TETRACYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE
RTECS NUMBER : QI9100000
CHEMICAL NAME : 2-Naphthacenecarboxamide,
4-(dimethylamino)-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydro-3,6,
10,12,12a- pentahydroxy-6-methyl-1,11-dioxo-,
monohydrochloride
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER : 64-75-5
LAST UPDATED : 199904
DATA ITEMS CITED : 44
MOLECULAR FORMULA : C22-H24-N2-O8.Cl-H
MOLECULAR WEIGHT : 480.94
WISWESSER LINE NOTATION : L E6 C666 BV FV CU GUTTT&J DQ EQ GVZ HQ IN1&1 MQ
M1
RQ &GH
COMPOUND DESCRIPTOR : Tumorigen
Drug
Mutagen
Reproductive Effector
Human
Natural Product
SYNONYMS/TRADE NAMES :
* Achromycin hydrochloride
* ALA TET
* Amycin, hydrochloride
* Artomycin
* Bristacycline
* Cefracycline tablets
* Chlorhydrate de tetracycline
* Chlorowodorku tetracykliny
* Cyclopar
* Diacycine
* Dumocyclin
* Hostacycline
* Medamycin
* Mephacyclin
* NCI-C55561
* Neocyclin B
* Paltet
* Panmycin hydrochloride
* Partrex
* Piracaps
* Polycycline hydrochloride
* Qidtet
* Quadracycline
* Quatrex
* Remicyclin
* Ricycline
* Ro-Cycline
* Sanclomycine
* Steclin
* Stilciclina
* Subamycin
* Sumycin
* Supramycin
* Sustamycin
* T-250 capsules
* TC hydrochloride
* Tefilin
* Teline
* Telotrex
* Tet-Cy
* Tetrabakat
* Tetrabid
* Tetrablet
* Tetracaps
* Tetrachel
* Tetraciclina cloridrato
* Tetracompren
* Tetracycline chloride
* Tetracycline hydrochloride
* Tetra-D
* Tetrakap
* Tetralution
* Tetramavan
* Tetra-wedel
* Tetrosol
* Topicycline
* Triphacyclin
* U-5965
* Unicin
* Unimycin
* Vetquamycin-324
*** HEALTH HAZARD DATA ***
** ACUTE TOXICITY DATA **
TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED : Human - man
DOSE/DURATION : 200 mg/kg/7D-I
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Sense Organs and Special Senses (Taste) - change in function
REFERENCE :
CPHADV Clinical Pharmacy. (American Soc. of Hospital Pharmacists, 4630
Montgomery Ave., Bethesda, MD 20814) V.1- 1982-
Volume(issue)/page/year:
4,455,1985
TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION : 6443 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
TXAPA9 Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E.
First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1959- Volume(issue)/page/year:
18,185,1971
TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intraperitoneal
SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION : 318 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
GNRIDX Gendai no Rinsho. (Tokyo, Japan) V.1-10, 1967-76(?).
Volume(issue)/page/year: 2,26,1968
TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Subcutaneous
SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION : 700 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Gastrointestinal - hypermotility, diarrhea
REFERENCE :
TXAPA9 Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E.
First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1959- Volume(issue)/page/year:
9,445,1966
TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intravenous
SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION : 128 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
FRPSAX Farmaco, Edizione Scientifica. (Casella Postale 227, 27100 Pavia,
Italy) V.8-43 1953-88 For publisher information, see FRMCE8
Volume(issue)/page/year: 10,197,1955
TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION : 2759 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
JPPMAB Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. (Pharmaceutical Soc. of
Great
Britain, 1 Lambeth High St., London SEI 7JN, UK) V.1- 1949-
Volume(issue)/page/year: 16,33,1964
TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intraperitoneal
SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION : 368 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
JPPMAB Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. (Pharmaceutical Soc. of
Great
Britain, 1 Lambeth High St., London SEI 7JN, UK) V.1- 1949-
Volume(issue)/page/year: 16,33,1964
TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intravenous
SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION : 157 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
FRPSAX Farmaco, Edizione Scientifica. (Casella Postale 227, 27100 Pavia,
Italy) V.8-43 1953-88 For publisher information, see FRMCE8
Volume(issue)/page/year: 10,197,1955
TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Unreported
SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION : 105 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
40YJAX "Evaluation of Embryotoxicity, Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity
Risks
In New Drugs, Proceedings of the Symposium on Toxicological Testing for
Safety of New Drugs, 3rd, Prague, 1976," Benesova, O., et al., eds.,
Prague,
Czechoslovakia, Univerzita Karlova, 1979 Volume(issue)/page/year:
-,55,1979
** OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE TOXICITY DATA **
TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intramuscular
SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION : 210 mg/kg/7D-I
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - changes in bladder weight
Blood - changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)
Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue
levels - phosphatases
REFERENCE :
INJPD2 Indian Journal of Pharmacology. (Dept. of Pharmacology, Baranas
Hindu Univ., Varanasi 221 005, India) V.1- 1968(?)-
Volume(issue)/page/year: 18,110,1986
TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intravenous
SPECIES OBSERVED : Mammal - dog
DOSE/DURATION : 1287 mg/kg/30D-I
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Blood - pigmented or nucleated red blood cells
Blood - changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count
Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain
REFERENCE :
TXAPA9 Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E.
