Gi de mopasani lamazi megobari nawili pirveli Tavi pirveli

1880 wlamde grZeldeba mopasanis SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebis pirveli, yvelaze xangrZlivi etapi, roca axalgazrda mwerali daJinebiT iRvwis ostatobisaTvis.

pirveli, rac am xnis manZilze `salambos~ avtorma Tavis Segirds STaunerga, iyo samwerlo Sromis maRali kultura. floberi didxans ukrZalavda mopasans jer kidev arasrulfasovan TxzulebaTa gamoqveynebas da 1875 wels Segirdma, rogorc Cans, maswavleblisagan malulad dabeWda Jozef pÁunes fsevdonimiT Tavisi pirveli moTxroba `gvamis xeli~, `ar vici, gaqvT Tu ara Tqven niWi, — eubneboda mas floberi mis pirvel nawerTa gacnobis Semdeg. — imaSi, rac momitaneT, erTgvari unari igrZnoba, magram nurasodes dagaviwydebaT, ymawvilo, rom niWi, bÁufonis Tqmisaebr, mxolod xangrZlivi moTminebaa. imuSaveT~. da mopasanic muSaobda, moTminebiT wvrTnida da xvewda kalams. `Svidi wlis manZilze, — igonebs igi mogvianebiT, — me vwerdi leqsebs, vwerdi novelebs, davwere sazizRari dramac ki~. am Tavgamodebul Sromas, diaxac, unayofod ar Cauvlia: profesiul gamocdilebasTan erTad man siuJetTa uxvi maragic, mdidari nedli masalac daugrova Semdgom esoden nayofier mwerals (faqtiurad aTiode wlis manZilze man gamoaqveyna zustad samasi moTxroba da novela, eqvsi didi romani, samogzauro narkvevTa sami wigni da uricxvi literaturul-publicisturi esse da werili).

magram mTavari, rac floberma Tavis Segirds STaunerga, iyo mxatvruli formis is kulti, ramac mopasani, misi maswavleblis gverdiT, franguli literaturis udides stilistTa rigSi Caayena.

floberis msgavsad mopasani arasodes ar cdilobs weros `lamazad~ da misi stili araa gadatvirTuli im `samkaulebiT~, — maRalfardovani saxeebiT, `iSviaTi~ SedarebebiT, zedmeti perifrazebiT, nacvalsaxelebiT, — romlebic frazas tlanqsa da mZimes xdian; aq araferi iqcevs sagangebo yuradRebas, yovelive Tavis adgilzea da mxolod erTs rasme emsaxureba, — gansaxierebis `im simsubuqesa da sizustes, romlebic asmagad zrdian kiTxvis sixaruls~. da aseve, mopasans eucxoeba fxvieri kompozicia, ganStoebuli anda lirikuli Tu refleqsuri gadaxvevebiTa da wiaRsvlebiT garTulebul-damZimebuli siuJetis mdore dineba. moTxroba esmis mas, rogorc materialuri Tu sulieri xasiaTis erTi ambis gadmocema, romelsac ise aqvs micemuli dramatiuli erTianoba, rom misgan gamoricxulia yvelaferi, rac aucilebeli araa ZiriTadi azris naTelsayofad. amitomac etaneba igi novelis sakuTrivsa da klasikur formas, romelic jer kidev XV s-Si iqna margarita navarelis mier bokaCiosagan SeTvisebuli da frangul mwerlobaSi gadmonergili, — moTxrobas, romlis dinamiuri moqmedebis centrSi dgas `novella~ anu `axali ambavi~, raime anekdoturi SemTxveva, romlis Suqze Cndeba da iSleba moqmed pirTa xasiaTi, mdgomareoba da bedi. da amave kompoziciuri simkacriT xasiaTdeba misi romanebic: maTi logikurad gaSlil-dasrulebuli siuJetidan gamoricxulia yovelive, — kerZod, mravalricxovan, TavisTavad sayuradRebo, magram mTavar TemasTan nakleb dakavSirebul personaJTa monacvleoba, — rasac mraval sqeltanian romanSi `cxovrebasTan~ siaxlovisaÒda msgavsebis STabeWdilebis Seqmna evaleba xolme. da amdenad, rogorc mis moTxrobaTa, ise romanTa `arqiteqturuli~ wyobidan, mopasanis TqmiTve

