Gi de mopasani lamazi megobari nawili pirveli Tavi pirveli

komentarebi

burJuaziuli gazeTebis sicrueze, uprincipobaze, meqrTameobaze da yalTabandobaze cxadi warmodgena mopasans jer kidev 70-ian wlebSi Seeqmna da, uTuod, isev floberis wyalobiT, romelic ambobda xolme, `am duqnebisadmi siZulvili mSvenierebisadmi siyvarulis dasawyisiao~. Semdeg ki piradi gamocdileba sul ufro umtkicebda mopasans am warmodgenas.

`lamazi megobris~ personaJebs realuri prototipebica hyavs. mopasanis mier nacnobTa wreSi naTqvami, `dÁurua me var!~-o, mistifikacias warmoadgens, magram samagierod misi umcrosi Zma erve, romelic arc Jurnalisti da arc ebraeli bankiris siZe ar yofila, aramed mxolod qera ulvaSebiT Semkuli unteroficeri, aSkarad emsaxura mas rogorc `fizikuri modeli~. amas garda, erTi Tanamedrovis mowmobiT, mopasanma `sastiki ulmobelobiT Semoiyvana romanis ganviTarebaSi ori qali, romlebic met-naklebad earSiyebodnen mis mzard cnobierebas~, xolo meore biografosis cnobiT, valteris prototipad mopasanma gamoiyena gazeT `goluas~ gamomcemeli artÁur meieri, romelsac aseve axasiaTebda gazeTis striqoniT cinikuri vaWroba da politikuri situaciiT moxerxebuli spekulacia. marTalia, meierisa da valteris saxeebi zustad ar Tanxvdebian erTmaneTs, magaliTad, pirveli kaTolike monarqisti iyo, meore ki parlamentis `marcxena centris~ momxre da Tanac, deputati, magram es `dacileba~ gansaxierebis realisturi meTodiTaa nakarnaxevi, romlis Tanaxmadac mopasani mxolod imas irCevs empiriuli masalidan, rac tipiuri saxis Sesaqmnelad sWirdeba.

am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa `tanJeris eqspediciis~ epizodi, romelic romanSi mravali realisturi detaliTaa moTxrobili. sinamdvileSi mopasanis dros araviTari tanJeris eqspedicias ar hqonia adgili, magram zogierTi msgavsi faqtis, — umTavresad safrangeTis mier 1881 wels tunisis dapyrobis, — mixedviT mweralma SeTxza mxatvruli ambavi, romelic brwyinvaled axda 30 wliT gvian: 1912 wels safrangeTma, espaneTTan erTad, marTlac daipyro da `gaiyo~ maroko.

`tanJeris eqspediciis~ valterisa da maties finansiur maqinaciebTan kavSiris motivsac realuri sarCuli udevs: 1881 wlis seqtemberSi cnobilma pamfletistma anri roSforma gamoaqveyna mamxilebeli werili, sadac amtkicebda, rom tunisis okupacia mTlianadaa mowyobili gambetas, safrangeTis prezidentisa, da rustanis, safrangeTis tuniseli elCis, mier, romelTa mizansac sabirJo TamaSi warmoadgenda.

cocxal sinamdvilesTan, mimdinare politikur ambebTan aseTi mWidro siaxlove publicisturi pamfletis simwvaves sZens `lamaz megobars~ da bunebrivia, rom mis gamoqveynebas gaugonari sensacia mohyva. saocari xmauri atexa mopasanis mier esoden mwared ganqiqebulma reaqciulma presam. magram mis damcvelTa `argumentebi~, romelTa Soris mTavari is iyo, rom parizis Jurnalistikis romanSi daxatuli suraTi `daujerebelia~, mxolod mopasanis simarTles adasturebda. ase magaliTad, konservatiul `goluas~ recenzenti acxadebda: `me ver davijereb, rom aseTivea mTeli Jurnalistika. balzakma mis sust mxareTa miuxedavad ufro amaRlebulad warmogvidgina igi... aq ki Cven mxiarulad vcuraobT sibinZuris okeaneSi. ra sazogadoebaa! dido RmerTebo! ra garemo! ra xalxi!~ recenzentis mier misdauneburad kargad SemCneuli gansxvaveba parizis Jurnalistikis balzakiseul da mopasaniseul suraTebs Soris savsebiT sworad gamoxatavs im politikur-moralur degradacias, romelic burJuaziulma presam kapitalizmis imperializmad gadaqcevasTan erTad ganicada.

