Book Jainism in Buddhist Literature Author Dr. Hiralal Jain

(iii) Syadvada is neither Ucchedavada nor Sassatavada as Buddhaghosa understands, but is permanence-in-change. According to this theory, the triple characters, viz, origination, destruction and permanence, can abide with a substance at one and the same time.

(iv) Arthakriya (causal efficiency) is the essence of Syadvada conception. According to the Jainas. the arthakriya is possible in only the dynamic (parinami) substance.

(v) The nature of relity is universal-cum-particular; and the nature of relation of an entity is deliverance of the direct and objective experience.

(vi) There is neither self-contradiction nor any other defect which the Bubbhist Acaryas tried to point out.

NOTES
CHAPTER I

2. Eliot, Sir Charles, Hinduism and Buddhism, Vol. l. p. 53.

3. Williams, S. M., Sanskrit-English Dictionary (s. v. Brahmana), p. 741.

4. See the Upanisad and Vedanga literature.

5. Chaup. Viii. 7. 1.

6. Dasgupta, S. N., A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol. l. p. 22.

7. Rgveda, 10. 90. 12.

8. A. i. 167; D. iii. 16; S. i. 45 Dhp. 164

9. Sanskrit. English Dictionary (Williams), s. v. Sramana, p. 1097.

10. Samacariya samano ti vuccati, Dhp. 388. Cf. Samita papatta Samana, DhA. iii. 84.

11. Mahabhasya, 2. 4. 9.

12. Jetly, Historical Position of Jainism, Ahimsa and Jainism, Bombay, 1959-60.

13. Deo, S. V., History of Jaina monachism, p. 56; also see R. Garbe, Philosophy of Ancient India, p. 12.: Jainism, Mrs. N. R. Guseva. P. 4-18.

14. Vratya asidiyamana eva sa Prajapatim samaisyat...... Atharavaveda, 15. 1-4; The Pali literature (Theraga tha) also refers Vratyas. Confer; Ananda Guruge, Vidyodaya Lipi, Colombo, 1962, p, 71, where arguments are adduced to porve that Vratyas of an Eastern Indian were the survivals of Indus Valley Civilisation.

15. Caturo Samana na pancamatthi te te avikaromi Sakkhaputtho. Maggajino maggadesiko ca, magge jivati yo ca maggadusin, Sn. 83-4.

16. Yama assa vadam parihanamahu, apahatam panhavimanskesu. Paridevati saccati hinavado, upaccago mam'ti anutthunanti. Sn. 827; Ete vivada samanesu jata, Sn. 828.

17. 54, 151, 786 etc.

18. Ye kec'ime titthiya vadasila, ajivika va yadi va Nigantha. Pannaya tam natitaranti sabbe, thito vajantam viya sighagamim. Sn. 381.

19. Shastry, N. Aiyasvami, Sramanas or non-Brahmanical Sects, The Cultural Heritage of India, Vol. l. p. 389 ff.

20. p. 949, 342 b. 21. ibid. p. 949.

22. Cf. yato, kho, Kassapa, bhikkhu averam avyapajjam mettacittam bhaveti, asavanam khaya anasavam cetovimuttim pannavimuttim dittheva dhamme sayam sacchikatva upasampajja viharati, ayam vucati, Kassapa, bhikkhu, Samano ti, D. i. 170.

23. Hirottappam, parisuddho kayasamacaro.........M. i. 271; D. i. 170.

24. Op. Cit. Vol. l. p. 386 ff. 25. Op. Cit. p. 45.

26. Samvayanga, 10. l. 27. ibid. 12. 2.

28. v. i., Parajika. A. i. 229.

29. The sixty two Micchaditthis as mentioned in the Brahmajalsutta are as follows in chief eight heads : viz. Sassatavadin, Ekaccasassatavadika, Antanantika, Amaravikkhepika, Adhiccassamuppannika, Uddhamaghatin, Ucchedavadin and the Ditthadhammavadin.

30. The Sutrakratanga refers to 363 view under four main sects, viz. Kriyavada, Akriyavada, Ajnanavada and Vinayavada, 1.1 12 ff.