`verc erT nawilaks ver amoagdeb ise, rom saerTo harmonia ar daarRvio~.

magram, cxadia, `Segirdobis~ xanaSi mopasans marto mxatvris didostatoba rodi SesZenia: amave dros, 70-ian wlebSi, Camoyalibda igi msoflmxedvelobrivadac.

ukve 1870—71 wlebis ambebma moaxdina mopasanze udidesi zegavlena. prusiasTan omma misi patriotuli grZnoba gaamZafra, xolo frangTa damarcxebam da am erovnuli katastrofisadmi `maRali~ sazogadoebis samarcxvino gulgrilobam mravali iluzia gauqarwyla Wabuks, pirvelad CauwveTa pesimizmis Sxami.

marTalia, mopasani iSviaTad exeboda Tavis TxzulebebSi uSualod politikur Tematikas, magram es sulac ar niSnavs imas, TiTqos igi Tavisi drois mwvave sazogadoebrivi Zvrebis miRma mdgariyos. igi WeSmariti xelovanis didi namusiTaa aRWurvili, ris ZaliTac Tavidanve gamodis gabatonebul mankierebaTa, Zalmomreobisa da usamarTlobis, fizikuri Tu moraluri degradaciis sastik mamxileblad. xolo 70-iani wlebi saamisod friad uxv masalas iZleoda: es xom parizis komunis Semdgom gamZvinvarebuli reaqciis xana iyo, rodesac imperializmis stadiaSi fexSedgmulma burJuaziam da `kapitalis warmoebis~ procesSi Cabmulma aristokratiam sabolood SemoifliTes odindeli `demokratiuli liberalizmisa~ Tu `STamomavlobiTi keTilSobilebis~ ZonZebi da srulad gaaSiSvles TavianTi antihumanuri klasobrivi arseba.

`me moviTxov mmarTvel klasTa ganadgurebas, — werda mopasani flobers, — lamaz Clung batonTa xrovis mospobas, romlebic iqeqebian im beberi RvTismosavi da suleli roskipis kabebSi, maRali sazogadoeba rom ewodeba. diax, me dRes mimaCnia, rom 93-e weli rbili iyo, rom seqtembrelebma lmobiereba gamoiCines, rom marati batkania, dantoni — umanko baWia, xolo robespieri — mtredi. raki Zveli mmarTveli klasebi amJamad iseve ugunurni rCebian, rogorc maSin iyvnen, isini amJamadac iseve unda moispon, rogorc maSin, da wyalSi arian gadasayreli lamazi kretini batonebi maT lamaz kaxpa qalbatonebTan erTad~. `mmarTveli klasebisadmi~ uzomo siZulvilTan da zizRTan erTad aq yuradRebas iqcevs `maRali sazogadoebis~ batonTa da qalbatonTa `silamazisa~ da `siClungis~, `silamazisa~ da `sikaxpis~ xazgasma (rac kvlav flobers gvagonebs, romelic mopasanisave TqmiT, `sityva burJua~-s sityva `Clungi~-s sinonimad Tvlida da ase ganmartavda: `burJuas vuwodeb yvelas, vinc qvenad azrovnebso~). da swored am mZafri Seusabamobis, — burJuaziisa da aristokratiis garegani silamazis, keTilSobilebisa da wesierebis da Sinagani simaxinjis, gadagvarebisa da gaxrwnilebis, — Cveneba iqca `lamazi megobris~ avtoris erT mTavar SemoqmedebiT Temad.

Tanac mopasans saimiso Zala da gambedaoba aRmoaCnda, rom `mmarTvel klasTa~ daundobel mxilebasTan erTad isic eCvenebina, rom maT mier SeZulebul `ubralo~ xalxSia daculi is Rirsebani, — patriotizmis, siyvarulis, samarTlianobis, patiosnebis, Tavisuflebis, Rirsebis grZnobani, — romlebic adamians namdvil, Sinagan silamazes, sulier keTilSobilebas aniWeben. es iqca mopasanis meore mTavar Temad, romelmac srulad gamoxata misi Semoqmedebis pozitiuri, naTeli, optimisturi tendencia da demokratiul-humanisturi arsi. da swored aqaa yvelaze ufro mosaxsenebeli XIX s-is meore didi mwerali, romelsac mopasani agreTve uwodebs Tavis `Zvirfas maswavlebelsa da megobars~. esaa 70-80-ian wlebSi safrangeTs mcxovrebi da floberTan mWidrod daaxloebuli ivane turgenevi.