`lamaz megobars~ imTaviTve uaRresi warmateba xvda wilad. 1883 wlis 8 aprils daiwyo gazeT `Jil blas~-Si feletonebad misi beWdva, xolo ukve imave wlis seqtemberSi misi 37-e, 1887 wlis aprilSi ki 51-e gamocema gamovida. agreTve dauyovnebliv iTargmna igi sxva evropul enebze.
* * *

gv. 28. elises mindvrebi. ZvelberZnul miTologiaSi — micvlilTa aCrdilebis imieri sasufeveli, xolo parizSi — saqveynod cnobili parki, romelSic dgas safrangeTis prezidentis rezidencia — elises sasaxle da romelsac Wris 2 kilometris sigrZis brwyinvale SenobebiT Semkuli prospeqti — elises mindvrebis aveniu.

bulonis tye — md. senis marjvena napirze mdebare vrceli keTilmowyobili baRi, romelic samxreT-dasavleTidan akravs parizis centrs.

gv. 30. alJiri — safrangeTis kolonia afrikis CrdiloeT sanapiroze (dasavleTiT esazRvreba marokos, aRmosavleTiT — tuniss, xolo samxreTiT — saharas), adgilobriv, ZiriTadad arabul mosaxleobasTan sastiki brZolebis Sedegad frangebma daipyres 1830-47 wlebSi.

gv. 33. bakalavri — Zvelad dasavleT-evropul universitetebSi, amJamad ki mxolod inglisSi — pirveli, umdablesi samecniero xarisxi; xolo Tanamedrove safrangeTSi da zogierT sxva qveyanaSic — pirovneba, romelsac saSualo skola daumTavrebia.

ciceroni, markus tuliusi (Zv. w. 160—43) — ZvelromaelTa saxelganTqmuli oratori da gamoCenili mwerali da saxelmwifo moRvawe.

tiberiusi (Zv. w. 42—ax. w. 37) — ZvelromaelTa TvalsaCino mxedarTmTavari da saxelmwifo moRvawe, me-14 wlidan — romis imperatori.

mentona — safrangeTis cnobili klimaturi kurorti xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiroze.

gv. 36. kafe-Santani — restorani estradiTurT, romelzedac sruldeba xolme orazrovani, xSirad uxamsi simRerebi da cekvebi.

miuzari (1793—1859) — frangi musikosi, romlebic XIX saukunis 30-40-iani wlebis parizSi marTavda balebsa da maskaradebs.

foli-berJeri (`mwyemsuri giJobani~) Tavdapirvelad erqva parizis `mcire formaTa~ Teatrebs, romlebSic idgmeboda operebi da baletebi (pirveli `foli~ 1831 wels daarsda), xolo SemdegSi isini gadaiqcnen Cveulebriv kabareebad anu kafeebad da restornebad, sadac saWmel-sasmelic iyideba da sxvadasxva xasiaTis sacekvao, sasimRero, musikaluri an sacirko warmodgenebic idgmeboda.

gv. 38. italielebTanac SexvdebiT: — igulisxmeba parizis italiuri saopero Teatri

gv. 33. 39. sen-lazari — meZavTa cixe parizSi

lursini — parizis cixe.

gv. 47. kordoni, Sato-larozi — franguli Rvinis markebi.

gv. 49. `patara arabuli respublika mzab~ mopasanma dawvrilebiT aRwera afrikaSi 1881 wels Tavisi mogzaurobis Sesaxeb narkvevSi `mzis qveS~ (1884), sadac sxvaTa Soris, vkiTxulobT: `mzabi aris respublika an, ufro sworad, imis msgavsi komuna, rogoris daarsebac 1871 wels parizis revolucionerebma cades~.

gv. 52. `aq yvelaferi ipoeboda: kuSeti... Sez-longi... lui XVI-is stilze nakeTebi~. — kuSeti—divani. Sez-longi (`grZeli skami~) — erTgvari savarZeli daxrili zurgiTa da wagrZelebuli dasajdomiT. romelzedac naxevrad wamowola SeiZleba. lui XV — safrangeTis mefe, romelic revolucionerebma 1792 wels taxtidan Camoagdes, xolo 1793-s giliotinaze aiyvanes. mis saxelTan dakavSirebuli dekoratiuli stili mkvidrdeba XVIII s-is 60-ni wlebidan, warmoadgens gadasasvlels `rokokodan~, `neoklasicizmisaken~ da xasiaTdeba mkrTali ferebiTa da ornamentul formaTa mSvidi sicxadiTa da sinaziT.

