Alagappa university karaikudi syllabus under cbcs
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Plant Pathology
Immunology
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣ I YEAR – I SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1MBO1C4 CORE COURSE IV – GENETICS, PLANT BREEDING AND BIOSTATISTICS Unit I Mendals Law of inheritance – interaction of genes, color blindness in human beings, quantitative Chromosome theory of inheritance, sex determination in plants, theories of sex determination. Sex linked characters – primary, secondary and permanent, non-disjunction of sex chromosomes in Drosophila. Sexes influenced and sex limited characters. Unit II Gene mutation – Detection of mutation CIB Method, Muller 5 method, Biochemical mutants in Bacteria and Neurospora. Detection of mutation in Bacterio-phages and higher plants. Molecular basis of mutation, physical and chemical mutagens and their mode of action. Unit III Multiple alleles and pseudoalleles. Modern concept of genes. Fine structure of the gene IS Element – transposons. Extrachromosomal inheritance, genome of mitochondria and plastids and their role in inheritance. Uniparental inheritance in Chlamydomonas and Paramaecium –Male sterility, Population genetics – gene frequencies, mutation selection, migration, genetic drift, genetics disorder of chromosomal and geneic origin. Regulation of gene expression in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes. Unit IV Methods of plant breeding self-fertilized, cross fertilized and vegetatively propagated plants. Breeding plants for improving yield and quality and resistant to diseases and pests. Plant breeding work in India with special reference to Rice, cotton and Sugar cane. Role of polyploidy in plant improvement. Induced mutations in crop improvement. Unit V Population and sampling. Data collection & Representation – graph and tabulation. Measures of central tendency – mean (only arithmetic), median and mode. Measures of dispersion –mean, deviation, standard division and standard error. Probability of distribution (binomial, Poisson & normal). Tests of statistical significance – chi-Square test, theories of probabilities. Levels of significance; Regression and Correlation – test, Analysis of variance. References
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣ I YEAR – I SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1MBO1P1 CORE COURSE V – PRACTICAL – I (Covering Core Courses I, II, III & IV) Algae
Fungi
Lichens
Bryophytes
Pteridophytes
Gymnosperms
Paleobotany
Microbiology
Plant Pathology
Immunology
Genetics
Plant Breeding
Biostatistics
Note Submission of Certified record note(s) of work done in the laboratory during practical classes is must for External Practical exam. ♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣ I YEAR – I SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1MBO1E1 ELECTIVE COURSE I (A) – MUSHROOM CULTIVATION AND VERMICULTURE Unit I Introduction and Importance of mushrooms; History of Mushroom's cultivation; Present status of mushroom industry in India; Cultivable edible mushroom; Biology of mushroom; food value of edible mushrooms; Uses of mushrooms, Poisonous mushrooms, and Medicinal mushrooms. Unit II Mushrooms farm structure; design and layout; Spawn principles and techniques of spawn production; Principle and techniques of compost and compositing; Cultivation techniques of White button mushroom, oyster mushroom; Management of fungal, bacterial and viral diseases in mushroom; Competitors, pests and nematodes in mushrooms; Post harvesting techniques and Economics of mushroom cultivation. Unit III Vermiculture Technology: Introduction; organic farming, soil fertility – Distribution and Ecology of Earthworms – Earthworm taxonomy – Morphological and Anatomical characteristics of Earthworm – Food habits, excretion and life cycle. Earthworm as farmer's friend. Types of Earthworms – Exotic and native species, South Indian and North Indian species used for vermin compositing. Unit IV Collection and maintenance of earthworms for vermicompositing and culturing techniques of earthworms. Preparation of vermicompost requirement, different methods of Vermicompositing (Heap method, Pot method, and Tray method). Changes during vermin compositing, Nutrient value of vermicompositing and worm cast and its importance, Problems in vermicompost preparation. Unit V Role of earthworm in soil fertility; Use of vermin compost for crop production; Use of earthworms in land improvement and reclamation; Economics of Vermicompost and Vermi wash production and uses. Role of earthworm in solid waste, sewage and faecal waste management and Vermi filters. Earthworm as bioreactors. Interaction of earthworm with other organisms. Influence of chemical inputs on earthworms activities. Large scale manufacture, packaging Vermicompost and marketing, financial supporting (government and NGOs for vermi culture work). References
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣ I YEAR – I SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1MBO1E2 ELECTIVE COURSE I (B) – ORGANIC AGRICULTURE Aim & Objectives To study the principles and practices of organic farming for sustainable crop production. Unit I Organic farming – concept and definition, its relevance to India and global agriculture and future prospects; land and water management – land use, minimum tillage; shelter zones, hedges, pasture management, agro-forestry. Unit II Organic farming and water use efficiency; soil fertility, nutrient recycling, organic residues, organic manures, composting, soil biota and decomposition of organic residues, earthworms and vermicompost, green manures and biofertilizers. Unit III Farming systems, crop rotations, multiple and relay cropping systems, intercropping in relation to maintenance of soil productivity. Unit IV Control of weeds, diseases and insect pest management, biological agents and pheromones, biopesticides. Unit V Socio-economic impacts; marketing and export potential: inspection, certification, labeling and accreditation procedures; organic farming and national economy. References
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣ I YEAR – II SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1MBO2C1 CORE COURSE VI – TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS AND ETHANOBOTANY Unit I History and principles of classification: Detailed account of the system of classifications proposed by Bentham & Hooker, Engler & Prantl, Bessey and Cronquist (including merits and demerits). Phylogeny of Angiosperms: Origin, evolution and interrelationship. Unit II Modern trends in classification: Taximetrics, Chemotaxonomy and Biosystematics: Botanical Survey of India (B.S.I) – Organization, function and contribution. National and International Herbaria and Botanical gardens. Taxonomic literature – taxonomic index, monographs and revisions. Bibliographies, catalogues and review serials, periodicals, glossaries, dictionaries, icons and floras. Unit III Plant identification; Methods of Identification, Keys: types of keys; rules for construction of Keys; advantages and disadvantages. Nomenclature: International code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN). Typification, Priority, Publication, Author citation and retention, choice and rejection of names, current changes. Taxonomy in relation to Anatomy, floral anatomy, Palynology, Embryology and Cytology. Unit IV A detailed account of the following families and their economic importances: Annonaceae, Capparidaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Portulacaceae, Rhamnaceae, Meliaceae, Sapindaceae, Aizoaceae, Rosaceae and Moringaceae. Unit V Rubiaceae, Boraginaceae, Bignoniaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Chenopodiaceae. Casuarinaceae, Orchidaceae, Commelinaceae, Typhaceae, Alismataceae and Poaceae. References
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣ I YEAR – II SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1MBO2C2 CORE COURSE VII – ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY AND MORPHOGENESIS Unit I General account and theories of organization of apical meristems of shoot apex and root apex, quiescent centre. Structural diversity and phylogenetic trends of specialization of xylem and phloem. Cambium – origin – cellular structure, cell division, stories and nonstoried types. Cambium in budding and grafting – wound healing role. Trichomes, periderm and lenticels. Unit II Anatomical characteristics and vascular differentiation in primary and secondary structure of root and stem in Dicot and Monocot. Origin of lateral roots – Root stem transition – Anatomy of Dicot and Monocot leaves. Leaf abscission, stomatal types, nodal anatomy, petiole anatomy, vascularisation of flower and seedling. Unit III Microsporangium – Microsporogenesis, Microspores – arrangement – morphology – ultrastructure – Microgametogenesis – Pollen – Stigma – Incompatibiligy – Methods to overcome incompatibility – Megasporangium – Megagametogenesis – Female gametophyte – Monosporic – Bisporic and Tetrasporic – Nutrition of embryo sac and fertilization Unit IV Endosperm – Types – Endosperm haustoria – Cytology and physiology of endosperms, functions of endosperms – Embryo development in Dicot and Monocot, Nutrition of embryo– Polyembryony – Causes, Apomixis – Causes, Apospory – Their role in plant improvement programmes and seed development. Unit V Definition – Morphogenesis and its relation to morphology – Turing’s diffusion reaction theory – Morphogenetic factors – growth regulators – genetic and environment – polarity. Molecular basis of morphogenesis – Cytosol and cytoskeleton, microtubules and microfilaments – Cellular level morphogenesis – Nuclear transplantation experiments with Acetabularia – Sach’s and Errer’s laws – Asymmetric divisions and their significance. Morphogenesis at tissue level – Differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation of vascular tissue in vivo, in vitro and in wounds. Plant galls and their importance in morphogenesis. References
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣ I YEAR – II SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1MBO2C3 CORE COURSE VIII – MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION Unit I DNA as the genetic material, Structure and Types. Replication – Mechanism of DNA replication in plant systems, Enzymes involved, replication origin and replication fork, Inhibitors of DNA replication. Structure and functions of different types of RNA. Transcription – Transcription factors and machinery, formation of initiation complex, transcription activator and repressor, RNA polymerases, elongation and termination, RNA processing, RNA transport and Transcription inhibitors. Genetic code. Eukaryotic translation machinery, aminoacylation of tRNA, initiation factors, formation of initiation complex, elongation and elongation factors, termination, translational proof-reading, Translational inhibitors. Post-translational modification of proteins in plants. Unit II Genome Organization in plants, repetitive DNA and renaturation kinetics, DNA Packaging, Regulation of transcription and translation in plants, role of chromatin in gene expression and gene silencing. Unit III Genetic nomenclature – Types of mutants, Isolation and characterization of mutants and revertants. Genetic analysis of mutants, genetic recombination (Homologous, non-homologous and site specific recombination), Genetic mapping, Linkage and multifactor crosses, Deletion mapping, Complementation and Intragenic complementation, Mutation – Causes (physical, chemical and biological) Types (lethal, conditional, biochemical, loss of function, gain of function) and detection. Mechanism of repair – photoreactivation, excision repair, recombinational repair. The SOS and adaptive responses and their regulation. Heat shock response. Unit IV Molecular Evolution: Concepts of neutral evolution, molecular divergence and molecular clocks; Molecular tools in phylogeny, classification and identification; Protein and nucleotide sequence analysis; origin of new genes and proteins; Gene duplication and divergence. Unit V The Mechanisms: Population genetics – Populations, Gene pool, Gene frequency; Hardy-Weinberg Law; concepts and rate of change in gene frequency through natural selection, migration and random genetic drift; Adaptive radiation; Isolating mechanisms; Speciation; Allopatricity and Sympatricity; Convergent evolution; Sexual selection; Co-evolution References
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣ I YEAR – II SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1MBO2C4 CORE COURSE IX – CELL COMMUNICATION AND CELL SIGNALING |