turgenevs rogorc mxatvruli Txrobis, metadre novelis ubadlo ostatsac unda emoqmedna mopasanze. frang novelists `monadiris moTxrobaTa~ avtori aRafrTovanebs, rogorc `pirvelxarisxovani mxatvari~, romelmac `ramdenime gverdze icis srulyofili nawarmoebis Seqmna, garemoebaTa saucxood dajgufeba da cocxal, xelSesaxeb, warmtac saxeTa Seqmna, maTi sul oriode, imdenad msubuqi da moxdenili StrixiT moxazva, rom Zneli misaxvedria, Tu rogor SeiZleba garegnulad esoden ubralo saSualebebiT aseTi damajereblobis miRweva~, magram ufro mniSvnelovani mainc turgenevis ideuri zegavlena Cans, romelic nawilobriv floberis sawinaaRmdegod moqmedebda. floberi socialur kriticizmTan, burJuaziis siZulvilTan erTad mopasans unergavda agreTve Tavis `zizRs masis ugunurebisadmi~ da ltolvas `spilos Zvlis koSkSi~ Caketvisaken, Tavis relativizmsa da pozitivizms anu im ganwyobilebebsa da ideebs, romlebic mas ukve rogorc dasavleTis klasikuri realizmis daSlis mijnaze mdgarsa da erTroulad esTetizmisa da naturalizmisaken midrekil xelovans axasiaTebda, turgenevi ki, piriqiT, amdidrebda da aZlierebda mopasanis realizms, Sveloda ra mas gamklaveboda cxovrebasa da adamianze im uaryofiT, unugeSo Tvalsazriss, romelsac sul ufro nergavda maSindel frangul literaturaSi burJuaziuli reaqciis zeimi. turgenevi uziarebda Tavis axalgazrda frang kolegas im maRal rwmenas adamianis sikeTisa da Zlierebisa, im Rrma siyvarulsa da TanagrZnobas dabeCavebuli xalxisadmi, metadre glexobisadmi, da im utex imeds ukeTesi momavlisa, romliTac esoden gansxvavdeba rusuli klasikuri literatura metismeti kriticizmisa Tu skepticizmis seniT Sepyrobili dasavleT-evropuli mwerlebisagan. da Tamamad iTqmis: Tu ki mopasani didad aRemata Tavis frang maswavlebels didebiT, naTel saxeTa xatviT, rusma damrigebelma swored imiT dasdo mas udidesi Rvawli, rom am saxeTa frangul sinamdvileSi, frang xalxSi danaxvis unari ganumtkica da gaumaxvila.

mopasanis SemoqmedebiTi ganviTarebis meore da umTavresi monakveTi modis 1880—86 wlebze. esaa mopasaniseuli kritikuli realizmis aRmavlobis xana, rodesac mwerali Tavis umniSvnelovanes Txzulebebs qmnis, romlebSic srulad Cndeba misi SemoqmedebiT pozitiuri tendenciebi da Taviseburebani.

marTalia, mopasanis realizms klasikuri — stendal-balzakiseuli — kritikuli realizmis aSkara daqveiTebis niSani emCneva; es daqveiTeba, uwinares yovlisa, imaSi gamoixateba, rom sinamdvilis wvdomisa da asaxvis masStabi viwrovdeba, kerZod, sazogadoebriv mankierebaTa mxileba warmoebs ukve ara socialur-politikur, aramed `Cveulebriv~, viwro piradul, yoveldRiur-yofacxovrebiT urTierTobaTa aspeqtSi. magram mopasani, floberis msgavsad, jer kidev imdenad tipurad da mZafrad, — iseTi temperamentiTa da ise Seurbileblad, — asaxavs `mmarTvel klasTa~ simaxinjesa da mavneblobas, rom mainc stendal-balzakiseuli tradiciis uSualo memkvidre rCeba. Tanac, erTis mxriv, igi kidevac aviTarebs am tradicias, — kritikasa da mxilebasTan erTad kontrastulad imasac uCvenebs, rom `maRal~ sazogadoebaSi Seryvnil-Seginebul adamianobas SeZlebisdagvarad `ubralo~ xalxis Svilebi inarCuneben da icaven xolme. marTalia, muqi ferebi aq aSkarad Warboben naTel ferebs, magram es ukanasknelni mainc imden Suqs hfenen mopasanis mTel Semoqmedebas, rom igi verafriT ver CaiTvleba `totaluri pesimistis~ anu dekadentis memkvidreobad.