gv. 58. `bunebiT patiosani normandieli iyo~, e. i. mkvidri normandiisa. Tanamedrove safrangeTis Crdilo-dasavleTi provinciisa, romlis centria q. ruani da sadauric iyo TviTon mopasani.

gv. 65 oranis provincia — alJiris dasavleTi, marokos mosazRvre mxare.

gv. 67. `diuvalTan Sevida sauzmis saWmelad~. — parizSi 1850-ni wlebidan arsebobda kuxmister diuvalis mier organizebuli didi qseli iaffasiani sasadiloebisa, romlebic TavianTi damaarseblis saxeliT ixsenieboda.

gv. 68. bilboke — erTgvari TamaSi, romelic mdgomareobs kanafze mibmuli burTis agdebasa da joxze dasmaSi.

gv. 69. ekarte — banqos franguli TamaSi, `piketuri~, — 32 qaRaldiani, — dastiTa da or monawiles Soris.

gv. 77. `es Zunwi balzakiviT laparakobs~. udidesi frangi romanistis onore balzakis (1799-1850) ena xasiaTdeba mkveTri da ZarRviani, kontrastuli da paradoqsuli sityvebiTa da gamoTqmebiT.

`... don kixoti rivali~ — genialuri espaneli satirikosis miguel servantesis (1547-1616) gmiri don kixoti iqca ararealuri miznebis msaxveli kacis, uniadago meocnebisa da unayofo mebrZolis simbolod.

gv. 78. `erTi xnieri vivieris... sayvarelia~. — franguli `vivieur — vivieri~ niSnavs `cxovrebis kacs~. siamovnebis momxres, mxiarulebisa da xorcieli tkbobis motrfiales.

fervaki — XIX-is 70-80-ni wlebis frangi Jurnalisti, gazeT `figaros~ niWieri reportiori, romelic aSuqebda `maRali~ sazogadoebis cxovrebas.

gv. 79. `etualis fori~ anu `varskvlavis moedani~ — parizis erT-erTi mTavari moedania, romelzedac dgas cnobili satriumfo kamara — didebuli TaRi, romlis mSenebloba daiwyo 1806 wels imperator napoleon pirvelis austerlicTan brZolaSi brwyinvale gamarjvebis (1805 w. 2 dekembers) aRsaniSnavad.

gv. 83. grenadini — `grenadis~ anu broweulis sirofi.

gv. 84. Sato-margo, arJanteili — franguli Rvinis markebia.

gv. 86. iaponiuri peniuari — qalis dilis xalaTi. erTgvari kapoti, kimono.

gv. 89. saTamaSo yuTidan amomxtari WinkasaviT gadaskupdeboda. — `yuTSi Casmuli Winka~ — safrangeTSi popularuli sabavSvo TamaSia.

gv. 110. liuqsemburgis baRi — parizis Zveli parki, romelic akravs 1612—20 wlebSi agebul liuqsemburgis sasaxles, Tavdapirvelad taxtis memkvidre princTa, xolo bolos safrangeTis senatis rezidencias.

gv. 121. `me alfonsebTan saqme ara maqvs~. — aleqsandre dÁuma-Svilis (1824—95) komediis `batoni alfonsis~ (1874) gmiris mixedviT alfonsi Seerqva meZav mamakacs, romelsac qalebi arCenen.

gv. 127. lope de-vega. (1562—1635) — aRorZinebis xanis gamoCenili espaneli dramaturgi, `cxvris wyarosa~ da mravali sxva cnobili dramis avtori.

gv. 128. `sikvdili da ormoci bebris TamaSi~ — safrangeTis akademias ormoci wevri hyavs da axal akademikoss mxolod Zveli wevris sikvdilis Semdeg irCeven.

gv. 134. gieme, Jan-batist-antuani (1843—1918) — frangi peizaJisti da marinisti (zRvis xedTa) mxatvari, mopasanis erT-erTi megobari; mas mieZRvna novela `naTloba~.