31. Lalitavistara, ed. Lefmana, Vol. l. p. 380; Mahavastu,

32. Saddarma Pundarika, (Kern), pp. 275-6.

33. Brahatkathakosa, intro. p. 13.

34. See the Buddhist literature; Sn., Selasutta.

35. A. 276. 36. Utta. Chap. xxv;

37. Uvasaga. pp. 108,

38. Dialogues of Buddha, ll. intro., p. 165,

39. Op. Cit.

40. Cf. D. i. 5; ii. 150; A. i. 110, 173, sq; Iti. 64 : Sn. 189 : V. ii. 295.

41. Upadhyaya, B. D., Sanskrit Sahitya ka Itihasa, p. 148.

42. Mahabhasya. 2. 4. 9.

43. Kalasi Rock. Edict, lll; Girinara Rock Edict, IV, VIII, etc.

44. Buddhist Monks and Monasteries of India, p. 49; The Buddha and Five Year After Centuries. p. 3.

45. History and Doctrines of the Ajivikas, p. 10.

46. D. i. 49.

47. Pre-Buddhistic Indian Philosophy, pp. 275.

48. History and Doctrines of Ajivikas. p. 10.

49. Purana Kassapa, Makkhali Gosala, and Sanjaya Belatthiputta are referred to in Jaina Literature.

50. Karato kho karayato......panam atimapayato...natthi punnassa agamo. D. i. 52.

51. Pre-Buddhist Philosphy, p. 279.

52. Sukr. l. l. 12. 15. v. p. 209.

53. Early Monastic Buddhism, Vol. l. p. 35.

54. S. iii 69; V. 126. 55. A. iii. 383; also see J. v. 227.

56. A. iv.428. 57. DA. i. 142.

58. DhA; Cf. Divyavdana, Pratiharyasutra, pp. 100.

59. Bhavasangraha, 175-179.

60. D. i. 53. 61. M. i. 513; Milindapanha, 4-5.

62. Darsanasara, 176. 63. l. Cf. Sukr. 2. 1. 345.

64. A. i. 33. 65. A. i. 289.

66. DA. i. 166 f. 67. Mahabhasya, 5. l. 154.

68. Sutra, 216.

69. N'tthi ayam loko ti paraloke thitassa pi ayam loko n'atthi, n'atthi paraloke ti idha loke thitassa pi paraloko n'atthi. Sabbe tattha tattha'eva ucchijanti ti dasseti, Sum. Vil. i. p. 165.

70. Op. Cit. P. 166.

Also see Uttaradhyayana (SBB), p. 62.

Modgalayana was also a name of Jaina clan:, Sukr 7-8

71. N'atthi......dinnam, n'atthi yittham, n'atthi hutam, ......ucchijjanti vinassanti, na hontiparam marana. (Digha, I, p. 55. A remarkable parallel to this passage is to be found in the Sutrakrtanga (II. i. 9 Fol. 375 FF. i. SBE. XIV. II. i. 15-17; History and doctrines of Ajivikas--Basham. PP. 15-16.

72. DA. i. 144; MA. i. 422-3.

73. Satt' ime......kaya akata akata-vidha animmita animmata vanjha kutattha esika-tthayi-tthita. Te na injanti na viparinamanti na annam-annam vyaba-dhenti n' alam annaannassa sukhaya va dukkhaya va sukkha-dukkhaya va. Katame satta ? Pathavi-kayo apo-kayo tejokayo vayokayo sukhe dukhe jive-sattme......Tattha n'tthi hanta va ghateta va sotta va Saveta va vinnata va vinnapeta va. Yo pi tinhena satthena sisam chindati na koci kinci jivita voropeti, Sattannam yeva kayanam antarena sattha-vivaram anupatati. D. i. 56. Compare with the Sutrakrtanga 1. 1. 10, fol. 280 ff. SBE. XIV, i. 20-4. History and doctrines of Ajivikas, p. 16.

74. DA. i. 144.

75. "Atthi paro loko ?" ti iti ce tam pucchasi, "atthi paro loko" ti iti ce me assa, "atthi paro loko" ti te mam vyakareyyam. Evam pi me no. Tatha ti pi me no. Annatha ti pi me no. No ti pi me no. No no ti pi me no....D. i. 58.

76. V. i. 42, 391.

77. Rustah Sriviranathasya tapasvi Maudgalayanah. Sisyah Sriparsvanathasya vidadhe Buddhadarsanam. Suddodanasutam Buddham paramatmanambrabit. AS. 6. 78. DPPN, p. 1000.

79. Tarhyastiti na bhanami, nastiti ca na bhanami, yadapi ce bhanami, tadapi na bhanamiti darsanamastviti kascit, so `pi papiyan......Astasahasri, p. 129.