ase kontrastuladaa gaSuqebuli mopasanis novelistikis yvela mTavari motivi.

kerZod — patritizmis motivi, romelsac mwerali safrangeT-prusiis omis masalaze amuSavebs Tavisi mTeli Semoqmedebis manZilze. Tuki gaqnili burJuebisa da gayinuli aristokratebis garegani `wesiereba~ mxolod maTi sulieri simdablisa da siglaxis niRabia, angarebianobisa da laCrobis safari, meZavis `uweso~ xelobas ver CauxSvia funTuSas sulieri keTilSobileba, ver SeubRalavs misi zneobrivi siwminde; da sadac `didebulni~ mzad arian yovelgvari damamcirebeli, magram sasargeblo garigeba dasdon dampyroblebTan, iq gankicxuli `mdabio~ qali, mtris mimarT wrfeli siZulviliTa da zizRiTaa aRsavse da mxolod imisaTvis nebdeba prusiel oficers, raTa Zalmomreobisa da damcirebisagan ixsnas `patiosani aramzadebi~, romelTac gulubryvilod Tanamemamuleebad racxs da safrangeT-prusiis omis masalaze agebuli bevri sxva moTxrobac, — `Zalua sovaJi~, `tyveebi~, `madmuazel fifi~, `logini #29~, — cxadhyofs imas, rom mxolod xalxis beCav, magram simdidris gamxrwneli zegavleniT SeubRalvel SvilebsRa abadiaT samSoblos siyvarulis grZnoba da mtris winaaRmdegobis unari.

aseve kontrastulad amuSavebs mopasani kritikuli realizmis umTavres motivs: angarebiTa da siZunwiT, egoizmiTa da pativmoyvareobiT Sepyrobili adamianis dasaxiCrebisa da gadagvarebis Temas.

burJuaziul sazogadoebaSi yovelgvar borotebasa da sisaZagles badebs simdidris dagrovebis, mogebis Jini. aq qals SeuZlia umowyalod yvlifos sakuTari organizmic ki da saSoSive asaxiCros Tavisi bavSvebi, raTa mere sarfianad mihyidos isini `iSviaTobaTa~ muzeumebs (`gonjebis deda~), xolo kacs SeuZlia sakuTari colisa da colis dis `bazaze~ gaxsnas SemdegSi didad Semosavliani saroskipo (`megobari pasÁansi~); anda aq coli kvercxebis saCekad svams dambladacemul qmars, raTa man tyuilad ar Wamos puri, xolo berwi qmari TviTon miuCens kuros Tavis cols, romelic milions ianderZebs, Tuki Svili eyoleba (`memkvidreoba~). burJuas yvela adamianuri unari da moTxovnileba aqvs CaxSobili. igi ar azrovnebs, gonebas mis tvinSi cbiereba da gaqniloba enacvleba anu `is saRi Wkua, romelic uWkuobas esazRvreba~. misTvis ucxoa yovelgvari sulieri sixaruli, codnisa Tu silamazis wyurvili. mdabali sixarbis garda mas mxolod wmindad zoologiuri, cxoveluri midrekilebebi rCeba: misi `cxovrebis formula~ yovlad martivia: `kargi cxovreba, kargi sufra da kargi Zili; vWam da mZinavs, ai, esaa Cemi arseboba~. am sulieri siRatakisa da ubadrukobis ganuyreli Tanamgzavria uzomo simxdale, metadre `sazogadoebrivi azris~ winaSe SiSi, romlis karnaxiTac burJuas ZaluZs yovelgvari simdable Caidinos. Tanac am silaCresTan erTad burJuas `zneobriv~ saxes saocari farisevloba `srulqmnis~, romelic ubinZures garyvnilobas afarebs xolme saTnoebis niRabs.

