P. g and research department of botany
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Common syllabus for all the UG courses
Core - XIPLANT PHYSIOLOGY, BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICSUnit-1 Plant Physiology: Water - physical and chemical properties, biological significance, mechanism of diffusion, osmosis, absorption, translocation and transpiration of water. Solutes - Role of major and minor elements, mineral deficiency symptoms, mechanism of translocation inorganic and organic solutes. Unit-2 Photosynthesis – Dual nature of light, photosynthetic apparatus, photochemical reactions, Calvin cycle, Hatch –Slack pathway, differences between C3 and C4 plants, photorespiration, CAM pathway. Respiration - aerobic and anaerobic, glycolysis, Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, pentose phosphate pathway. Nitrogen metabolism – nitrogen cycle, nitrogen fixing organisms, symbiotic nitrogen fixation (Legume – Rhizobium symbiosis), mechanism of nitrogen fixation, nitrogen assimilation. Unit-3 Growth and growth hormones – growth definition, growth curve; discovery, distribution, chemical nature and physiological effects of auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, and abscisic acid. A brief account of photoperiodism, phytochrome, vernalization, senescence and abscission. Physiology of seed germination and seed dormancy.
A brief treatment of the chemistry of the following primary plant products – carbohydrates (sugars), starch, cellulose; Lipids (triglycerides, fats); proteins - primary, secondary and tertiary structure. Unit-5 Biophysics – physical forces, chemical bonds and their biological significance - Light diffraction - biological effects of ionizing radiations, basic principles of spectroscopy - thermodynamics – laws, enthalpy, entropy and free energy -electron transfer processes. BOOKS FOR STUDY Plant Physiology
Biophysics
Core – XIII ECOLOGY AND PHYTOGEOGRAPHY Unit 1: General Ecology - Autecology-Definition, Ecological life history of species. Synecology-Definition, community composition, Raunkier’s biological spectrum. Plant environment-climatic, edaphic and biotic factors (Effects of grazing and browsing by animals, Effects of human activities on vegetation). Unit 2: Ecosystem: Definition, structure of Ecosystem, components of ecosystem, Function of Ecosystem. Energy and its flow in Ecosystem (grassland). Food chain, Food web, Ecological pyramid. Unit 3: Vegetation – Units of vegetation- formation, association, fasciations, Consociation, Migration, ecesis, Colonization methods of study of vegetation-species area curve, line transect. General trends of succession- migration, colonization. Hydrosere & Xerosere. Morphological and anatomical features of plants and their correlation to the habitat factors. Unit 4: Environmental Pollution-Pollution and its control-Air Pollution: Causes of Air pollution-suspended particulate matter, Acid rain, Radiation pollution, Noise pollution, Thermal pollution-Soil Pollution: Industrial effluents, agricultural pollution, plant residues, insecticides, pesticides, fungicides, herbicides. Biological treatment of wastes and pollutants- solid waste disposal treatment of liquid waste. Unit 5: Phytogeography - Climate of India and its climatic zones, Botanical regions of India-Vegetational types of Tamil Nadu, Evergreen, Deciduous, Scrub & Mangrove. Endemism & Endemics (neo and paleo). Books for study:
Core – XIII PRACTICAL FOR CORE XI & XII: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, BIOCHEMISTRY, BIOPHYSICS, ECOLOGY AND PHYTOGEOGRAPHY Plant physiology, biochemistry and biophysics: To be performed by each student
Ecology and Phytogeography: To be performed by each student
Major Based Elective – II ENZYME TECHNOLOGY Unit-1: Enzymes and Applications - Nature of enzymes – Nomenclature – Commercial classification – Commercial applications of enzymes - Industrial enzyme applications. Unit-2: Enzyme kinetics – Simple enzyme kinetics – Michaelis Menten’s approach – Brigg’s-Haldane approach – enzyme catalysis – Mechanism of catalysis – Isoenzymes. Unit-3: Enzyme and Cell immobilization – Basis and need for immobilization – Physical method – Micro-encapsulation – Plant cell growth - immobilization (tobacco cells). Unit-4: Biosensors - Classification of Microbial sensors and measurement procedures – Enzyme electrode – Maintenance and applications of microbial sensors. Unit-5: Bioreactors – Models (Batch or Phy-flow fermenter) – continuous stirred tank reactor – Fed Batch reactors - Industrially important reactors – Fermenter design. Books for study:
Major Based Elective – III HORTICULTURE AND PLANT BREEDING Unit-1 Horticulture: Values of Horticulture - Classification of horticultural crops – Kinds of soil and soil fertility - organic, inorganic and biofertilizers - methods of application - irrigation systems - common garden pests and diseases. Methods for controlling pest and diseases. Unit-2 Plant propagation methods - cutting, layering, grafting, budding, stock and scion relationship, micropropagation - uses of plant growth regulators in horticulture - cultivation practice -coconut, banana and mango Unit-3 Landscape gardening and important principles in laying out a garden – Garden types and components – Lawn making - Kitchen garden, Indoor garden, Hanging pots, baskets – Cultivation of commercial flowers - roses, jasmines, chrysanthemum and ikbana. Unit-4 Breeding: Basic principles in plant breeding-selection of characters - selfing and crossing techniques – methods of selection of superior strains-bulk and pedigree methods of selection. Unit-5 Back crossing-in breeding depression and heterosis- Induced polyploidy in plant breeding, role of auto and allopolyploidy - Parasexual hybridization. Books for Study Horticulture
Plant Breeding
Skill Based Elective III BIOFERTILIZER PRODUCTION UNIT 1: Introduction, Historical and early developments, Sources of nitrogen and importance of biofertilizers. Definition and types of biofertilizers, Contribution of biofertilizers in Agriculture. UNIT 2: Biofertilizer demand and production, facilities and equipments required, raw materials, evaluation and specification, strain selection, sterilization, growth and fermentation. UNIT 3: Production technology: Majoe biofertilizers – Rhizobium, Azospyrillum, Azotobacter, blue-green algae, Azolla, P-solubilizing microorganisms, Mycorrhizae. UNIT 4: Standards and quality control, stages required, Quality control, Standards of quality, testing, tests required, quality control in some countries. UNIT 5: Biofertilizer application technology: Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospyrillum, Azolla, Blue-green algae, Mycorrhizae and P-solubilizing microorganisms, Extension, promotion and market development. Books for study:
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