arpini, anri-Jozefi (1819—1916) — frangi mxatvari, peizaJisti da grafikosi, ekuTvnoda e. w. `barbizonis~ skolas, romelic etaneboda bunebis `intimur~, mSvid da sada, magram grZnobier suraTebs.

giome, giustav-aSili (1840—1887) — frangi literatori da mxatvari-orientalisti; didxans cxovrobda alJirSi da TiTqmis mTlad Semoifargla alJirisa da marokos TematikiT.

gv. 135. Jerve, anri (daib. 1852) — frangi mxatvari, Janruli da istoriul suraTTa avtori, mopasanis megobari; 1885 wlis april-ivnisSi mopasanTan erTad imogzaura italiaSi, imave wlis zamTarSi dawera mopasanis portreti.

bastien-lepaJi, Jiuli (1848—1884) frangi realisti mxatvari.

bugro, adolf-uiliami (1825—1905) — frangi mxatvari, e. w. `neoklasikuri~ mxatvrobis warmomadgeneli.

loransi, Jan-poli (1838—1921) — frangi mxatvari, mravali istoriuli suraTis avtori.

vandeeli mRvdeli. — vandea aris atlantikuri okeanis sanapiroze, md. luaris SesarTavis samxreTiT mdebare franguli provincia, sadac safrangeTis XVIII saukunis didi burJuaziuli revoluciis dros moxda reaqciuli samRvdeloebisa da aristokratiis mier motyuilebuli glexobis ajanyeba.

`cis-feri~ razmi, — razmi safrangeTis maSindeli revoluciuri jarisa, romelsac cisferi mundirebi ecva.

bero. Jani (1849—1935) — frangi portretisti da Janruli mxatvari, romelsac mopasanma miuZRvna moTxroba `Salli~.

lamberi, lui-eJeni (1825—1900) — frangi mxatvari animalisti, delakruas mowafe, xatavda Janrul komikur suraTebs, romelTa moqmedi pirebi iyvnen katebi, risTvisac xumrobiT `katebis rafaeli~ ewoda.

detai, Jan-batist-eduardi (1848—1912) — cnobili frangi realisti mxatvari, bataluri suraTebis avtori.

leluari, morisi (1853—1940) — frangi mxatvari, mopasanis megobari, mas mieZRvna moTxroba `idilia~.

gv. 145. lesbosi — saberZneTis kunZuli egeosis zRvaSi, ZvelberZnuli kulturis mniSvnelovani centri; imdroindeli lesobseli qalebi cnobilni iyvnen urTierTisadmi arabunebrivi seqsualuri midrekilebiT.

vodevili — saxelwodeba warmosdgeba Crdilo franguli provincia Val de Vire-dan — Tavdapirvelad, XVI s-is safrangeTSi, qalaqis quCis simRera, romelic mefis urC feodalebs dascinis; merme, XVIII s-is dasawyisSi: saxumaro xasiaTis sasimRero piesa, romlis calkeul kupletebs msaxiobebTan erTad mayurebelic mReroda; da bolos, daaxl. 1750 wlidan moyolebuli, — patara moculobisa da msubuqi komediuri xasiaTis kupletebian-cekvebiani piesa, komikuri opera.

gv. 150. `dÁurua Tavs irTobs (Duroy s‘amuse) — es sityvebi parodias warmoadgenen viqtor hiugos cnobili dramis saTaurisa: `mefe Tavs irTobs (Le Roi s‘amuse).

gv. 151. `Jurnalisti keisris coliviT umwikvlo unda iyos~. pompeas, iulios keisris meore cols, qmris Ralati dabralda;a Tumca es braldeba ar dadasturda, iulios keisari mainc gaeyara mas im sabuTiT, rom `keisris coli eWvmiutaneli unda iyos~.

monmartri — parizis Crdilo raioni, poetebisa da mxatvarTa, sareTod artistuli bohemis ubani.

gv. 152. ori livri kotleti. — livri franguli `girvanqaa~.

gv. 161. gastrin-reneti — cnobili parizeli mesaWurvle.

gv. 167. kanna — cnobili sazamTro da sazRvao kurorti safrangeTis rivieraze (xmelTaSuazRvis sanapiroze). — `Joli~ frangulad lamazs niSnavs.