80. Dighanikaya, Brahmajalasutta.

81. Sabbavariyuto ti sabbena papavaranena yutto. Sabbavaridhuto ti sabbena papavaranena dhutapapo. Sabbavariphuttho ti sabbena papavaranena phuttho...... Catatto ti kotippattacitto. Sum. Vil. i. p. 168.

82. Nigantho catuyam asamvarasamvuto hoti. Kathanca... Nigantha sabbavarivarito ca hoti, sabbavaridhuto ca. sabbaphutto ca. evam kho, Maharaja, Nigantho...... Ayam vuccati, Maharaja, Nigantho gatatto ca yatatto ca thitatto ca ti. D. i. 37.

83. Jaina Sutras, pt 11. SBE. xiv. intro. pp. xx-xxi.

85. D. i. 58. 84. S. iv. 317-8.

86. A. iii, 276-7.

87. Milinda Panha, 259 FF. Sum. Vil. i. 168.

88. A. ii. 199. 89. M. i. 374. F.

90. V. i. 233. F.; A. iv. 179 F, See also the Telovada Jataka. 91. M. ii, 31, A. i. 220. F.

92. M. ii, 31; A. iii, 74.

93. Early Monastic Buddhism, Vol. l. p. 40.

94. Encyclopaedia of Buddhism (s. v. Ajivika), p. 330.

95. M. i. 238

96. Ye keci `ime titthiya vadasila Ajivika va yadiva nigantha. Pannaya tam natitaranti sabbe thito vajantam. viya sighagamin. 321.

97. Sandakasutta. 98. DHA. i. 309.

99. ibid. pp. 390. 100. p. 427.

101. Sugiura, Hindu Logic as preserved in China and Japan, Philadephia, 1900, p. also see ERE. i. p. 269.

102. Abhidhana Ratnamata, ii. 189; Vaijayanti, Ed., Oppert. p. 202, v. 16.

103. ERE. i. pp. 266-7.

104. History and Doctrines of Ajivikas, p. 184. See, Jaina Sahitya ka Itihasa : Purvapithika, pp. 463 for refutaton of the theory of Hoernle.

105. Te Gosalakamatanusarina Ajivikadayah (sic) Botika va. SuKr. Com. i. 3. 3. 14, fol. 92. Eke ye parasparopakararahitam darsanamayantam ayahsatakakalpah, te ca Gosalakamatanusarina Ajivika Digambara va, ibid., 3. 3. 8. v. p. 91.

106. ERE: i. p. 262.

107. Encyclopaedia of Buddhism, pp. 332 f.

108. Varahamihira in his Brhajjataka (15. 1.) also refers to the Ajivikas. For a full discussion of this reference see Ajaya Mitra Shastri, Barahamihira's reference to the Ajivikas, J. O. I. Vol. xii, p. 44-50.

109. Samyagdarsanajnanacaritrani moksamargah, Tsu. 1. l; Cf. Majjhima Nikaya, Sammaditthi Sutta.

110. Majjhima Nikaya, Mahamalunkya Suttam.

111. Bandhahetvabhavanirijarabhyam krtsnakarmavipramokso moksah, Tsu. 10. 2; SS. p. I.

112. Gataddhino visokassa, vippamuttassa sabbadhi. Sabbaganthappahinassa, parilaho na vijjati. DhP. 90.

113. M. i. 03; ii. 214 ff.

114. The Buddha condemned the Niganthas as unworthy in ten respects : they were without faiths, unrighteous, without fear and shame, they chose wicked men as friends, extolled themselves and disparaged others, were greedy of present gain, obstinate, untrustworthy, sinful in their thoughts and held wrong views., A. v. 156.

115. IA. IX. 162; quoted by Kamata Prasada, Bhagawana Mahavira, p. 263 fn. 4.

2. Jainism And ItS Literature

The present Kalpa is Utsarpani, in which twenty-four Jain Tirthankara appeared : (1) Rsabhadeva (2) Ajitanatha (3) Sambhavanatha (4) Abhinandananatha (5) Sumatinatha (6) Padmanatha (7) Suparsvanatha (8) Candaprabha (9) Puspadanta (10) Sitalanatha (11) Sreyansanatha (12) Vasupujya (13) Vimalanatha (18) Arahanatha (19) Mallinatha (20) Munisuvratanatha (21) Naminatha (22) Neminatha (23) Parsvanatha, and (24) Mahavira (Vardhamana) or Nigantha Nataputta of Pali literature.

