UNIT 3 ABSORPTION OF MINERAL SALTS (5)

3.1 Root Hairs and Mycorrhizae

3.2 Mechanims of passive absorption

3.3 Mechanism of active absorption

3.4 Factors affecting salt absorption.
UNIT 4 TRANSLOCATION (8)

4.1 Ascent of sap

4.1.1 Vital theories

4.1.2 Physical force theories

4.1.3 Root pressure and atmospheric pressure theories

4.1.4 Cohesion tension theory

4.2 Translocation of mineral salts

4.3 Translocation of organic food

(Phloem transport theories)
UNIT 5 PHOTOSYNTHESIS (5)

5.1 Mechanism of photosynthesis

5.2 Light reaction (Hill reaction)

5.3 Dark reaction (Calvin's cycle or C-3 cycle)

5.4 C-4 cycle

5.5 CAM pathway


UNIT 6 RESPIRATION (5)

6.1 Mechanism of respiration

6.2 Glycolysis

6.3 Fermentation

6.4 Krbs' cycle

6.5 Electron transport chain

6.6 Pentose phosphate shunt
UNIT 7 NITROGEN METABOLISM (3)

7.1 Concept of nitrogen fixation (Physical and Biological)

7.2 Metabolism of Nitrite and Nitrate ions

7.3 Transamination reaction


UNIT 8 PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT (5)

8.1 Concept of growth and development

8.2 Photoperiodism

8.3 Vernalization

8.4 Properties and role of Phytochrome

8.5 The florigen concept


UNIT 9 SEED PHYSIOLOGY (3)

9.1 Physiology of seed germination

9.2 Seed dormancy and viability

9.3 Methods of breaking seed dormancy


PRACTICAL
1. Measurement of rate of transpiration

- Ganong's Potometer

- Whole Plant weighing method

2. Experiments on photosynthesis

- Experiments on respiration

- Aerobic

- Anaerobic

3. Effect of different pre-treatments on the rate of seed germination


TEXT AND REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Devlin, R.M., 1975. Plant Physiology, 3rd ed. Affiliated East West Press, New Delhi.

2. Leopold, A.C. and P.B. Krideman, 1975. Plant Growth and Development, 2nd ed. McGraw Hill, N.Y.

3. Noggle, G.R. and G.I. Fritz, 1976. Introductory Plant Physiology.

4. Pandey, S.N. and B.K. Sinha, 1981. Plant Physiology, 3rd ed. Vikash Publishing House, New Delhi.

5. Salisbury, F.B. and C.W. Ross, 1978. Plant Physiology, 2nd ed. Wadsworth Publishing Co., Belmont, California.

6. Wilkins, M.B., 1967. Physiology of Plant Growth and Development. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.

7. Wilkins, M.B., 1987. Advanced Plant Physiology, 1st ed. ELBS Longman Group, UK.

8. Tree Physiology by Kramer and Kozolosky


COURSE CODE: SFB 453

COURSE TITLE: FOREST ECOLOGY

FULL MARKS: 50 THEORY: 40 PRACTICAL: 10
GENERAL OBJECTIVES: Students will gain the general knowledge about ecosystem plant- variability and diversities, forest environment etc.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: On completion of this course, the students will be able to:
1. Understand the fundamentals of ecology.

2. Describe the interactions and interrelationships between biotic and abiotic factors and their relation to vegetation/forest growth.

3. Apply this knowledge in the management of natural resources.
UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION (2)

1.1 General Introduction concept and application of forest ecology.


UNIT 2 ECOSYSTEM (8)

2.1 Attributes of Ecosystem (Structure, function)

2.2 Type of Ecosystems (Terrestrial, aquatic and deserts)

2.3 Analysis of Ecosystem

2.4 Ecosystem Productivity: Gross and net primary production

2.5 Quantities assessment of biodiversity


UNIT 3 PLANT VARIABILITY AND DIVERSITY (6)

