Alagappa university karaikudi syllabus under cbcs
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Unit I Host parasite interaction Recognition and entry processes of different pathogens like bacteria, viruses into animal and plant host cells, alteration of host cell behavior by pathogens, virus-induced cell transformation, pathogen-induced diseases in animals and plants, cell – cell fusion in both normal and abnormal cells. Unit II Cell signaling Hormones and their receptors, cell surface receptor, signaling through G-protein coupled receptors, signal transduction pathways, second messengers, regulation of signaling pathways, bacterial and plant two component systems, light signaling in plants, bacterial chemotaxis and quorum sensing. Unit III Cellular communication Regulation of hematopoiesis, general principles of cell communication, cell adhesion and roles of different adhesion molecules, gap junctions, extracellular matrix, integrins, neurotransmission and its regulation. Unit IV Sensory photobiology: Structure, function and mechanisms of action of phytochromes, cryptochromes and phototropins; stomatal movement; photoperiodism and biological clocks. Physical Signals: Blue and Red light; Blue light activated Signal transduction in Higher plants. The transduction of light signals by phytochrome. Biotic Signals: Host Pathogen Interactions. Perception of fungal elicitors and signal transduction. Intracellular and intercellular protein sorting – Mechanism and regulation in mitochondria, chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus. Protein insertion and processing in Endoplasmic reticulum and protein trafficking from Endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi bodies. Unit V Plant hormones: Biosynthesis, storage, breakdown and transport; physiological effects and mechanisms of action. Chemical Signals: Hormones, Phytotoxins. Role of ion channels in the initiation of signal transduction in higher plants. ABA Signaling in plant development and growth. Auxin perception and signal Transduction. Transduction of Ethylene Responses. Phytotoxins as molecular Signals. Plant growth regulators: Concept of hormones as chemical messengers, techniques for detection and quantization of plant hormone, classical approaches and use of mutants in understanding hormone actions, hormones in defense against abiotic and biotic stresses, synthetic regulatory compounds and their uses. References
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣ I YEAR – II SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1MBO2P1 CORE COURSE X – PRACTICAL – II (Covering Core Courses VI & VII) Anatomy
Embryology
Morphogenesis
Taxonomy Study of the plants belonging to the following families: Menispermaceae Polygalaceae Caryophyllaceae Portulacaceae Rhamnaceae Sapindaceae Lythraceae Passifloraceae Aizoaceae Sapotaceae Oliaceae Gentianaceae Boraginaceae Scrophulariaceae Pedaliaceae Aristolochiaceae Loranthaceae Casuarinaceae Commelinaceae Cyperaceae
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣ I YEAR – II SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1MBO2E1 ELECTIVE COURSE II (A) – MICROBIAL TECHNOLOGY Unit I General account of microbes used as biofertilizers, solubilizers and mobilizers. Mass inoculum production of Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Azatobactor. P solubilizers bacteria. Mycorrhizal inoculants, Blue green algae, Azolla. Unit II Fermentation technology – Principles of fermentation, media requirements – separation procedures – Solid state fermentation – Culture system – batch culture, fed back culture, semi continuous and continuous culture – types of fermentors. Large scale production of fungal enzymes – extraction and purification methods involved. Application of fungal enzymes in different industries – Immobilization of enzymes – Biofuel, ethanol, biogas, biodiesel and hydrogen production – uses. Unit III Biological monitoring of environmental pollution. Biosensors and Biochips. Ecological aspects of biodeterioration. Control of biodeterioration. Biological waste treatment and reuses and wastes. Bioremediation of Xenobiotic pollutants. Biomining – methodology and advantages. Biodegradable plastics. Removal of metals from water. Genetic engineering for biotic stress tolerant plants – insects, fungi, bacteria, viruses, weeds. Unit IV Production of pharmaceuticals: Antibiotics, Steroids, Human Proteins, Vaccines and Vitamins, Enzymes. Antibiotics and their mode of action with reference to Penicillin, Streptomycin, Erythromycin, Cephalosporin and Griseofulvin. Methylotrophs: Methanogens and ethylotrophs, Mechanism of methane production – Economic importance of methylotrophs. Hydrogen fuel. Microbial leaching. Sulphur utilizing bacteria, sulphate reduction pathway – Use of nucleotides as nitrogen source for growth of certain microorganisms (pathway of nucleic acid breakdown). Unit V Introduction; Computers in Biology – Windows, searches on MEDLINE, CD, FTP and WWW. Visualization techniques – Software and hardware requirements. Data base – concept– Accessing database on internet – Searching a database – Query and response. Protein Data Bank, Cambridge small molecular crystal structure data bank, Genbank, EMBL nucleotide sequence data bank, SWISSPROT. Docking of Molecules. References