2. Kalpasutra, S B E., xxii., pp. 281-285 : Harivamsa-Purana, 8. 15. Mahapurana of Puspadanta, Sandhis 1-3.

3. Atharvaveda, Chapt xv.; They may be purified with the vratyastoma method and treated as follower of Vaidic religion. (Katyayana and Apastambha Srautasutra). Munayo vatarasanah pisanga vasate mala (Rgveda, 10. 136, 2-3), Kesyagnim kesi visam (ibid. 10. 136. 1), and Kakardava Krasabho yukta asid (ibid. 10. 102.6) etc. are the references to prove the antiquity of Jainism.

4. Rgveda, 10. 102. 6.

5. Visnu Purana (ed. Wilson), 2. 1. p. 163; Bhagavat Purana, 5. 3. 6.; Markandeya Purana, 50; Kurma Purana 41; Agni. 10; etc.

6. Jain, K. P., JA. Vol. 1. No. ii., 1935, p. 19. Also see Modern Review, August, 1932-Sindhu Five Thousand Years Ago. Ramchandran, T. N., Hadappa and Jainism, Anekanta, October, 1972. pp. 159.

7. JBORS. iii. 465.

8. The Philosophy of India, p. 60.

9. Weber, (Indische Studian, xvi. 210; Jaina Itihasa Series, No. 1. p. 6; Jainism in North India, introduction.) adduces four points of coincidence. which, according to his opinion, prove that Jainism, has branched off from Buddhism, (Indische Alterthumskunde, iv. p. 763). This theory has been refuted by Jacobi. See Jain Sutras, l. intro. xxi.

10. IA., Vol. ix. p. 163.

11. The Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist terms, p. 184.

12. Manjusrimulakalpa, 45. 27, ed. Ganapati Shastri, Trivendram, 1920; Buddhist Sanskrit Dictionary, (s. v. Nirgrantha); Mahavastu, vol, 1. p-369.

13. p.286. 14. ThegA., i. 68.

15. S., ii. 192. 16. J., i. 36.

17. ThegA., i. 335; Ap., i. 287; see also., iii. 70, and PVA., 75.

18. AP., i. 50. 19. Bu., xxi. 122.

20. J., vi 133 ff. 21. M., iii. 70; Ap., i. 107.

22. Ap., i. 205; ThegA. i. 115.

23. Dhammajataka. 24. p. 212.

25. DPPN., S. V. Dhamma.

26. A., iii. 373.

27. Isigilisutta.

28. Dialogues of the Buddha, iii. p. 60.

29. Paccesanti paka-senti totola tattala tototla. Ojasi tejasi tatojasi suro raja Aritth Nemi. D., iii. 291.

30. Mhv., trans. 72. n. 3.

31. Mhv., x. 63-72.

32. A., i. 290; ii. 11, quoted by J. C. Jain, in the Life in Ancient India, p. 19; also see Kalpasutra 6.149; Schubring, Die Lehre Der Jainas, p. 24.

Jacobi, SBE., xiv. pp. intro., xiv-xxi; Dasagupta, History of Indian Philosophy. l. p. 173.

33. p. 236. 34. A., ii. 196 ff.

35. M., i. 371 ff. 36. ibid., 392 ff.

37. ibid., 237 ff.; MA., i. 450

38. ibid., 371. ff. 39. S., iv. 312 ff.

40. Ninkha (Nika) is a Deva who visits the Buddha in the company of several other Devas and utters a verse in praise of Nigantha Nataputta:

Jegucchi tapako bhikkhu Catuyama susamvuto.

Nittham sutam ca acikkham na hi nuna kibbisi siya.

41. Mahavagga 42. S. i. 65. f.

43. J. iii., l. 44. M. i. 371 ff.

45. Jaya Dhavala, Vol. i. p. 78.

46. Tiloyapannatti, 4. 550.

47. Acaranga, 2. 3. 402,; Kalpasutra, 110.

48. According to the Svetambara tradition, however, Mahavira was married. But the tradition is now challenged by the result of researches done by Shri Parmananda Shastri, See, Anekanta, kirana 9, March 1955, p. 233.

49. SnA` ii., 432; Tiloya Pannati, 4.550.

50. MA., 423; Cf. MV., 1.113.5; Mahavyutpatti, 3550; Sp., 276; 3; Divya., 143.12; As., i. 231.5; LV., 380.12; Bodhisatvabhumi, 246.6; Cf. Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary, p. 300. The Dharmottarapradipa and the Tattvasangraha refer to Nigantha Nataputta as Vardhamana. 3.11.