3.1 Phenotypic variation

3.2 Genetics and the evolutionary sequence

3.3 Gynecology: concept of the ecotype, ecophene and types of ecotype

3.4 Ecological considerations at the species level
UNIT 4 AUTECOLOGY (WITH EMPHASIS ON THE FOREST ENVIRONMENT) (15)

5.1 Introduction to concept of site productivity and law of minimum

5.2 Factors affecting ecosystems

5.2.1 The light

5.2.2 The temperature

5.2.3 The water: Evapo-transpiration, and Forests and water yield.

5.2.4 Climate: General concepts and its role in vegetation development.

5.2.5 The soil and its importance on vegetation

5.2.6 The nutrient cycle

5.2.6.1 Nutrient input, accumulation and return

5.2.6.2 Mineral cycling (N,P,K,C cycle) in the ecosystem

5.2.7 Fire: adaptations to it and wildlife habitat and fire

5.2.8 The atmosphere

5.2.9 The role of animals in ecosystems

5.2.9.1 Plant defense adaptation

5.2.9.2 Damage in forest stands.


UNIT 5 SYNECOLOGY: THE STRUCTURE, DEVELOPMENT FUNCTIONS AND CAUSE OF DISTRIBUTION OF PLANT COMMUNITIES (10)

5.1 Site

5.1.1 Direct measurement of productivity

5.1.2 Site index

5.1.3 Plant indicators of site

5.1.4 Environmental factors as a measure of site

5.1.5 Multiple factor methods of site classification

5.2 Concepts of competition and survival

5.2.1 Forest and grass communities, structure and diversity

5.2.2 Plant communities and changes in the ecosystem

5.2.3 Competition

5.2.4 Tolerance

5.2.5 Forest stand structure

5.3 Forest succession

5.3.1 Stages of succession and causes of succession

5.3.2 Primary and secondary succession

5.3.3 Natural succession within the forest

5.3.4 The concept and type of climax

5.3.5 Retrogation

5.3.6 Mono, poly and climax pattern theories

5.4 Natural and artificial disturbances and their effects
UNIT 6 CARBON SEQUESTRATION (4)

6.1 Introduction, scope & importance

6.2 Methods of measurement of carbon sequestration

6.3 Basic concept of Kyoto protocol (carbon trade)


PRACTICAL
1. Estimation of biomass (leaf litter fodder, fuelwood- Production accumulation and decomposition)

2. Demonstration of intra and inter specific competition

3. Observation of forest site – Terai and Hills forest.

4. Observation of impact of abiotic factors on distribution of plants

5. Ecological analysis of a forest stand: determination of sampling size, density, frequency, dominance, IVI and biodiversity index

6. Survey of forest structure and environment


TEXT AND REFERENCE BOOKS
1. S. Spurr and B.V. Barnes, Forest Ecology, 3rd ed. 1980.

2. Verma, P.S. and V.K. Agrawal, Cell Biology, Genetics and Ecology. 3rd ed., 1976.

3. Daubermire, Plants and Environment. 3rd ed.

4. Dept. of Medicinal Plants, Nepal: Flora of Langtang and Cross Section Vegetation Survey (Central Zone). 1976.

5. Echerinyton, T.T., Environment and Plant Ecology, 1st ed., 1976.

6. Kershaw K.A., Quantitative and Dynamic Plant Ecology, 3rd ed., 1973.

7. Kormondy E.J., Concepts of Ecology, 3rd ed., 1978. Prentice Hall.

8. Myers W.L. and Ronald L.S. Wurvey, Methods for Ecosystem Management. 1981.

9. Odum E.P., Fundamentals of Ecology, 3rd ed., 1971.

10. Smith, R.L., Ecology and Field Biology, 2nd ed., 1972.

11. Stainton, J.D.A., Forests of Nepal, 1st ed., 1972.
COURSE CODE: SFM 454

COURSE TITLE: FOREST ECONOMICS

FULL MARKS: 50

GENERAL OBJECTIVES: Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to apply useful economic theories in the collection of quantitative information for analysis and use in the decision-making process regarding natural resource management.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: Upon completion of this course, the students will be able to:
1. Demonstrate familiarity with applied economic theories for the functioning of economic systems and assessing natural resource-related projects.