bevri Tanamedrove mwerlisagan, kerZod emil zolasgan gansxvavebiT mopasani ar ixibleba didi `gaqanebis~ saqmosanTa TiTqosda `Zlieri pirovnebebiT~, vinaidan im azrisaa, rom Tavisi arsebiT mdabali da wvrilmani burJuaziuli vnebani yvelgan erTnairad aknineben da axurdaveben adamians; magram amave dros igi xedavs, rom swored wvrili burJuebis, bankirobaze meocnebe meduqneTa anda ordenis monatrul moxeleTa SezRudul yofaSi gansakuTrebuli sisazizRriT da, maSasadame, tipiurobiT Cndeba mTeli klasis damaxasiaTebeli mankierebani, da amitomac upiratesad swored am fenidan arCeven Tavisi novelebis gmirebs.

amave dros, mopasani imasac xedavs, rom burJuaziuli vnebani, kapitalistur urTierTobaTa amoralizmi sxva klasebsac ryvnian, ara mxolod meore `mmarTvel klass~, aristokratias, aramed glexobis masasac, romliTac mis TvalSi faqtiurad kidevac amoiwureba `xalxis~ cneba. mopasanis bevri novela sastiki simarTliT, TiTqmis naturalisturi siSiSvliT warmoadgens glexis wvril mesakuTreobriv fsiqologias, misi sixarbisa da siZunwis tlanq, siRatakiTa da sibneliT damZimebul gamovlenebs.

magram amasTanave mopasans arc is rCeba daunaxavi, rom Tuki sadmea sapovneli adamianuri suliskveTebebi, sikeTe da patiosneba, Rirsebisa da pativis grZnobebi, moyvasisadmi uangaro damokidebuleba, — isev da isev mxolod xalxSi, imave glexobaSi, romelsac siRrmeSi, mZime Sromisa da siRatakis, gaunaTleblobisa Tu burJuaziuli zegavlenis miuxedavad, mainc xeluxlebeli, spetaki da Zlieri darCenia keTili da marTali guli, adamianuri arseba. mopasanis mravali moTxroba gvixatavs xalxis Svilebs, romlebic sulgrZelobiTa da keTilSobilebiT Seudareblad aRematebian burJuas. jarSi gawveuli sofleli muSa buateli imitom Seiyvarebs zang qals, rom igi keTilia da Tavaziani, mzrunveli da Sromismoyvare, didi sulis adamiani (`buateli~). anda soflis mWedeli filip eeremi uyoymanod irTavs sxvis mier Secdenil blanSetas imitom, rom misi umamod darCenili biWi ecodeba da Tavad blanSeta `kargi, mimzidveli qalia, romelic, Tavisi ubedurebis miuxedavad, patiosani kacis Rirseuli coli iqneba~. mopasani uzomo simpaTiiT da siTboTi gvixatavs keTilSobil, suliTa da xorciT jansaR filipesa da mis amxanag mWedlebs, romlebic, sixarbiTa Tu SuriT moSxamul da uqnarobiT Tavgabezrebul burJuasagan gansxvavebiT, `Zlierni da mtkiceni, mxiarulni da kmayofilebiT savseni daRamebamde Weden rkinas~ (`simonis mama~); anda kidev, matareblis vagonSi axalgazrda sofleli ZiZa-qali, TiTqosda araferiao, ise moawovebs ZuZus ucnob muSas, romelsac SimSilisagan misdis guli; es saqcieli, romelic `moraluri~ burJuas TvalSi aRmaSfoTebel `uwesobad~ Cans, xalxis SvilTa adamianuri ubraloebis, sisadavisa da gulisxmierebis ulamazesi gamovlenaa (`idilia~). sadac `civilizebul~ burJuas misi yalbi, farisevluri `morali~ uSlis xels iyos adamiani, — da amitomacaa, rom mopasani `civilizebul~ kacs `velurs~, `barbaross~ uwodebs xolme, — iq crumorwmunebisa da pirobiTobebisagan Tavisufali `mdabioni~ uyoymanod misdeven xolme umaRles zneobriv kanons, urTierTis TanagrZnobisa da mxardaWeris adamianur princips.

da mopasanis-realistis mTavari miRwevac esaa swored: igi, floberiviT, `mmarTvel klasebSi~ verc erT gmirs ver xedavs, magram, floberisave sawinaaRmdegod, xalxis wiaRSi mravlad poulobs `uxvi da sulgrZeli gulis~ kacebsac da qalebsac, romlebic TavianTi xalasi adamianobiT `im jiSis gmirebi arian, diad istoriul saqmeTa Cadena rom ZaluZT.

gansakuTrebul adgils iWers mopasanis mTel SemoqmedebaSi siyvarulisa da seqsis motivi, romelsac imave socialuri kontrastis Suqi Rrma, erTdroulad kritikul-mamxilebeli da pozitiur-humanisturi SinaarsiT avsebs.

mopasani gviCvenebs, rom TavisTavad siyvaruli didad humanuri da moraluri Zalaa, romelic adamianebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebs da aaxlovebs, ukeTilSobiles da ulamazes suliskveTebebs uRvivebs, mdabal vnebebze amaRlebs da, amdenad, sikeTisa da bednierebis uSret wyarod iqceva. Rrma siberemde raoden bednieri darCa sÁuzen de sirmoni, warCinebuli ojaxis lamazi qali, romelmac mdidruls cxovrebas `koxta Wabukis, ubralo glexis~ siyvaruli arCia (`bedniereba~); da ramdeni moxuci Seupyria imis tragikul SegrZnebas, rom mas namdvilad ar ucxovria, Tavisi dReni fuWad Cautarebia, ramdenadac namdvili siyvaruli ar ganucdia (`bavSvi~, `naTloba~, `sinanuli~, `gaseirneba~, `mama~, `b-ni parani~).

magram namdvili siyvaruli isev `ubralo, mdabio~ kacs Tu Seswevs da ara burJuasa da aristokrats. `gana bevria siyvarulSi sasixarulo, Tuki masSi zecisa da miwis mTels poezias, mTels musikas ver Caaqsoveb~, — ambobs moxuci q-ni JÁuli romeni, — odesRac cnobili msaxiobi, romelic or did xelovans hyvarebia, `magram Tqven, — dasZens igi, — axlandeli mamakacebi, siyvarulze arc ki fiqrobT, Tqven axla mebirJeebi, vaWrebi, saqmosnebi xarT, CvenTan laparakic ki aRar iciT... axla siyvaruli mxolod ubralo kavSirad iqca, romelic xSirad mkeravis angariSis dafarviT iwyeba...~ (`JÁuli romeni~). da mopasani isev da isev ubrundeba am Teziss—rom burJuas vnebaTa Relvebs araferi aqvs siyvarulTan saerTo. mesakuTris, egoistis nebani yvela adamianur grZnobas hklaven, riTac `adamianSi mimalul mxecs xsnian aRvirs~, xolo mxecs SeuZlia mxolod an `mamali~, `xvadi~ anda `dedali~, `Zu~ iyos, romelsac martooden froidiseuli `libido~ anu seqsualuri `SimSili~ amoZravebdes. da amdenad burJuas, kaci iqneba igi Tu qali, `siyvaruli ki ar gaaCnia, aramed martooden avxorcoba~, romelic iseve mdabalia da xarbi, civi da sastiki, rogorc misi mTeli angarebian-egoisturi arseba.

novelebs garda, mopasanis aRmavlobis xanas ekuTvni sami romani, — `cxovreba~ (1883), `lamazi megobari~ (1885) da `mont orioli~ 1886), — romlebSic farTo, epikur masStabebSi iSleba misi Semoqmedebis kritikul-mamxilebeli, antiburJuaziuli Tema.

Tuki saerTod mopasanis romanebi ramdenimed sentimentalur xasiaTs atareben da TavianTi originalobiTa da teqnikuri srulyofilebiT erTgvarad Camouvardebian novelebs, igive ar iTqmis `lamaz megobarze~: es Sedevri Tavisi avtoris mTeli SemoqmedebiTi Zalvis kulminacias warmoadgens. masSi organulad SeerTda mopasanis-novelistis didostatoba da franguli romanis uzarmazari tradicia.

`lamazi megobris~ mTavari siuJeturi motivi, — JorJ dÁuruas, ubadruki da binZuri karieristis mier `maRali~ sazogadoebis `dapyrobis~ ambavi, — zedmiwevniT tipuri istoriuli viTarebis fonze iSleba. moqmedebis dros aq Sua 70-ni wlebi Seadgenen, rodesac franguli kapitalizmis imperializmis stadiaSi gadasvlis niSnebi Cndeba, rodesac valteris tipis bandit finansistTa nebis morCil iaraRad iqceva aramxolod presa, aramed mTeli saxelmwifo aparati, roca bankirTa `didi politika~ nacionalur farglebs scildeba da saerTaSoriso rbevis, kolonializmis asparezze gamodis. magram mebrZoli kapitalizmis am materialur triumfs Tan sdevs burJuaziuli sazogadoebis katastrofuli sulieri dekadansi, zneobrivi xrwna da daknineba. mopasanisave sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, amdroindeli `maRali~ sazogadoeba swored rom `beber roskipad~ iqceva, romlis mTels, — politikursa Tu kerZo, — yofaSi ukve aRaraferi rCeba prostituciis anu, am laTinuri sityvis Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobisamebr, SebRalvis, gaupatiurebis niSniT aRubeWdavi. aq sayovelTao aReb-mimcemloba sufevs, erTTavad yvela, qalica da kacic, vaWrobs, sxvasac yidulobs da sakuTar Tavsac hyidis Tavis uzomod, paTologiurad gazrdil egoistur vnebaTa dasacxrobad, da swored amgvar roskips warmoadgens lamazi megobris mier `dapyrobili~ sazogadoebac. am sazogadoebis wevrebic sxvadasxvagvarad, magram erTianad prostitucias ewevian. eseni arian: quCis `ubralo~ meZavi raSeli, romelic romanSi yvelazed uSualo, wrfel arsebad gamoiyureba; da buduarTa `wesieri~ meZavebi — qalbatonebi mareli, forestie da valteri, romelTagan pirveli ori cinikuri `TavisufalmoazrovneobiT~ xasiaTdeba, xolo mesame imiT gamoirCeva, rom `religias dasakec qolgasaviT iyenebs~ (sakuTari avxorcobis dasafaravad Slis, xolo sxvaTa `uzneobis~ gasajoxad hkecavs); Semdeg, eseni arian: presis meZavi — Sarl forestie, romelic imis fasad `ver amCnevs~ Tavisi colis graf vodrekTan romans, rom igi niWier sagazeTo werilebs uwers; da politikis meZavi — deputati da ministri laroS matie, `uniWo matrakveca~, romelic qveynis sagareo politikas valteris finansur kombinaciebs `uTanxmebs~, xolo Tavisi sayvarelis qmars, lamaz megobars, `sapatio legionis~ ordeniT imadlierebs; anda eseni arian: kanonis meZavi — policiis komisari, romelic, cxadia, saTanado gasamrjelos fasad iuridiulad adgens q-n dÁuruas `mruSobis~ faqts, riTac b-n dÁuruas SesaZleblobas aZlevs mas Semdeg gaeyaros `uRirs~ meuRles, rac mas pirveli sayvarlisagan, vodrekisagan, naanderZevi milionis naxevari dastyua; da eklesiis meZavi — episkoposi, romelic valteris milionTa memkvidre sÁuzenTan dÁuruas jvriswerisas maRalfardovani enamWevrobiT locavs mas, viTarca cnobilsa da pativcemul literators, xalxis niWier, samagaliTo maswavlebelsa da damrigebels, gzis gamkvlevs...

da TviT dÁuruas pirovnebasac, mis xasiaTsac mTlianad misi drois, e.i. am garoskipebuli sazogadoebis beWedi azis, sazogadoebisa, romelsac savsebiT aRaraferi SerCenia Tavisi adrindeli, Tundac saukunis pirveli naxevris droindeli moCvenebiTi Rirsebebisa. dÁuruas mTavari Tavisebureba, romelic mas winamorbedi, stendal-balzakiseuli karieristebisagan, ara mxolod mtkice Julien sorelisagan, aramed agreTve am ukanasknelzed gacilebiT susti eJen rastiniakisagan arsebiTad ganasxvavebs, aris misi sruli Sinagani, sulieri ubadrukoba, TviTon dÁuruas `Zlier pirovnebad~ moaqvs Tavi; sul imas agonebs TavisTavs, rom es qveyana ZalovanT ekuTvnis~ da `Tavmdablad~ acxadebs, `nebisyofa da, mgoni, cotaodeni Wkuac unda mqondeso~, magram namdvilad mas im inteleqtualuri, emociuri da nebelobiTi Zalis natamalic ar scxia, romelic adamians cxovelze amaRlebs. gonebamaxvileba mas mxolod saimisod hyofnis, rom salonebSi gamoiCinos Tavi `iribi bedobiT~, `gadakruli sityvebiT, moxerxebuli bilwiT, zrdilobiani frazebiT, romelTa ukan uzrdeli azri imaleba~; rogorc Jurnalisti, igi uniWobis gamo fuye demagogad iqceva: `radgan uamravi Sroma daxarja raime originaluris mogonebaze da mainc veraferi moigona~, man `zneobis dacemis, xasiaTis dawvrilmanebis, patritizmis Sesustebisa da franguli patiosnebis anemiis Sesaxeb Wreli da mediduri msjeloba airCia specialobad~. siyvaruli, rogorc `sulTa urTierToba~, ucnobia misTvis; `platonur alerss SeuCvevelma~, man `arc ki icis ra uTxras qals~; misTvis siyvaruli mxolod `karg madas udris~, romlis dakmayofilebac yovel qalTan (meZavTan Tu mandilosanTan) da yovel adgilas (karetaSic da daqiravebul oTaxSic) SeiZleba. mis mamakacur momxiblaobasa da mougerieblobaSic araferia sulieri: is aris `xvadi, romelic acdens da ipyrobs qalebs Tvalebis feriT, fuSfuSa ulvaSebiTa da meti arafriT~. da mis eWvianobaSic araferia adamianuri: igi mxolod `im brazs warmoadgens, romelic yovel mamals gulSi ubJutavs da maSin afeTqdeba mZvinvared, roca dedalis gautanlobas waawydeba xolme~. mxdals ZlierTa pirispir da unebisyofos Tavis mdabal vnebaTa winaSe, mas amoZravebs da garkveul energiasac ki sZens `Suriani RvarZli~, romelic cxoveluri braziT aRavsebs yvela masze maRla mdgomis mimarT, da zerele, wvrilmani pativmoyvareoba, romelic misi odnavi `amaRlebisTanave~ aukadrisebinebs `mdabio~ warmoSobasa da aristokratiul yaidaze — dÁurua de-kantelad — gadaamaxinjebinebs gvars. es Suri da pativmoyvareoba mis `gaZlierebasTan~, e.i. gamdidrebasTan erTad matulobs da, bolos, im `did TamaSsac~ abedvinebs, romlis mogebamac ubadruki avantiuristi TviT baton valters, mTel am `didkacur~ saroskipos ugvirgvino mefes, gautola, misi zRapruli simdidrisa da, maSasadame, Zalis Tanamoziared aqcia.

mopasani sagangebod usvams xazs dÁuruasa da mis mier `dapyrobili~ sazogadoebis organiul erTianobas, Tvisebriv igiveobas. dÁurua misi RviZlia, misi gamoyvanilia `mamakac roskipad~. erTaderTi, rac mas mSoblebisagan, kanteles — floberis sacxovrebeli adgilis! — meduqneebisagan dahyva, misi mdare niWia, xolo misi yvela sxva Tviseba sazogadoebiseuli `monapovaria~. pirveli skola man alJiris kolonialur jarebSi unteroficrad samsaxurisas gaiara: `sagarnizono cxovrebisaTvis afrikaSi Cveulebrivma rbevam, TaRliTobam da ukanono Semosavalma~ mas erTxel da samudamod CauxSo sindisi. xolo parizSi Casuli, igi male rwmundeba, rom aq legalur rbevas faruli rbeva, kanonierebiTa da wesierebiT SeniRbuli Zalmomreoba cvlis, da kidevac xdeba warmatebis moxveWis am ufro `daxvewili~, ufro `civilizebuli~ meTodis didostati. magram mTavari isaa, rom lamazi megobris esoden Tavbrudamxvevi warmateba mainc imdenad misi subieqturi `unarianobis~ nayofi ki ar aris, ramdenadac im absoluturi Sinagani araraobis obieqtur Sedegs warmoadgens, romelic mas yvelaze metad anaTesavebs mis garemomcvel sazogadoebasTan. es sazogadoeba esoden ubadruki rom ar yofiliyo, dÁurua mas esoden advilad ver daipyrobda da, piriqiT, dÁuruasac rom igive ubadrukoba ar gamoeCina, arc es sazogadoeba danebdeboda ase iolad. saqme isaa, rom am sazogadoebaSi, romlis yofierebis arss uprincipoba, xolo formas wesiereba warmoadgens, patiosani, namdvili kaci umal moitexs kisers, xolo dÁuruas magvari aramzada yvela kars moargebs gasaRebs da amitomaa, rom mis winaSe TviT valteric drkeba da `gonivrulad~ askvnis: `diax, es gaiZvera Sors wava~, `masTan morigebiT unda vicxovro~.