51. See in detail my article "Bhagavana Mahavira aura Mahatma Buddhake vyaktigata samparka", published in Jaina Milana, Vol. l. 1968.

53. D. i. 57.

54. D., iii. 119 (Pasadika Sutta); M., ii. 244 (Samagama Sutta); Here the Buddha is referred to have seated at Samagama among the Sakyas; D., iii. 209 f. Here he is said to have seated to Pava.

55. SBE., Vol. xxii. intro., p. xxvii. 1884.

56. SBE., Vol. xxii. intro., p. xxxvii. 1894.

57. Evam ca Mahaviramukte varsaste gate. Pancasadadhike Candragupto bhavernnrp h. 8.339.

58. IA., 1914, pp. 118; also see the Cambridge History of India, Vol. i. pp. 139-140. Charpentier here thinks that the Vikrama era commences 410 years after the Mahavira's death, 527-60-467. B. C.).

59. History and Dectrines of the Ajivikas, p. 74.

60. ibid., 75.

61. An Advanced History of India, pp. 85-6. Jacobi also seems to have supported this view later on, see his article Jainism. in ERE., 7. pp. 465.

62. Uvasagadasao, ii. p. lll, n; History of the Ajivikas. p. 76.

63. Vikkamarajjarambha parao siriviranibbu bhaniya. Sunnam muniveyajutto vikkamakalau Janakale. Vicarasreni.

64. IA., Vol. 43.

65. Cunningham, A. Book of Indian Eras. p. 49.

66. Sattari cadusadjutto tinkala Vikkamo havai jammo. Athavarsa balalila sodasavasehi bhammie dese. Nandisangha's second Prakrita Pattabali. This verse is also found in the Vikrama Prabandha : see, JSB. kirana, 4, p. 75.

67. Subhasitaratnasandoha of Amitagati.

68. IA., 1914, pp. 118.

69. Acarangasutra, SBE., Vo. xxii., intro., p. xxxvii.

70. Jam rayanim siddhigao araha titthankaro Mahaviro.

Tam rayanimavantie abhisitto palao raya.

Palagaranno sattho pana panasayam viyani nandinam.

Muriyanam satthisayam tisa puna pusamittanam.

--Titthogali Painnaya, 620-621.

71. Epitom of Jainism, Appendix A. p. iv.

72. Trisastasalakapurisacaritra, 10. 12. 45.

73. An Advanced History of India, p. 202,

74. Mahavira aura Buddhaki Samasamayikata, Anekanta, 16. 1-4. Agama aura Tripitaka; Eka Anusilana, pp. 47.

75. Vir-Nirvana Samvat aura Jaina Kala Ganana, 1930.

76. Jaina Sahitya ka Itihasa (Purva-pithika), p. 336-7.

77. Chronical Problems, Bona, Germany, 1934; Jaina Bharatiya, Varsa 10, anka, l. p. 5-21.

78. Tirthankara Mahavira, Bombay, 1963, Vol. ll. p. 319-324.

79. JBORS. 1. 203.

80. Hindu Sabhyata (Hindu Civilization),pp. 216.

81. Bhagawana Mahavira aura Mahatma Buddha, pp. 100.

82. Prasasti Khandya, padya, 1.

83. Law. B. C; Some Jaina Canonical Sutras, p. 178.

84. Bharatiya Vidya, Varsa, 3, anka, 1.

85. Darsana Digdarsana, p. 444, fn. 3.

86. Jain Sahitya aure Itihasa, pp, 424.

87. Majjhima Nikaya

88. Kalpasutra, 128.

89. M. ii, 243 F.; D. iii, 117, 210.

90. Dialogues of the Buddha, iii. p. 112.

91. DA, iii, 906; MA. ll, 851; 851; DPPN., S. V. Nigantha.

92. Avasyaka mul., bha., v. 127.

93. Jain, Jyoti Prasad, Bharatiya Itihasa : Eka Drasti, Khanda I.

94. MA. i, 423.

95. DPPN. Pt. II. p. 64.

96. For detailed discussion please see my article "Schism in Jaina Order".

97. Jain, M. K., Jaina Darsana, p. 14.

98. It is to be mentioned here that the Digambaras relate their scriptures to Gautama Ganadhara, the first and direct disciple of Mahavira, while the Svetambaras relate to Subharma Svami, the successor of Gautama Gnandhara.

99. Tiloya Pannatti, 4. 1476-90.

100. See Jaina Sahitya ka Braha Itihasa, Vol. 1-5

101. History of Jaina Monachism.

102. Jaina Silalekha Sangraha, Vol. l. p. l.

103. The Svetambara tradition believes in his coming back to Magadha and then going to Nepal for Mahapranadhyana, Parisistaparvan.

104. Samacarisataka of Samayasundarigani, Cf. Doshi, Vechar Das, Jaina Sahityamam Vikara thavathi thayeli hani,).;

105. Winternitz, M. A.; History of Indian Literature, Vol. ii. p. 434-5.

106. History of Jaina Monachism, p. 22. op. cit., p. 22.

107. Sukr. v. 136. p. 253.

108. Milinda Panha, p. 19. (Bombay edition); DhA. Vol. i. p. 129.

109. Eliot, Sir Charles, Hinduism and Buddhism, Vol. i. p. 117; A History of Jaina Philosophy, Vol. i. p. 170.

110. Winternitz, M. A., History of Indian Literature, Vol. ii. p. 426.

111. Sarvarthasiddhi, l. 20.

112. Tiloyapannatti, 4. 1476-90. Also see the Harivamsaparans, Dhavala, Jayadhavala, Adipurana, and Srutavatara; Jayadhavala; Vol. i. intro. p. 47 50.

113. Dhavata, Vol. i. intro., p. 23-30.

114. Syadavadapariksa.

115. Vadiraja referred to Sanmati in the Parsvanathacarita as a Commentator on the Sanmati which would be the Sammati Prakarana of Siddhasena. Another contribution made by him is referred to in the Mallisenaprasasti of Sravanavelagola. There is mentioned his work "Sumatisaptaka" which is not available.

116. EL., Vol. xxi. intro. p. 45.

117. TS. intro. p. 92.

118. Nanyathanupapannatvam yatra tatra trayena kim. Anyathanupapannatvam yatra tatra trayena kim. ibid. 1369.

119. NVVI. Vol. ii. p. 234.

120. SVT. p. 371; TSV. p. 205; Pramanapariksa, p. 72; JTV. p. 135; SKT. p. 225.

121. "Dharmkirti ke Trilaksanahetupara Patrakesarika Akramana", Bharatiya Prachina Vidysa, 12. pp. 71-80.

122. History of Indian Logic. p. 187.

123. Shastri, K. C., Svami Patrakesari aura vidyananda, Anekanta, Varsa l. p. 67.; NKC. 1. intro. p. 76

124. ibid. p. 75. 125. EC. Vol. viii, No. 39.

126. SVT. Vol. i. intro p. 127. Jaina Darsana, p. 23.

128. VBH. 95. 129. SVT. Vol. i. intro. pp. 53-62.

130. ibid. p. 69-70. 131. D. i. 47 f., M. ii. 2 f.

132. M. i. 31. 380.; A. i. 220 f.

133. ibid. 371. ff.

134. ibid, 392 ff. 135. S. iv. 312 ff.

136. Dutt, N. Early Monastic Buddhism, Vol. i, p. 145.

137. S. i. 68; M. i. 205; 400, 426.

138. DPPN. (s. v. Migara). DjA. i. 387 ff.; AA. i. 220; MA. i. 471.

139. A. ii. 25; AA. ii. 482 f.

140. M. i. 91 ff.

141. M. ii. 214 ff.; M. ii. 31; A. i. 220; M. 92 B.

142. A. ii. 196 ff.

143. Jaina Sutras, Vol. xxii. p. 194.

144. M. i. 234; MA, i. 450. 145. MA. i. 450.

146. A. i. 220-ff. 147. V. 233. f; A. iv. 179 f.

148. M. ii. 243, ff; D. iii. 117, 210. See Early Monastic Buddhism, p. Vol. l. pp. 145 ff.

149. Mahavamsa, 10. 53-59 (tram).

150. Mahavamsa, pp. 67.

151. ibid. 10. 65. 152. ibid. xxxiii. 43-44.

153. ibid, xxxiii. 79. 154. Mahavamsati ka, p. 444.

155. See, Harivamsaparana; Pauma Cariu, etc.

156. Vividhatirthakalpa, pp. 93.

157. ibid. p. 102.

158. Brahatkathakosa of Harisena, p. 200.