gv. 174. inglisuri baRi. — gansxvavebiT `franguli~ anu XVII s-Si miRebuli `barokos~ stilis aristokratiuli parkebisa, romelTac aSkara xelovnuroba, `arqiteqtonizirebuli~ gaformeba, `kultivirebuli~ ieri axasiaTebda, XVIII s-is dasawyisidan aRmocenebuli `inglisuri baRebi~ gamoirCeva viTomda xeluxlebeli da Tavisuflad miSvebuli `bunebrivobiT~.

grafi de-pari anu parizis grafi iyo princ lui-filip-alber orleanelis (1838—1894), safrangeTis ukanaskneli mefis, lui-filipes SviliSvilis tituli.

bazeni — safrangeTis marSali, romelic 1871 wels metcTan danebda prusielebs, risTvisac omis Semdeg safrangeTis mTavrobam mas Tavisufleba aRukveTa; misi cixidan gaqceva mopasanma dawvrilebiT aRwera Tavis samogzauro narkvevTa wignSi `wyalze~ (1888).

gv. 175. kolberi (1619—1693) — cnobili frangi saxelmwifo moRvawe, lui XIV-is ministri; mis mraval RonisZiebas Soris aRsaniSnavia franguli flotis reorganizacia.

sÁufreni (1726—1788) safrangeTis admirali, romelic indoeTSi warmatebiT eomeboda ingliselebs.

dÁupre (1775—1846) — safrangeTis admirali, alJiris dapyrobis monawile.

gv. 194. `Tqveni gvari orad gahyaviT: `dÁu-rua~-d, da sul sxva ram gamova~. safrangeTSi `dÁu~, `de~, an `d~ winsarTi aristokratiul gvarebs erTvis xolme.

gv. 205. matine — igive peniuari.

gv. 297. `mrgvali koSkebi, heraldikuri gvirgvinebiT mosili~ anu sagvareulo RerbebiT damSvenebuli.

goTikuri stili — XII s-is safrangeTSi aRmocenebuli da mere mTel dasavleT-evropaSi gavrcelebuli arqiteqturuli stili, romelic xasiaTdeba isrisebri TaRebiTa da kamarebiT da, saerTod, vertikaluri wawvetebuli formebis siWarbiT.

`... uzarmazari sakvamle, qeopsis piramidis toli~. — qeopsma, Zveli welTaRricxvis daaxl. 2600 wels mcxovrebma egviptis mefem, dRevandel qairos maxloblad akldamad aiSena piramida, romelzedac, herodotes cnobiT, 30 weli 100 aTasma kacma imuSava da romlis simaRle amJamad 139 metrs aRwevs.

gv. 210. poli da virJini — frangi mwerlis bernarden de-sen-pieris (1737—1814) amave saxelwodebis cnobili sentimentalur-idiliuri romanis gmirebi.

gv. 219. `Sereuli komisiebi~ — 1851 wlis gadatrialebis Semdeg daawesa napoleon III-m Tavis politikur mtrebTan sasamarTlos meSveobiT angariSis gasasworeblad.

`Tavisi sofluri makiavelobis wyalobiT...~ — nikolo makiaveli (1469—1527), didi italieli humanisti da politikosi, romelic fr. engelsma renesansis epoqis erT-erT `titanad~ miiCnia, amtkicebda, rom xalxis keTildReobisaTvis mzrunvel xelisufals aqvs ufleba da kidevac marTebs yovelgvari saSualeba gamoiyenos Tavisi Zalauflebis gansamtkiceblad; am azriT Camoayaliba man Tavisi cnobili formula: `mizani amarTlebs saSualebas~. magram burJuaziulma saqmosnebma imTaviTve Seryvnes da gaavulgares, yovelgvari miznisaTvis gamarTlebulad CaTvales makiavelis es politikuri principi, ise rom male `makiavelobis~ anu `makiavelizmis~ cneba Segnebuli da sruli uprincipobisa da amoralizmis sinonimad aqcies.

gv. 234. vatto, antuani (1684—1721) — `rokokos~ stilis gamoCenili frangi mxatvari, romelsac axasiaTebda ferTa simkveTre da silaRe.

gv. 240. `esk~ warmoadgens Semoklebas inglisuri sityvisa `eskuaier~-i, rac niSnavs `memamule~-s.

gv. 243. `nuTu ise gagiJdebian, rom tunisis sisulele gaimeoron~. — miniSneba safrangeTis mier 1881 wels tunisis okupaciaze, romelmac namdvili omis xasiaTi miiRo.