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣ I YEAR – II SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1MBO2E2 ELECTIVE COURSE II (B) – ALGAL TECHNOLOGY Unit I Brief descriptions and taxonomic identification of micro and macrolgae of fresh water and marine habitats. General principles of Culturing Algae in Laboratory and growth measurement. Isolation and Culture of Algae of different forms (single cell, colonial, filamentous and thallus forms). Chemical composition of Culture media for fresh water and marine algae. Unit II Photobioreactor Technology For Microalgae Cultivation and their components – Light system, Optical transmission system, Air handling & gas exchange systems, Mixing system, Nutrient system, Instrumentation system and Electrical system. Cultivation of micro algae: Algae for biodiesel, Process, strains, Sources of contamination. Bio-pond – Production in Open Ponds – Harvesting and Oil Extraction: Harvesting methods, Oil extraction principles, Oil extraction methods. Unit III Seaweeds: Morphology and Classification, Light, Carbon Metabolism, Translocation, Polysaccharides of Seaweeds, Chemical Constituents of Seaweeds, Morphogenesis and Growth Regulators, Sexuality and Sex Attraction, Nutrients, Individuals Populations and Communities, Morphology and Environment Unit IV Seaweeds farming – Objectives – Site selection, Installation of test plants, Kinds of test planting, Introduction of test plants. Preparation of the farm site and other culture activities –construction of farm – Line method, Rope & Raft methods, Net method – Floating bamboo method – Mangrove stakes and nets-method. Management – Seed selection and preparation, Tying of seedings, Planting, Harvesting, Pre-harvest activities, Harvesting procedures, Drying. Maintenance of the farm. Marking of seaweeds. Unit V Generalized uses of seaweeds, Human food, Seaweed Baths, Cosmetics, Seaweed as agricultural fertilizers, Liquid Seaweed Extracts, Seaweed industrial gums: Alginates, Agars, Carrageenans, other polysaccharides and their Medicinal Uses. References
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣ II YEAR – III SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1MBO3C1 CORE COURSE XI – ECOLOGY, BIOGEOGRAPHY AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY Unit I Aim and scope of Ecology. Autecology – Population ecology – Characteristics of Population. Positive and negative interactions between Species (Plant and animal interactions) – Synecology – Qualitative and Quantitative characters of community. Niche – definition and types. Methods of studying plant community. Unit II Concept and dynamics of ecosystem: Types of ecosystem, components, Food chain, Food web and energy flow – Trophic level, ecological pyramids. Energy flow in the ecosystems. Biogeochemical cycles – Hydrological, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous cycles. Characteristic features, structure and functions of Forest, Grassland, Pond, Estuary and Manmade (Cropland) ecosystems. Ecological amplitude of a species and adaptation – Ecads, ecotypes, ecospecies, Raunkaier’s Life Forms. Unit III Types of forests and forest conservation – Utilization of energy resources – Nonrenewable and renewable. Environmental pollution – Air, water, soil, thermal and radiation. Cumulative effect of pollution on global environment, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect and their consequences. Ecological indicators. Biomagnifications and Eutrophication. Disaster management – Floods, Earth quake, Cyclone, Tsunami and Landslides. Dams and their effects on forest and tribal people. Unit IV Endemism – Red data book – Continuous and discontinuous distribution of vegetation. Phytogeographical regions of World – Types of vegetation in India. Phytogeography: Range – Dispersal and migration barriers hypothesis, Continental drift hypothesis, Land – Bridges hypothesis, Age and Area hypothesis, Endemism. Introduction to Remote Sensing and GIS. Unit V Conservation Biology – Introduction – Current practices in conservation – Ecosystem approaches – Species based approaches – Social approaches – Chipko movement. In situ conservation (Afforestration, Social Forestry, Agro Forestry, Botanical Gardens, