Gao1 Zu3(great great grandfather) 高祖 Liu2 Bang1
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| 4) Ai1(grief/pity) Ping2( flat; level; even; smooth; be on the same level; be on a par; equal; * Tai'an (太安 ) 385-386 Personal information * Father o Fu Jian (Emperor Xuanzhao) * Wife o Empress Yang (created 385, killed by Murong Yong of W. Yan 386) * Children 1)o Fu Ning (苻宁), the Crown Prince (created 385) 2)o Fu Shou (苻寿), the Prince of Changle (created 385) 3)o Fu Qiang (苻锵), the Prince of Pingyuan (created 385) 4)o Fu Yi (苻懿), initially the Prince of Bohai (created 385), LATER Crown Prince Xian'ai under Fu Deng (created 387, d. 388) 5)o Fu Chang (苻昶), the Prince of Jibei (created 385) 5) Gao1(tall/above the average/loud/expensive) Di4 高帝 Fu2(angelica anomala) Deng1(ascend/record/publish/tread on) 苻登 386-394 (343 ━ 394) Was an emperor of the Chinese/Di state F. Qin. He assumed the throne in 386 after the deaths of Fu Jian (Emperor Xuanzhao) and Fu Jian's son Fu Pi (Emperor Aiping), even though he was only a distant relative of theirs, as by that time F. Qin's territory had largely been reduced to the territory under his controlater He battled the LATER Qin emperor Yao Chang for years in a stalemate that neither could conclusively prevail, but in 394, he made a major attack on LATER Qin after Yao Chang's death, seriously underestimating Yao Chang's son and successor Yao Xing, who captured and executed him. LATER that year, his son Fu Chong, who succeeded him, would die in battle, ending F. Qin. Fu Deng was born in 343, to Fu Chang (苻敞), a distant grandnephew of F. Qin's founder Fu Jian, while still under LATER Zhao rule. After Fu Jian founded F. Qin in 351, Fu Chang served as a general and a commandery governor. During the reign of Fu Jian's cruel and whimsical son Fu Sheng (r. 355-357), Fu Chang was executed, but he was posthumously honored after Fu Sheng was overthrown by his cousin Fu Jian. Fu Jian was impressed by Fu Deng's abilities, and when he grew older, Fu Deng was made the county magistrate of the capital Chang'an. LATER, however, for unspecified faults, he was demoted to be the county magistrate for Didao (狄道, Dingxi, Gansu). After F.Qin began to collapse in 384 and Fu Jian was killed by the LATER Qin general Yao Chang in 385, Fu Deng became a subordinate of the general Mao Xing (毛兴), who sought to control all of the provinces in the west still nominally under F. Qin rule, but his soldiers became weary from all of the battles and assassinated him in 386, replacing him with Wei Ping (卫平), a very old general who was the head of the clan. However, these soldiers soon became convinced that Wei was too old to accomplish much, and they deposed Wei and replaced him with Fu Deng. Fu Deng submitted a report of these events to Fu Jian's son Fu Pi, the new emperor, and Fu Pi commissioned him as a provincial governor and created him the Prince of Nan'an. LATER in 386, Fu Pi died in battle against Jin, and the territory under his direct control (modern Shanxi), as well as his officials, fell into the hands of the W. Yan emperor Murong Yong. His official Kou Qian (寇遣) escorted his sons Fu Yi (苻懿) the Prince of Bohai and Fu Chang (苻昶, note different character than Fu Deng's father) the Prince of Jibei to Fu Deng's domain. Fu Deng, after mourning for Fu Pi, proposed to have Fu Yi declared emperor, but his subordinates all stated the state needed an older emperor; at their suggestion, Fu Deng himself took the throne. He made Fu Yi his crown prince. --- Even before he took imperial title, Fu Deng battled Yao Chang continuously, and the wars between Fu Deng and Yao Chang's LATERQin intensified after Fu Deng became F. Qin's emperor. Fu Deng set up a shrine to Fu Jian in his army, and whenever he made a key decision he would report it to Fu Jian. He was also described as a master of square and circular formations, and initially won a number of battles over LATER Qin─so much so that Yao Chang, in fear, also set up a shrine dedicated to Fu Jian in his army, apologizing for his killing of Fu Jian and requesting forgiveness. However, after that failed to yield victories, Yao Chang cut off the head of the effigy he had made of Fu Jian and delivered to Fu Deng. But Fu Deng's victories over Yao Chang did not appear to have lasting impact, and the wars between F. Qin and LATER Qin became stalemated. Meanwhile, Fu Deng's shortcomings became exposed─an inability to take decisive action to deal heavy damage to LATER Qin, and Yao Chang took advantage of his indecisive tendencies to gradually destroy other semi-independent generals in the Guanzhong region and consolidate his power base. In 387, Fu Deng created the ruler of W. Qin, Qifu Guoren, the Prince of Wanchuan, and Qifu Guoren accepted, signifying at least nominal submission to Fu Deng. After Qifu Guoren died in 388 and was succeeded by his brother Qifu Gangui, the relationship continued. In summer 388, Fu Yi the Crown Prince died, and Fu Deng created his own son Fu Chong to be the crown prince. In summer 389, a battle would greatly damage Fu Deng. He had set up a base of operations at Dajie (大界 Xianyang, Shaanxi), guarded by his wife Empress Mao, while attacking LATER Qin's city of Pingliang and capturing it. Meanwhile, however, Yao Chang made a surprise attack on Dajie, capturing and killing Empress Mao and Fu Deng's sons Fu Bian the Prince of Nan'an and Fu Shang the Prince of Beihai. Some 50,000 of Fu Deng's people were captured. After the Battle of Dajie, Fu Deng appeared to be no longer able to again make major attacks against LATER Qin, although the two states continued to battle continuously, and Yao Chang appeared to be equally unable to destroy Fu Deng. However, Yao Chang continued the consolidation process by destroying other semi-independent generals, and LATERQin grew stronger and stronger. In 392, Fu Deng created one of his concubines, Consort Li, empress. LATER in 392, Yao Chang grew ill, and Fu Deng, hearing this, made a major attack on the important LATER Qin city Anding (安定, Pingliang, Gansu), but Yao Chang, in his illness, nevertheless faced him in battle, forcing Fu Deng to withdraw─and then, in the engagement, made a clean evasive maneuver with his troops and disengaged, to Fu Deng's surprise, and Fu Deng commented: “What kind of a man is Yao Chang? I could not tell when he would go and when he would come. Everyone thought that he is near death, but he lives to fight. It is unfortunate that I live at the same time as this old Qiang.” ---Yao Chang died around the new year 394 and was succeeded by his son Yao Xing. While Yao Xing tried to keep news of Yao Chang's death a secret, the news still got to Fu Deng. Fu Deng, extremely glad to hear about Yao Chang's death, prepared to launch a major assault against LATER Qin─he had his brother Fu Guang (苻广) defend the base of Yongcheng (雍城 Baoji, Shaanxi) and Fu Chong defend the base of Hu Kong Castle (胡空堡 Xianyang, Shaanxi), and, in his anxiety, did not make sure that his army had sufficient water supply. Yao Xing set up his army at Mawei (马嵬 Xianyang, Shaanxi) to prevent F. Qin forces from reaching the river near Mawei, and F. Qin forces collapsed in thirst. Upon hearing the defeat, Fu Guang and Fu Chong abandoned the two bases that they were holding, and Fu Deng was unable to recapture them. He instead fled to Pingliang and then into the mountains. He sent his son Fu Zong the Prince of Ruyin to Qifu Gangui and married his sister the Princess Dongping to Qifu Gangui as his princess, seeking aid from Qifu Gangui. Qifu Gangui sent his general Qifu Yizhou (乞伏益州) to aid Fu Deng, but as Fu Deng came out of the mountains to join Qifu Yizhou's forces, Yao Xing ambushed and captured him, and then executed him. He disbanded Fu Deng's troops and gave Fu Deng's Empress Li to his general Yao Huang (姚晃). Era name * Taichu (太初) 386-394
* Father o Fu Chang (苻敞), killed by Fu Sheng * Wives 1)o Empress Mao (created 387, killed by Yao Chang 389), daughter of Mao Xing (毛兴) 2)o Empress Li (created 392, captured by Yao Xing 394 and awarded to Yao Huang (姚晃)) * Children 1)o Fu Chong (苻崇), initially the Prince of Dongping (created 387), LATER the Crown Prince (created 388), LATER emperor 2)o Fu Bian (苻弁), the Prince of Nan'an (created 388, killed by Yao Chang 389) 3)o Fu Shang (苻尚), the Prince of Beihai (created 388, killed by Yao Chang 389) 4)o Fu Zong (苻宗), the Prince of Ruyin
* Father o Fu Deng (Emperor Gao) * Children 1)o Fu Xuan (苻宣), the Crown Prince (created 394) [16] Hou (LATER) Qin Empire 384 AD - 417 AD(3) 1) Wu3(swordplay/valiant/fierce) Zhao1(clear/obvious) Di4 武昭帝 Yao2 Chang2(carambola) 姚苌 384-393 (331-394) aka Jing3(view/situation/respect) mao4(luxuriant) (景茂) Was the founding emperor of the Chinese/Qiang state LATER Qin. His father Yao Yizhong (姚弋仲) had been a powerful general and Qiang chieftain under the LATER Zhao emperor Shi Hu, but after LATER Zhao's collapse after Shi Hu's horses death, Yao Chang's older brother Yao Xiang (姚襄) tried to start an independent state but was defeated and killed by F. Qin forces. Yao Chang became a F. Qin general, but after an incident in 384 after the F. Qin emperor Fu Jian's defeat at the Battle of Fei River, Yao Chang feared that Fu Jian would kill him and therefore rebelled. He subsequently captured and killed Fu Jian, who had saved his life when Yao Xiang was defeated, causing many historians to view him as a traitor and murderer. Yao Chang was born in 331, while his father Yao Yizhong (姚弋仲), a major Qiang chief, was a general under the LATER Zhao emperor Shi Le. He was the 24th of Yao Yizhong's 42 sons. He was described as intelligent and deliberate, but uninterested in detail matters. After LATER Zhao's collapse, Yao Yizhong submitted to Jin Dynasty (265-420) as a vassal, and, after he died in 351, his son Yao Xiang took over his troops and headed south to submit to Jin command. After realizing that the Jin general Yin Hao was greatly suspicious of him, however, Yao Xiang rebelled in 352 and ambushed Yin, and then occupied the cities in the Luoyang region (although not Luoyang itself), intending on establishing himself as the ruler of the region. During this time, Yao Chang served as one of his strategists. In a battle in 352, Yao Xiang's horse was killed, and Yao Chang yielded his horse to Yao Xiang -- telling Yao Xiang that as long as he was still alive, the enemy would not dare to touch Yao Chang. However, as they were still discussing, they were rescued by their troops. However, before Yao Xiang could strengthen his rule over the region, the Jin general Huan Wen attacked him in 356 and defeated him, capturing cities that he held and forcing him to abandon the plans to establish himself in the region. Instead, He was forced to advanced northwest and then west to face F. Qin, ruled by the ethnically-Di emperor Fu Sheng. In 357, Yao Xiang advanced into F. Qin territory, and a number of Qiang, Xiongnu, and Han submitted themselves to him. Fu Sheng sent a force commanded by Fu Huangmei (苻黄眉), Fu Dao (苻道), Fu Jian, and Deng Qiang (邓羌) to resist him. Initially, Yao Xiang refused to engage them, but after Deng openly insulted him, Yao attacked and fell into a trap and was captured and killed. Yao Chang took over his troops but knew he could not resist, and so surrendered. Initially, Fu Huangmei wanted to execute Yao Chang, but at Fu Jian's intercession, Yao Chang was spared. In 357, Fu Jian overthrew the cruel and whimsical Fu Sheng (who had, in addition to many others, put Fu Huangmei to death even after his great victory) and took the throne himself. Sometime early in his reign, Fu Jian made Yao Chang a generalater The first campaign in which he was mentioned by name was in 366, when he assisted Wang Meng in an attack on Jin's Jing Province (荆州 Hunan and central and S. Hubei). In 367, he again assisted Wang Meng in attacking the rebels in E. Gansu, who were led by the Qiang general Lian Qi (敛岐), whose subordinates were originally all Yao Yizhong's subordinates and therefore surrendered to him readily. Fu Jian made him the governor of Longdong Commandery (陇东 Baoji, Shaanxi). In 371, he was part of the campaign against Chouchi's ruler Yang Cuan (杨篡), and in 373, after F. Qin seized the modern Sichuan, Chongqing, and S. Shaanxi from Jin, Yao Chang was made the governor of Ning Province (宁州 S. Sichuan). In 376, Yao Chang also assisted Gou Chang (苟苌) in F. Qin's conquest of F. Liang, and in 378 involved in the sieged against the Jin city Xiangyang (襄阳 Xiangfan, Hubei). During Fu Jian's reign, Fu Jian created Yao Chang the Marquess of Yidu. In 383, Fu Jian prepared a major attack on Jin, intending to destroy it and unite China. Yao Chang was one of the few generals who was in favor of the plan, as the vast majority of Fu Jian's subordinates opposed, including his brother and prime minister Fu Rong -- who specifically was suspicious of Yao Chang and Murong Chui (a general with F. Yan imperial ancestry), neither of whom was of Di ancestry and both of whom favored the attack on Jin. Fu Jian proceeded with the plan despite Fu Rong's opposition, making Fu Rong the commander of the main invasion force. Yao Chang was put in charge of the armies of the southwest (on a separate front away from the main front), and as Fu Jian was handing out the command assignments, he gave Yao Chang the title General Longxiang (龙骧将军) -- a title that he himself carried previously when he overthrew Fu Sheng -- and he commented, apparently in a jocular tone: “Before, I established my rule as the General Longxiang. I do not easily confer this title on others. You should take good care of the title.” Another general, Dou Chong (窦冲), immediately objected, stating that it is a bad omen for the emperor to joke, and Fu Jian grew briefly silent. LATER that year, against the much weaker Jin troops, Fu Rong's forces were nevertheless defeated at the Battle of Fei River -- a battle that Yao Chang was not involved in -- and Fu Rong was killed. In early 384, Murong Chui rebelled in the E. empire, hoping to reestablish Yan, and upon hearing Murong Chui's rebellion, Murong Chui's nephew Murong Hong rebelled as well, near the F. Qin capital Chang'an. Fu Jian sent his brother Fu Rui (苻□) against Murong Hong, assisted by Yao Chang. Yao Chang advocated letting Murong Hong, who was intent on leaving the Guanzhong region to return to his homeland, leave, but the brash Fu Rui insisted on intercepting Murong Hong, and was defeated and killed by Murong Hong. Yao Chang sent messengers Zhao Du (赵都) and Jiang Xie (姜协) to report the bad news to Fu Jian -- and Fu Jian, inexplicably, executed Zhao and Jiang in anger. Yao Chang became fearful and abandoned his troops, gathered the Qiang of the region, and rebelled himself, claiming the title of "Prince of Qin of 10,000 Years" (万年秦王), thus establishing LATER Qin. Yao Chang initially opted to keep his troops mobile, as he anticipated Murong Hong's W. Yan forces to siege Chang'an and destroy F. Qin and then depart for their homeland, so that he could take Chang'an without major engagements. In doing this, he hoped to conserve and increase his strength while his rivals battled. He therefore temporarily placed his capital at Beidi (北地, Tongchuan, Shaanxi), seizing the cities of the modern N.Shaanxi. Despite this, he had periodic battles with F. Qin and W. Yan forces, as F. Qin and W. Yan also battled each other. In 385, an incident involving the city of Xinping (新平Xianyang, Shaanxi) helped to further establish Yao Chang's reputation as wily and treacherous. The people of Xinping had fought extremely hard to preserve their city for F. Qin when Yao Chang first started sieging the city in late 384. Eventually, when Xinping ran out of food supplies and military equipment, Yao Chang assured the governor of Xinping commandery, Gou Fu (苟辅), that if he yielded the city, he would be allowed to safely lead the people of Xinping to Chang'an. Gou believed him, but as soon as he exited the city with the 5,000 remaining people, Yao Chang surrounded them with his troops and slaughtered them all, with only a single person who escaped. In fall 385, Fu Jian abandoned Chang'an, long under siege by W. Yan, and he sought to try to find food supplies. When he arrived at Wujiang Mountain (五将山 Baoji, Shaanxi), Yao Chang sent his general Wu Zhong (吴忠) to surround Fu Jian, eventually capturing him and delivering him to Xinping to be imprisoned there. Yao Chang tried to persuade him to ceremonially pass the throne to him, but Fu Jian, angry at Yao's betrayal, refused. LATER in 385, Yao sent his soldiers to strangle Fu Jian. Even LATER Qin soldiers mourned Fu Jian, however, and Yao, in order to pretend as if he did not put Fu Jian to death, posthumously honored him as Heavenly Prince Zhuanglie (壮烈天王). W. Yan forces, under its now-emperor Murong Chong, occupied Chang'an, and W. Yan and LATER Qin battled on-and-off. However, the W. Yan people were unhappy that Murong Chong was not leading them back to their homeland in the east, and, in 386, Murong Chong was assassinated in a coup and replaced with Deng Sui, who was then assassinated and replaced with Murong Yi, under whom the W. Yan people abandoned Chang'an and headed east. Briefly, Chang'an was held by the Xiongnu chief Hao Nu (郝奴), but Yao Chang then advanced on Chang'an, and Hao surrendered. Yao Chang made Chang'an his capital and claimed the title of emperor. He created his wife Lady She as empress and his son Yao Xing as crown prince. As emperor For the next few years, Yao Chang would not have complete control over the region, as many Di, Qiang, Xiongnu, and Han generals were still remaining semi-independent throughout the region. Further, in 386, a distant member of F. Qin's imperial Fu clan, Fu Deng, rose in modern E. Gansu to oppose him, and after the death of Fu Jian's son Fu Pi that year, claimed imperial title and became the main adversary for Yao Chang. Fu Deng used Yao Chang's killing of Fu Jian to good propaganda effect, and for several years was quite successful in battles against Yao Chang, although the battles were generally inconclusive in their impact, with neither Fu Deng nor Yao Chang being able to decisively defeat the other. However, Yao Chang was able to gradually subdue the other F. Qin generals of the region, taking advantage of Fu Deng's cautiousness. In 387, for example, after the F. Qin general Fu Zuan (苻纂) was killed by his brother Fu Shinu (苻师奴), Yao Chang took the opportunity to quickly advance against Fu Shinu and defeat him, seizing his troops. He also, at the same time, seized the remaining cities held by W. Yan west of the Yellow River. In 389, after losing several battles to F. Qin, Yao Chang became apprehensive and thought that it was Fu Jian's spirit aiding F. Qin, so he, following Fu Deng's lead, made an image of Fu Jian and worshipped it, claiming to it that he had killed Fu Jian only to avenge Yao Xiang and asking for forgiveness. The image did not help Yao Chang, and he eventually cut off its head and sent it to Fu Deng. LATER that year, as Fu Deng was pressuring Yao Chang, however, Yao Chang made a surprise attack at night, around Fu Deng's army, against Fu Deng logistics base Dajie (大界 Xianyang, Shaanxi), capturing it and Fu Deng's wife Empress Mao and killing his sons Fu Bian (苻弁) and Fu Shang (苻尚). He initially wanted to make Empress Mao his concubine, but after she cursed him, he executed her. While F. Qin and LATER Qin would continue to stalemate for the next few years, Fu Deng was unable to again threaten LATER Qin's existence from this point on. In 392, Yao Chang grew ill, and Fu Deng, hearing this, made a major attack on the important LATER Qin city Anding (安定 Pingliang, Gansu), but Yao Chang, in his illness, nevertheless faced him in battle, forcing Fu Deng to withdraw -- and then, in the engagement, made a clean evasive maneuver with his troops and disengaged, to Fu Deng's surprise, and Fu Deng commented: “What kind of a man is Yao Chang? I could not tell when he would go and when he would come. Everyone thought that he is near death, but he lives to fight. It is unfortunate that I live at the same time as this old Qiang.” Around the new year 394, Yao Chang died. Yao Xing succeeded him. Era name * Baique (白雀 bai que) 384-386 * Jianchu (建初 jian ch_) 386-393 Personal information * Father o Yao Yizhong (d. 351), posthumously honored as Emperor Jingyuan * Wife o Empress She (created 386, d. 397) * Major Concubines 1)o Consort Sun, posthumously honored as empress dowager, might be Crown Prince Xing's birth mother * Children 1)o Yao Xing (姚兴), the Crown Prince (created 386), LATER emperor 2)o Yao Chong (姚崇) (note tone difference), the Duke of Qi (created 395) 3)o Yao Xian (姚显), the Duke of Changshan (created 395) 4)o Yao Ch_ng (姚冲) (note tone difference) (forced to commit suicide 409) 5)o Yao Shao (姚绍), initially the Duke of Dongping, LATER the Duke of Lu (created and d. 417) 6)o Yao Yong (姚邕) 7)o Princess Nan'an |