First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1959- Volume(issue)/page/year:
11,128,1967
TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intramuscular
SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rabbit
DOSE/DURATION : 500 mg/kg/20D-I
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Blood - changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)
Blood - other changes
Biochemical - Metabolism (Intermediary) - other proteins
REFERENCE :
ANTBAL Antibiotiki. (Moscow, USSR) V.1-29, 1956-84. For publisher
information, see AMBIEH. Volume(issue)/page/year: 26,374,1981
** REPRODUCTIVE DATA **
TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat
DOSE : 14 gm/kg
SEX/DURATION : male 3 day(s) pre-mating
female 3 day(s) pre-mating - 22 day(s) after
conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal
system
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - urogenital system
REFERENCE :
TXAPA9 Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E.
First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1959- Volume(issue)/page/year:
7,409,1965
TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat
DOSE : 6 gm/kg
SEX/DURATION : female 9-14 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or
resorbed implants per total number of implants)
REFERENCE :
KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda
Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960-
Volume(issue)/page/year: 4,516,1970
TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intraperitoneal
SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat
DOSE : 425 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION : female 14-18 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Fertility - abortion
Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - extra-embryonic structures
(e.g., placenta, umbilical cord)
REFERENCE :
LAINAW Laboratory Investigation. (Williams & Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston
St., Baltimore, MD 21202) V.1- 1952- Volume(issue)/page/year:
14,1456,1965
TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Subcutaneous
SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat
DOSE : 240 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION : female 16-20 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - other effects to embryo
REFERENCE :
BCPCA6 Biochemical Pharmacology. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House,
Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.1- 1958-
Volume(issue)/page/year:
17,1479,1968
TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intramuscular
SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat
DOSE : 240 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION : female 10-15 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death,
e.g., stunted fetus)
REFERENCE :
BINEAA Biologia Neonatorum. (Basel, Switzerland) V.1-14, 1956-69. For
publisher information, see BNEOBV. Volume(issue)/page/year: 4,365,1962
TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Unreported
SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat
DOSE : 450 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION : female 7-15 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or
resorbed implants per total number of implants)
Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death,
e.g., stunted fetus)
REFERENCE :
ANTBAL Antibiotiki. (Moscow, USSR) V.1-29, 1956-84. For publisher
information, see AMBIEH. Volume(issue)/page/year: 16,923,1971
TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Unreported
SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat
DOSE : 765 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION : female 7-15 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Fertility - abortion
REFERENCE :
ANTBAL Antibiotiki. (Moscow, USSR) V.1-29, 1956-84. For publisher
information, see AMBIEH. Volume(issue)/page/year: 16,923,1971
TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intrauterine
SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat
DOSE : 100 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION : female 1 day(s) pre-mating
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Maternal Effects - uterus, cervix, vagina
REFERENCE :
CCPTAY Contraception. (Geron-X, Inc., POB 1108, Los Altos, CA 94022)
V.1-
1970- Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,553,1984
TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intraperitoneal
SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse
DOSE : 900 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION : female 8-13 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or
resorbed implants per total number of implants)
Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetal death
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal
system
REFERENCE :
IYKEDH Iyakuhin Kenkyu. Study of Medical Supplies. (Nippon Koteisho
Kyokai, 12-15, 2-chome, Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150, Japan) V.1-
1970-
Volume(issue)/page/year: 3,75,1972
TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intraperitoneal
SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse
DOSE : 600 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION : female 8-13 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death,
e.g., stunted fetus)
REFERENCE :
IYKEDH Iyakuhin Kenkyu. Study of Medical Supplies. (Nippon Koteisho
Kyokai, 12-15, 2-chome, Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150, Japan) V.1-
1970-
Volume(issue)/page/year: 3,75,1972
TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intraperitoneal
SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse
DOSE : 150 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION : female 10 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal
system
REFERENCE :
IYKEDH Iyakuhin Kenkyu. Study of Medical Supplies. (Nippon Koteisho
Kyokai, 12-15, 2-chome, Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150, Japan) V.1-
1970-
Volume(issue)/page/year: 3,82,1972
TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Subcutaneous
SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse
DOSE : 2250 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION : female 10-18 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - urogenital system
Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - viability index (e.g., # alive at day
4
per # born alive)
Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced
weight
gain)
REFERENCE :
CRSBAW Comptes Rendus des Seances de la Societe de Biologie et de Ses
Filiales. (SPPIF, B.P.22, F-41353 Vineuil, France) V.1- 1849-
Volume(issue)/page/year: 161,300,1967
TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Subcutaneous
SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse
DOSE : 750 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION : female 1-6 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Fertility - abortion
REFERENCE :
ASPHAK Archives des Sciences Physiologique. (Paris, France) V.1-28,
1947-74. Discontinued. Volume(issue)/page/year: 23,481,1969
TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Parenteral
SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse
DOSE : 2250 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION : female 10-18 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced
weight
gain)
REFERENCE :
JOPHAN Journal de Physiologie (Paris). (SPPIF, B.P.22, F-41353 Vineuil,
France) V.39- 1946- Volume(issue)/page/year: 57,567,1965
TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rabbit
DOSE : 9 gm/kg
SEX/DURATION : female 8-16 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or
resorbed implants per total number of implants)
REFERENCE :
KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda
Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960-
Volume(issue)/page/year: 4,516,1970
** MUTATION DATA **
TYPE OF TEST : DNA adduct
TEST SYSTEM : Bacteria - Escherichia coli
DOSE/DURATION : 50 umol/L
REFERENCE :
MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE
Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year:
89,95,1981
TYPE OF TEST : DNA damage
TEST SYSTEM : Microorganism - not otherwise specified
DOSE/DURATION : 1 mmol/L
REFERENCE :
MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE
Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year:
315,33,1994
TYPE OF TEST : Gene conversion and mitotic recombination
TEST SYSTEM : Yeast - Saccharomyces cerevisiae
DOSE/DURATION : 3 gm/L
REFERENCE :
MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE
Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year:
12,357,1971
TYPE OF TEST : DNA damage
TEST SYSTEM : Human Fibroblast
DOSE/DURATION : 500 umol/L
REFERENCE :
MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE
Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year:
315,33,1994
TYPE OF TEST : Unscheduled DNA synthesis
TEST SYSTEM : Human Fibroblast
DOSE/DURATION : 750 umol/L
REFERENCE :
MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE
Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year:
315,33,1994
TYPE OF TEST : DNA inhibition
TEST SYSTEM : Human Fibroblast
DOSE/DURATION : 1250 umol/L
REFERENCE :
MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE
Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year:
348,7,1995
TYPE OF TEST : DNA damage
TEST SYSTEM : Rodent - rat Liver
DOSE/DURATION : 200 umol/L
REFERENCE :
EMMUEG Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41
E.
11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.10- 1987- Volume(issue)/page/year:
24,181,1994
TYPE OF TEST : DNA inhibition
TEST SYSTEM : Rodent - mouse Mammary gland
DOSE/DURATION : 31600 ug/L
REFERENCE :
MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE
Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year:
40,261,1976
TYPE OF TEST : Mutation test systems - not otherwise specified
TEST SYSTEM : Rodent - mouse Mammary gland
DOSE/DURATION : 31600 ug/L
REFERENCE :
MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE
Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year:
40,261,1976
TYPE OF TEST : Cytogenetic analysis
TEST SYSTEM : Rodent - mouse Mammary gland
DOSE/DURATION : 31600 ug/L/24H
REFERENCE :
MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE
Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year:
40,261,1976
TYPE OF TEST : Mutation in mammalian somatic cells
TEST SYSTEM : Rodent - mouse Lymphocyte
DOSE/DURATION : 120 mg/L
REFERENCE :
NTPTR* National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series. (Research
Triangle Park, NC 27709) No.206- Volume(issue)/page/year:
NTP-TR-344,1989
TYPE OF TEST : Mutation in mammalian somatic cells
TEST SYSTEM : Rodent - mouse Mammary gland
DOSE/DURATION : 100 mg/L
REFERENCE :
MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE
Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year:
40,261,1976
TYPE OF TEST : Sister chromatid exchange
TEST SYSTEM : Rodent - hamster Embryo
DOSE/DURATION : 3 mg/L
REFERENCE :
SHIGAZ Shigaku. Ondotology. (Nippon Shika Daigaku Shigakkai, 1-9-20
Fujimi, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 102, Japan) V.38- 1949-
Volume(issue)/page/year: 74,1385,1987
*** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA ***
NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA :
NOHS - National Occupational Hazard Survey (1974)
NOHS Hazard Code - 83550
No. of Facilities: 474 (estimated)
No. of Industries: 2
No. of Occupations: 2
No. of Employees: 1795 (estimated)
NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983)
NOES Hazard Code - 83550
No. of Facilities: 680 (estimated)
No. of Industries: 4
No. of Occupations: 15
No. of Employees: 22901 (estimated)
No. of Female Employees: 17276 (estimated)
*** STATUS IN U.S. ***
EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY
NTP Carcinogenesis Studies (feed);no evidence:mouse,rat
NTPTR* National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series. (Research
Triangle Park, NC 27709) No.206- Volume(issue)/page/year:
NTP-TR-363,1989
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