2. Apply economic evaluation techniques to be effective natural resource managers.

3. Utilize skills in market analysis and market management for forest products.

4. Use quantitative valuation techniques of non-market goods.

5. Analyze forest product demands and consumption trends.
UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION (2)

1.1 Concept and Scope of Forest resource economics

1.2 Economic history of forest management and conservation
UNIT 2 THEORY OF OPTIMIZATION (15)

2.1 Treatment of time on production

2.1.1 Time value of money: Interest rate, (market and real) and discount rate

2.1.3 Social interest rates and its effects on production

2.2 Production of renewable natural resources

2.3 Economic method of multiple production

2.4 Linear programming (graphical + simplex method with duality)

2.5 Management planning for the firm

2.5.1 Forecasting parameters of a firm (input-output & products)

2.5.2 Planning method for firm


UNIT 3 MARKETING FOR FOREST PRODUCTS (7)

3.1 Determinants of demand for forest product

3.2 Measuring elasticity of forest product demand

3.3 Derived demand by a firm

3.4 Measuring demand for non market goods

3.5 Approaches to marketing (functional institutional and commodity)


UNIT 4 VALUATION OF FOREST & RELATED NON-MARKET RESOURCES (10)

4.1 Recreation valuation

4.2 Valuation of environmental quality including biological diversity

4.3 Forest stumpage

4.4 Concept of shadow pricing and shadow wages rate

4.5 Non-market valuation

4.5.1 Option value

4.5.2 Existence value

4.5.3 Use value
UNIT 5 PROJECT FORMULATION AND EVALUATION (11)

5.1 Stages of project formulation

5.1.1 Pre-investment stage

5.1.1.1 Identification

5.1.1.2 Preparation & feasibility

5.1.1.3 Market, technical, financial, economic, operational aspect

5.1.1.4 Appraisal: NPV, Benefit cost ratio, land expectation value, IRR – economic rate of return and financial rate of return

5.1.1.5 Financing

5.1.2 Investment and design

5.1.2.1 Project implementation

5.1.3 Post investment stage

5.1.3.1 Operation and evaluation

5.2 Project evaluation

5.2.1 Meaning and methods

5.2.2 Cost effectiveness analysis

5.2.3 Planning programming and budgeting

5.2.4 Benefit cost analysis its use and limitation

5.2.5 Socio-economic and political impact

5.2.6 Risk and Uncertainty in forest investment: Risk management, decision making with uncertainty
UNIT 6 WELFARE ECONOMICS (5)

6.1 Externalities

6.2 Public goods

6.3 Pegouvian theory

6.4 Pareto optimality

6.5 Investment in natural resources and its development in Nepal


CASE STUDIES
1. Working on compounding and discounting.

2. Profit maximization with linear programming.

3. Planning of a forest products producing firm.

4. Non-market goods demand analysis.

5. Market study-functional, institutional and commodity approaches.

6. Formulating a forestry project.

7. Evaluation of a forestry project.

8. Valuation of forest and stumpage.


TEXT AND REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Duerr, William A., Fundamentals of Forestry Economics. New York: McGraw Hill, 1960.

2. Gregory, R., Forest Resource Economics. New York: Ronald Press, 1972.

3. Randall, Alan, Natural Resource Economics. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1981.

4. Little I.M.D. and J.A. Mirrlees, Project Appraisal and Planning for Developing Countries. Arnold Hunemam Publishers India. Pvt. Ltd., 1974, 388 pp.

5. FAO, 1979. Economic analysis of Forestry Project. Forestry Papers 17-1, 17-2.

6. Price, Colin. The Theory and Application of Forest Economics. Basil Blackwell Ltd., 108 Cowley Road, Oxford, OX4 1JF, UK. 1989, 315 pp.

7. Ahmed V. and Michael Bamberger, 1990. Monitoring and Evaluating Development Projects. The South Asian Experience, The World Bank, Washington D.C. EDI Seminar Series. 91 pp.

8. Nautiyal, J.C., Forest Economics, Principles and Applications. Natras Publishers, Dehra Dun. Published by Upendra Arora for Natras Publishers, 1988. 580 pp.

9. Hufschmidt, Maynard M., D.E.James, A.D. Meister, Blair T. Bower, J.A. Dixon, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1983. 328pp. (Title of book??)

10. Master plan for the forestry sector.

11. Five years development plan of Nepal (panchbarshiya yojana)

12. National conservation strategy.

13. Leushner, William A., Introduction to Forest Resource Management, John Wiley and Sons.

COURSE CODE: WME 455

COURSE TITLE: FOREST HYDROLOGY

FULL MARKS: 50

GENERAL OBJECTIVES: Upon completion of this course, the students will be able to understand the concept of the hydrologic cycle and be able to apply hydrologic knowledge in natural resources planning and management.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: Upon completion of this course, the students will be able to:


  1. Demonstrate a working knowledge of the components of hydrologic cycle.

  2. Understand and use the knowledge and skills of using different hydrologic variables.

  3. Understand various meteorological factors affecting the hydrologic cycle.

  4. Evaluate and understand the effects of forest rangeland, and agricultural lands in the hydrology of the area.


UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION (3)

1.1 Hydrology and hydrologic cycle

1.2 Other related sciences or branches of hydrology

1.3 Man's influence on the hydrologic cycle

1.4 Importance of hydrologic knowledge in natural resource planning
UNIT 2 METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE (8)

2.1 Structure and composition of the atmosphere

2.2 Weather, climate meteorology and climatology

2.3 Solar radiation, and its functions

2.4 Absorption and reradiation of energy by land and water

2.5 Atmospheric circulation: pressure gradient, coriolis and gravitational forces

2.6 Cyclones, anticyclones, jet streams, fronts, and weather patterns

2.7 Weather elements: temperature, humidity, wind, and atmospheric pressure

2.8 Measurement of weather elements: data gathering instruments and their use
UNIT 3 PRECIPITATION (6)

3.1 Atmospheric and topographical factors influencing precipitation types

3.2 Measurement of precipitation data (rainfall and snowfall) instruments and their use.

3.3 Methods of computing equivalent uniform depth of precipitation over a watershed

3.4 Rainstorm characteristics

3.5 Depth-area-duration analysis


UNIT 4 EVAPORATION AND EVAPOTRANSPIRATION (5)

4.1 Factors affecting evaporation and evapotranspiration

4.2 Measurement of evaporation and evapotranspiration-equipment

and techniques: anemometer, evaporation pan, lysimeter etc.

4.3 Computational methods for estimating evaporation, and evapotranspiration: mass transfer, energy, transfer, Thornthwaite and Blaney Criddle formula

4.4 Control of evapotranspiration


UNIT 5 INFILTRATION AND INFILTRATION CAPACITY (3)

5.1 Definitions and concepts

5.2 Factors affecting infiltration capacity

5.3 Measurement and estimation of infiltration capacity: infiltrometer, soil moisture depletion


UNIT 6 SOIL WATER AND GROUNDWATER (5)

6.1 Definition and concepts

6.2 Energy of water in soil

6.3 Soil moisture and its measurement

6.4 Soil water movement

6.5 Ground water recharge and discharge

6.6 Ground water in Nepal

6.7 Ground water flow


UNIT 7 RUNOFF AND STREAM FLOW (8)

7.1 Definition and concepts of runoff-process

7.2 Variable source area concept

7.3 Factors affecting runoff

7.4 Measurement of runoff: equipment and techniques

7.5 Computational methods of estimating runoff

7.6 Hydrographs

7.7 Unit hydrograph and S-hydrograph: theory and application

7.8 Flood forecasting: flood routing
UNIT 8 WATER QUALITY (3)

8.1 Measures of water quality

8.2 Natural water quality

8.3 Polluted water

8.4 Collection of water samples
UNIT 9 HYDROLOGY OF FOREST & RANGELANDS, AGRICULTURAL LANDS (4)

9.1 Effects of forest and rangeland, and agricultural land on soil moisture, infiltration, ground water and stream flow

9.2 Effects of forest rangeland and agricultural land on water quality and stream flow
PROBLEM SOLVING AND FIELD EXERCISE
1. Field trips to visit and understand the meteorological station layout and the equipment.

2. Field trip to visit and understand river gauging stations.

3. Exercises in measuring precipitation and other weather elements.

4. Exercise in measuring stream flow.

5. Problem solving sessions on -

5.1. Time series, moving mean, double mass analysis

5.2. Frequency, return period

5.3. Average rainfall over a watershed and missing precipitation

5.4. Evapotranspiration

5.5. Infiltration and soil moisture

5.6. Rational formula, Manning-Chezy formula etc.

5.7. Unit hydrograph

5.8. Ground water


TEXT AND REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Hewlett, John D., Principles of Forest Hydrology.

2. Linsley, Paulhus and Kohler, Hydrology for Engineers.

3. Shultz, Problems in Applied Hydrology.

4. Franzini, Water Resources Engineering.

5. Dunne and Leopold, Water in Environmental Planning.

6. Sharma, A Textbook of Hydrology and Water Resources.

7. Garg, Water Resources and Hydrology.

8. Varshney, Engineering Hydrology.

9. Subramanyam, Engineering Hydrology.

10. Barry and Chorley, Atmosphere, Weather and Climate.

11. Bruce and Clark, Introduction to Hydrometeorology.
COURSE CODE: SFM 456

COURSE TITLE: FOREST MENSURATION

FULL MARKS: 50 THEORY: 40 PRACTICAL: 10
GENERAL OBJECTIVES: After the completion of the course, the student will have knowledge and skills of measuring forest products and forest area.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: After the completion of the course, the student will be able to:
1. Determine the volume of both standing and felled trees.

2. Prepare Biomass and volume table and use them.

3. Understand and explain the form of trees.

4. Execute different methods of sampling and inventory in the field.

5. Determine growth of trees as well as stands.

6. Understand and explain growth and yield relationships using different models.


UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION (4)

1.1 Definition and scope of forest mensuration.

1.2 Bias, accuracy and precision
UNIT 2 MEASUREMENT OF TREES (8)

2.1 Diameter Measurement

2.1.1 DBH measurement and its significance.

2.1.2 Rules of DBH measurement and instruments used.

2.2 Height Measurement

2.2.1 Principles of the height measurement

2.2.1.1 Trigonometrical principles

2.2.1.1.1 Tangent law

2.2.1.1.2 Sine Law

2.2.1.2 Principles of Similar Triangle.

2.2.2 Measurement of height of (vertical & leaning) tree in plane and slope areas.

2.2.3 Instruments used in height measurement

2.2.4 Sources of errors in height measurement

2.3 Measurement of Logs and Fuelwood

2.3.1 Measurement of length, diameter and sectional area of logs.

2.3.2 Formulae for log volume calculation.

2.3.3 Volume of stacked timber

2.3.4 Dimension and volume of chatta (stacked fuelwood)


UNIT 3 MEASUREMENT OF FORM (4)

3.1 Form factor and its types

3.2 Form quotient and its types

3.3 Taper table and formulae


UNIT 4 VOLUME AND BIO-MASS OF TREES AND PRODUCTS (7)

4.1 Volume tables

4.1.1 Types of volume tables

4.1.2 Preparation of Local Volume Table (graphical and regression technique)

4.1.3 Preparation of General Volume Table (regression technique)

4.1.4 Difference between LVTand GVT.


4.2 Bio-mass table and equation

4.2.1 Root, leaf, stem and branch bio-mass

4.2.2 Different bio-mass equations.
UNIT 5 FOREST SAMPLING AND INVENTORY (15)

5.1 Definition and scope of sampling

5.2 Types of sampling

5.2.1 Simple random sampling

5.2.2 Stratified random sampling

a. Proportional allocation of field plots

b. Optimum allocation of field plots

5.2.3 Systematic random sampling

5.3 Inventory

5.3.1 Introduction and scope

5.3.2 Strip system of cruising

5.3.3 Line plot system of cruising

5.3.4 Inventory with point sampling (Horizontal & Vertical)

5.3.5 Inventory of important NTFP found in Terai, Mid-hills and High Mountain, in each locality.

5.3.6 Use of Aerial photographs in forest inventory

a. Types of aerial photographs

b. Photo interpretation & technical terms

c. Forest classification

d. Area determination

e. Volume estimation


UNIT 6 GROWTH PREDICTION (6)

6.1 Diameter growth

6.2 Basal area and volume growth

6.3 Stand growth

6.4 Current Annual Increment (CAI) and Mean Annual Increment (MAI)

6.5 Stand structure, site quality and yield

6.6 Stump analysis, stem analysis
UNIT 7 GROWTH AND YIELD (7)

7.1 Growth and yield of even aged forest

7.2 Growth and yield of uneven aged forest

7.3 Different growth and yield modeling approaches (introduction only)

7.3.1 Stand table projection

7.3.2 Whole stand modeling

7.3.3 Individual tree modeling

7.3.3.1 Distance dependent

7.3.3.2 Distance independent

7.4 Application of growth and yield models

7.5 Yield table
PRACTICAL (Field 2 lab. hrs for each of the two groups).
1. Diameter and height measurement

2. Form factor estimation

3. Preparation of Local Volume Table

4. Preparation of General Volume Table

5. Random sampling

6. Stratified random sampling

7. Strip system of cruising

8. Line plot method of cruising

9. Inventory with point sampling

10. Growth predictions (CAI and MAI)

11. Preparation of site index curves
TEXT AND REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Avery, Thomas Eugene, and Harold E. Burkhart, Forest Measurements.

2. Hush, Bertram, Charles I. Miller, and Thomas W. Beers, Forest Mensuration.

3. Chaturvedi, A.N., and L.S. Khanna. Forest Mensuration.


  1. Davis and Johnson, Forest Management.

COURSE CODE: WME 457

COURSE TITLE: SOIL SCIENCE

FULL MARKS: 50 THEORY: 40 PRACTICAL: 10
GENERAL OBJECTIVES: On the completion of this course, the students will have a basic understanding of soil composition, properties, and interpretation of soil as well as effect of manure and fertilizer on soil.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: On completion of this course, the students will be able to:


  1. Identify physical, biological properties of the soil and understand their effect on soil

  2. Understand the effect of manure and fertilizer on soil and plant growth.

  3. Understand aerobic and anaerobic process and microbes on soil.

  4. Understand the soil development and classification.


UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO SOIL SCIENCE (4)

1.1 Concept of soil (Edaphological and Pedological)

1.2 Soil as a medium for plant growth
UNIT 2 SOIL PROPERTIES (8)

2.1 Physical properties: texture, structure, color, moisture, temperature, porosity, density (Review only).

2.2 Chemical Properties

2.2.1 PH and its relationship with nutrients uptake.

2.2.2 Buffering of soils, CEC (Cation Exchange Capacity) and anion exchange and absorption

2.2.3 Control of soil acidity - liming materials.

2.3. Biological properties

2.4 Soil - plant interrelationship


UNIT 3 SOIL ORGANIC MATTER (4)

3.1 Humus formation and characteristics

3.2 Amount and distribution of organic matter in soil and their function.
UNIT 4 SOIL MACRO AND MICROBIAL SYSTEM (8)

4.1 Microbial population of the soil

4.2 Process of aerobic and anaerobic organisms

4.3 Role of algae, fungi, actinomycetes, protozoa and bacteria on soil

4.4 Role of earthworm, termites, ants, and nematodes on soil
UNIT 5 SOIL GENESIS (3)

5.1 Soil forming factors

5.2 Soil Development Process

5.3 Development of Soil horizons


UNIT 6 SOIL CLASSIFICATION (8)

6.1 Introduction, Purpose and Principles,

6.2 Soil classification systems (including FAO/UNESCO Legend)

6.3 Soil Taxonomy

6.4 Soil Order

6.5 Soils found in Nepal

6.5.1 Characteristics of Soils in Nepal

6.5.2 Soil Types (Alluvial, Colluvial, Lacustrine, etc,)


UNIT 7 SOIL INTERPRETATION (3)

7.1 The soil survey report and its utilization

7.2 Land capability classification system

7.3 Purpose and value of soil maps


UNIT 8 PLANT NUTRIENTS, MANURE AND FERTILIZER (7)

8.1 Essential nutrients (macro and microelements) and their functions for plant growth.

8.2 Types of manure and fertilizer

8.3 Fertilizer and its effect on environment

8.4 Green manure and bio-fertilizers production & their importance in Nepal

8.5 Soil Management for 21st Century.


PRACTICAL (10 X 2 = 20 Period)
1. Soil pedon description

2. Soil sampling and preparation of soil monolith

3. Particle size determination

4. Soil pH determination

5. Soil moisture determination and field capacity

6. Soil organic matter, N.P.K. (Analysis)

7. Fertilizer estimation for particular crops

8. To study Soil profile, & properties of soil (Physical & chemical properties)

(Note: Make necessary arrangement for NPK analysis in the lab.)
TEXTBOOKS AND REFERENCES:
1. Baver, L.D., W.H. Gardener, and W.R. Gardener, 1972. Soil Physics. 4 th Edition. John wiley and Sons, NY.

2. Brandy,.... Nature and Property of Soils.

3. Buol, S.W., F.D. hole and R.J. McCracken, 1989, Soil Genesis and Classification. The Iowa State University Press, Ames.

4. Carson, b., 1992. the Land, the Farmer and the Future: A Soil Fertility Strategy for Nepal.

5. Fyth, Henry D., 19?? Fundamentals of Soil Science

6. Howell, J.H., 1986. f.S.R.O., Soil Technical Note No. 5 F.S.R.O. Guidelines for Soil Profile Description.

7. Jenny, Hans, 1941. Factors of Soil formation. CcGraw-Hill Book Co. New York.

8. Klute, A., ( Edited) 1986. Methods of Soil Analysis, Part I, 2nd ed., Agronomy Mongraph 9, Madison, WI.

9. Lal, Ratan and D.J. Greenland (eds.), 1979. soil Physical Properties and Crop Production in the Tropics. Jolm Wiley and Sons, U.K.

10. Lal, Ratan, 1996. Methods and Guidelines for Assessing Sustainable Use of Soil and Water Resources in the Tropics. Scientific Publishers, P.O. box 91, Jodhpur, India.

11. Lee, K.E., 1985. Earthworm: Their Ecology and Relationshjips with Soils and landuse Academic Press, London, U.K.

12. LRMP, 1986. Geological Reoprt. Land Resource Mapping Projects, Kathmandu.

13. LRMP, 1986. Land Capability Report. Land Resource mapping Project, Kathmandu.

14. Samual N. Namowitz and Donald B. Stone, 199? Earth Science.

15. Sanchez, Pedro, A., 1976. Properties and Management of Soils in the Tropics. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

16. Soil Survey manual. Revise Edition. All India Soil and Landuse Survey Organization, I. a. R. I., New Delhi, India

17. Soil Survey Staff, 1962. Soil Survey Manual. U.S. Department Agriculture handbook 18 U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington.

18. Soil Survey Staff, 1975. Soil taxonomy. U.S. Department Agriculture handbook 436. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington

19. Sthapit, K.M., 1987. Land Capability Classification. Watershed Planning Manual No. 4. Watershed Management Project, Department of Soil conservation, Kathmandu.

20. Sthapit, K.M., 1989. Sloil Mapping Handbook Watershed Planning Manual No. 3. Watershed Management Project, Department of Soil conservation, Kathmandu.

21. IRRI, 1991. Biological Nitrogen Fixation for Sustainable Agriculture.
Course Code: FPE 501

Course Title: FOREST ENGINEERING

Full Marks: 50 Theory: 40 Practical: 10
GENERAL OBJECTIVES: By the end of this course, students will have the basic engineering background necessary to work with simple engineering structures in natural resource planning and management.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: After completion of this course, students will be able to:
1. Align and supervise forest roads and trails.

2. Design and supervise the construction of retaining structures for Natural Resource Conservation.

3. Design and construct Forest Houses.

4. Calculate the quantities of materials for Resource conservation in situ and estimate the cost.


UNIT 1 ALIGNMENT, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE OF FOREST ROADS, TRAILS AND SIMPLE BRIDGES (20)

1.1 Forest road alignment and surveys

1.1.1 Alignment requirement

1.1.2 Factors controlling alignment (in brief)

1.1.3 Steps in a new road project work

1.2 Design and construction of forest roads and it's importance

1.3 Introduction to Forest Road Parameters:

1.3.1 Cross-section of Road in cutting and filling

1.3.2 Camber, it's type, recommended value of camber for different road surface, providing camber in the field

1.3.3 Super elevation (Cant), including simple procedure for super elevation design.

1.3.4 Extra widening, it's types

1.3.5 Sight Distance, it's types and Sight distance consideration

1.3.6 Gradient, it's type

1.3.7 Curves, it's types

1.4 Factors controlling geometric design of roads

1.5 Road construction: Introduction, type of road construction

1.5.1 Earthen road

1.5.2 Graveled road

1.6 Base course design (thickness design, CBR method)

1.7 Road sub grade soil

1.7.1 Significance of sub grade soil

1.7.2 Characteristics of soil

1.7.3 Desirable properties

1.7.4 Soil moisture, dry density and soil strength (OMC)

1.8 Special consideration of hill roads (a typical example of hill road showing all components of the road)

1.9 Failure and Maintenance of road:

1.9.1 Need for maintenance

1.9.2 General causes of pavement failure and maintenance (Earth road & WBM)

1.9.3 Classification of maintenance work.

1.10 Stabilization of road – Introduction, objective and various techniques of soil stabilization.

1.11 Bridges: Definition, Importance of bridges, selection of bridge sites, component of bridges , Loads on the bridges, types of forest bridge (Girder, suspension, cantilever )
UNIT 2 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE OF ROAD SIDE DRAINAGE RETAINING WALLS AND BREAST WALLS (6)

2.1 Definitions of road drainage and its importance

2.2 Types of road side drainage (rectangular, trapezoidal, triangular and circular)

2.3 Design of longitudinal drains for peak run off with numerical example.

2.4 Retaining wall & Breast wall: Definition, type

2.5 Design and construction procedure of retaining walls

2.6 Stability analysis of retaining walls

UNIT 3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE OF FOREST HOUSES/COTTAGES (10)

3.1 Site selection criteria and orientation of a building

3.2 Building components: definition and types (walls, doors, windows, lintels, roofs, water supply and sanitation systems)

3.3 Structural engineering principles

3.4 Define: Forces, stresses, moments and reactions

3.5 Analysis of simply supported structures with different loading (with BMD and SFD)

3.6 Wood and R.C.C construction: allowable stress, wooden beam design, wooden column design, foundation and footing with simple numerical example (spread footing).
UNIT 4 SESMIC RESISTANCE PARAMETERS IN BUILDINGS (3)


    1. Adube buildings

    2. Masonry building in cement mortar

    3. Framed building


UNIT 5 ESTIMATION AND COSTING (4)

5.1 Estimation and costing for two roomed forest guard house.

5.2 Estimation and costing for retaining walls, breast walls and check dams (dry stone, gabion and brick or stone masonry with cement sand mortar)

5.3 Estimating Earthwork, (forest roads, trails and side drains)

5.4 Factors affecting the cost of a construction projects.
PRACTICAL (Note: 1 practical class of 2 hrs)
1. Cost estimation of 2 roomed building =2 x 2 = 4hrs

2. Cost estimate of retaining wall, check dam (gravity type) =2 x 2 = 4 hrs

3. Cost estimation of earthwork of forest road construction =1 x 2 = 2 hrs

4. Field observation of road components =2 x 2 = 4 hrs

--------------------

Total = 12 hrs.



TEXT AND REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Building Construction, Dr. Sushil Kumar

2. Soil Conservation, Norman and Hudsan.

3. Soil Conservation and Land Management, S.K.Dutta.

4. Civil Engineering Drawing.

5. Building Construction, Sharma and Kaul.

6. R.C.C., B.C. Punmia or Sushil Kumar

7. Forest Engineering, N.J. Masani.

8. Highway Engineering, Justo & Khanna

9. Highway Engineering, S. K. Sharma and C.E.G. Gusto

10. R.B.T. Engineering, B.L.Gupta.

11. Estimating and Costing in Civil Engineering, B. N. Dutta

12. A Course in Highway Engineering, S. P. Bindra

13. A Text Book of Transportation Engineering, S. P. Chandola

15. Nepal Standard Norms, HMG

16. Standard Handbook in Civil Engineering, Gurucharan Singh

17. Bulletins of National Society for Earthquake Technology (NSET)

18. Masonry and Timber Structures, A. S. Arya

19. Nepal Road Standards, HMG, Dept. of Roads.

20. National Building Code of Nepal, HMG.

21. Estimating and Costing, M. Chakraborty.

22. Engineering Materials, Surendra Singh

23. Engineering Materials, Gurucharan Singh

24. Engineering Materials, Bharat Singh

25. Building Construction, Gurucharan Singh

26. Treausre of RCC Designs, Dr. Sushil Kumar

27. Railway Bridge and Tunnels, V.N. Vaziranl, S.P. Chandola


COURSE CODE: SFM 502

COURSE TITLE: COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT

FULL MARKS: 50
GENERAL OBJECTIVES: By the end of this course, the students will possess an in-depth knowledge and skills of social forestry concepts and practices as per the needs of and suitability of the country.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of this course, the students will be able to:


  1. Discuss the genesis of the social forestry discipline in the world in general, and in Nepal.

  2. Describe the principles of social forestry as applied to the needs of developing countries.

  3. Analyze the factors involved in the development of social forestry in Nepal.

  4. Describe and discuss different types, models and practices of social forestry in Nepal.

  5. Present case studies of typical production systems generated by social forestry interventions.

  6. Describe the problems and prospects of social forestry in Nepal.

  7. Advise user groups on designing and implementing social forestry projects.
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