gv. 258. `espaneTi marokos gamo gviwyreba~, — frang da espanel imperialistTa interesebi xSirad ejaxeboda erTmaneTs marokoSi, vidre es ukanaskneli 1912 wels ar iqna gayofili safrangeTsa da espaneTs Soris.

gv. 268. `...magram julietas cremli ki ara, aramed didonasi~. — julieta Seqspiris cnobili tragediis gmiria, xolo didona — didi romaeli poetis virgiliusis (70—19) poemis `eneidasi~. (am poemis mixedviT, eneasi, romaelTa legendaruli winapari, gaemijnura didonas, karTagenis damaarsebelsa da kviprosis mefis pigmalionis das, romelmac igi mgznebared Seiyvara, xolo mas Semdeg, rac eneasma miatova, Tavi moikla). mopasanis teqstSi julieta da didona dapirispirebulni arian, rogorc ymawvili qalis siyvarulisa da gadamwifebuli qalis vnebis gansaxierebani.

gv. 271. `kambronis ena CemTan SedarebiT Tavazianobad moeCveneba~. — frangma generalma pier kambronma (1770—1842), romelic vaterloosTan brZolaSi napoleonis Zvel gvardias sardlobda, uwmawuri ginebiT upasuxa danebebis Sesaxeb mtris winadadebas.

gv. 294. `im xanebSi mTeli qalaqi Jan lenoblis galereaSi midioda hungreli mxatvris karl markoviCis didi suraTis sanaxavad...~ — aseTi mxatvari, romlis xsenebuli suraTi valterma iyida, ar arsebula, magram 1884 wels parizSi marTlac yofila gamofenili cnobili ungreli mxatvris munkaCis suraTi `qriste jvarze~, xolo 3 wliT adre amave mxatvarma marTlac mihyida viRac amerikels uzarmazar fasad (120000 dolarad) Tavisi meore suraTi `qriste pilates winaSe~. amrigad mopasanma mxatvris gvari da mis suraTTa siuJeti Secvala mxolod, xolo Tavisi drois kulturuli cxovrebis namdvili detali ucvlelad asaxa romanSi.

gv. 297. gobelenis xaliCa — kedelze dasakidi xaliCa, romelzedac raime suraTia amoqarguli.

venera — romaul miTologiaSi siyvarulisa da silamazis RmerTqali, RmerTTa RmerTis, iupiteris asuli, cecxlis RmerTis, vulkanis meuRle da omis RmerTis, marsis satrfo.

gv. 304. buduari — patara, koxtad morTuli sastumro qalisa.

gv. 309. `sapatio legionis jvari~ — napoleon bonapartis mier 1802 wels SemoRebuli ordeni, romliTac saxelmwifos winaSe gansakuTrebuli damsaxurebisaTvis jildovdebian rogorc samxedro ise samoqalaqo pirebi. sxvaTa Soris, erT-erTma pirvelma miiRo es ordeni napoleonis cnobilma qarTvelma mamluqma rustanma. monarqiis damxobis Semdeg am ordeniT ministrTa wardginebiT ajildovebs respublikis prezidenti. dÁuruam miiRo am ordenis `kavaleris~ wodeba, e. i. misi pirveli, umdablesi xarisxi (sul xuTi xarisxi arsebobs). dajildovebulni Cveulebriv atareben ara TviT ordens, aramed ordenis niSans — saRileSi mimagrebul patara alisfer lents.

gv. 313. `inglisel saldaTebs hgavdnen~. — Sedareba emyareba im drois inglisel jariskacTa mundirebis wiTel fers.

gv. 323. sen-Jermeni — parizis, senis marcxena mxares mdebare gareubani, cnobili renesansis epoqis sasaxliTa da imave saxelwodebis tyiT.

anri meoTxe (1553—1610) — safrangeTis didi mefe, burbonTa dinastiis mamamTavari.

gv. 346. Tanxmobis moedani, — Tavdapirvelad `lui XV moedani~, — XVII s-is SuaSi dagegmili da klasicizmis stiliT gamarTuli centraluri arqiteqturuli ansambli parizisa, romelsac ukavSirdeba qalaqis umTavresi magistralebi.

burbonTa sasaxle — safrangeTSi monarqiis damxobis Semdeg deputatTa palatis adgilsamyofeli.

.

es mware sityvebi mopasanis zogma burJuaziulma mkvlevarma didi frangi beletristis SemoqmedebiTi mrwamsis gamoxatulebad miiCnia. am TvalsazrisiT, mopasani warmogvidgeba, rogorc `Tavisi epoqis uZlieresi da srulyofili pesimisti~, romelic `ise ganasaxierebs yvelgan sasacilos, samwuxarosa da sulelurs, rom gamosavlis yovelgvar imedsa da gardaqmnis yovelgvar survilsaa moklebuli~; am arafrismorwmune kacs TiTqos imis CvenebaRa swadia, rom adamianica da cxovrebac naklebad imsaxureben siyvarulsa da pativiscemas, radgan erTTavad warmoadgenen mdabal cxovelur vnebaTa saTavssa da borot idumal ZalTa sarbiels. aseTi `totaluri pesimizmis~ mesveurad misi warmosaxviT burJuaziis ideologebi eZieben Surs maTi `cxovrebis wesis~ im ulmobeli mxilebisaTvis, romelmac mopasani mecxramete saukunis franguli realizmis korifeTa, — stendalis, balzakisa da floberis, — memkvidred aqcia.

mopasanis ideologiuri mtrebi lamoben yovelmxriv daamciron misi pirovneba da memkvidreoba. kerZod, maT surT warmoadginon igi, rogorc sakuTari `bunebis memkvidreobiTi gaorebulobis~ msxverpli. TiTqosda, floberisagan gansxvavebiT, romelsac sicocxlis Sinaarsad mTlianad xelovneba eqmna, mopasani erTdroulad `cxovrebaze~ amaRlebisaken mswrafi, sazogadoebis moZule xelovanic iyo da `maRali wreebis~ modur salonebSi garTuli, pativmoyvareobis vnebasa da tkbobis Jins ayolili snobic. es `gaoreba~, Turme, mopasanisaTvis mSobelT uanderZebiaT, romelTagan deda, Zveli da kulturuli burJuaziuli ojaxis qali, romantikos poetis alfred de-puatvenis da floberis siWabukis megobari, Tavis Svils bolo dromde udga gverdiT literaturul mrCevelad da TanaSemwed, xolo mamam, gaRaribebulma aristokratma, marTlac Sealia Tavisi jani da peizaJisti mxatvris arcTu urigo niWi salonebSi drostarebas. da am `gaorebas~, romelsac Sedegad xelovanis `damaZabunebeli ganaxevreba~ mosdevda, mZime sulieri senic daerTo, ramac sabolood kidevac gatexa mwerali. amrigad, Turme, xelovanis tragedias klinikuri motivi `agvirgvinebs~, romlis Suqzedac misi didi SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobac metnaklebad `aranormalur~, paTologiur movlenad unda Candes.

magram sinamdvileSi mopasanis tragedia pirvel rigad sakuTriv-SemoqmedebiTi xasiaTisaa. misi avadmyofoba, Tumca mniSvnelovani, magram mainc meoradi, mxolod gamaZlierebeli faqtori iyo am tragediisa. marTalia, mopasani bolomde trialebs parizis `maRal~ sazogadoebaSi, magram sulac ara snobizmis gamo; igi sul ufro da ufro mtrobs am sazogadoebas, sadac, misi Tqmisamebr, `xelovanni da swavlulni miaCniaT inteleqtualur mojamagireebad, romelTaTvisac RvTisagan dawesebula didkacTa garToba da samsaxuri~, da Tu igi mainc ar wyvets masTan kavSirs, mxolod imitom, rom aq saintereso mxatvruli masala eguleba; Tanac am masalis Zieba mas arasodes Semoufarglavs mxolod `didkacobis~ yofiT, ramdenadac mudam im azrs adga, rom `mwerals marTebs mTeli garemoTi iyos dainteresebuli da taxtTa safexurebTan erTad aRweros samzareuloTa nakleb molipuli safexurebic~. da dasasrul, marTalia, mopasans adridanve dasCemda daeWvebisa da uimedobis ganwyobilebani, magram igi arasdros Seupyria, ase vTqvaT, organul, da, miT ufro, `totalur~ pesimizms. piriqiT, misi rwmenis simbolos da Semoqmedebis wyaros Seadgenda adamianis siyvaruli da sicocxlis xalisi, romlis SenarCunebisaTvis igi bolomde Seupovrad ibrZoda, da pesimisturi suliskveTeba mas mxolod maSin ipyrobda, roca am brZolaSi misTvis gadaulaxav obieqtur da subieqtur dabrkolebaTa winaSe dgeboda. Tu ramdenad eucxoveboda mopasanis saR arsebas es suliskveTeba, saukeTesod iqidana Cans, rom ukanasknel wlebSi mas swored maTi moZaleba eqca jer SemoqmedebiTi krizisisa, xolo sabolood sulieri kraxis mTavar mizezad. da mopasanis tragediis swored am SemoqmedebiT, — da ara paTologiur, — arss Caswvda lev tolstoi Cinebulad, rodesac werda: `mopasanis cxovrebis tragizms is Seadgens, rom igi, simaxinjiTa da uzneobiT usaSineles garemoSi moqceuli, Tavisi niWis, Tavis sulSi STanergili uCveulo sinaTlis ZaliT Tavs aRwevda am garemocvis msoflmxedvelobaT, ukve miaxlovebuli iyo ganTavisuflebas, sunTqavda kidec TavisuflebiT, magram, ramdenadac am brZolaSi ukanaskneli Zalebi Semoexarja da erTi saboloo gaZalebis Rone ar eyo, ise daiRupa, rom gauTavisuflebeli darCa...~

anri rene alber gi de-mopasani daibada 1850 wlis 5 agvistos q. diepis maxloblad, normandiis sanapiroze, sadac ganvlo misma bavSvobam da siyrmem. `me gavizarde, — wers igi, — zRvis, CrdiloeTis ruxi da civi zRvis piras, meTevzeTa patara qalaqSi, romelsac gamudmebiT Soltavda qari, wvima da talRis Sxefebi da ganuwyvetliv asdioda Tevzis suni...~ dedis TqmiT, patara gi `awyvetil kvics~ hgavda: fermerTa biWebTan erTad daZrwoda velebsa da tyeebSi Tu sanapiro kldeebze, meTevzeebs dahyveboda zRvaze, Tevzaobda da nadirobda, da swored am adriani wlebis monapovars warmoadgens bevri is Tviseba, — bunebis mgznebare siyvaruli, cocxali, qmediTi cxovrebis xalisi, ubralo xalxisadmi interesi da simpaTia, misi zne-Cveulebebisa da metyvelebis Cinebuli codna, misi `rableseuli~, motlanqo, magram ZarRviani humoris gemo, — ramac SemdegSi mopasanis Semoqmedebis saRi, demokratiul-realisturi safuZveli Seadgina. cameti wlis biWi patara qalaq ivetos daxurul seminariaSi miabares, saidanac igi jer TviTon gaiqca ramdenimejer, xolo sabolood, 1866 wels, gamoricxes seminariis saxuravze RamiT gamarTuli qeifisTvis da `epikuruli~, `cxovrebis siameTa~ madidebeli leqsis gamo. mere man ruanis seminariaSi ganagrZo swavla, romelic 1870 wels daasrula. seminariis erT-erTma maswavlebelma, `parnaselma~, poetma da floberis megobarma lui builem yuradReba miaqcia Wabuk meleqses da igi kruaseSi, ruanis maxloblad mdebare floberiseul mamulSi dahyavda stumrad; aqedan daiwyo did romanistTan mopasanis xangrZlivi Segirdoba da mWidro megobroba, romelmac floberis sikvdilamde, 1880 wlamde gastana. 1870 wlis ivlisSi safrangeT-prusiis omi atyda da kanis universitetis iuridiul fakultetze Sesuli mopasani jarSi gaiwvies. omis periodi man jer ruansa da Semdeg parizSi gaatara intendantad. omis momdevno ekonomiurma krizisma mis mSobelTa materialuri mdgomareoba Searyia da mopasans sakuTari SromiT uxdeba cxovreba. igi parizs Cadis, sadac literaturuli SemoqmedebiT apirebs cxovrebas, magram floberis rCeviT saxelmwifo samsaxurSi dgeba, patara moxeled muSaobs jer sazRvao, mere ki, 1878 wlidan, ganaTlebis saministroSi. mas mxolod maSin eZleva SesaZlebloba mTlianad mieces SemoqmedebiT Sromas, roca 1880 wels gamoqveynebulma `funTuSam~ erTbaSad moupova saxeli da simdidre.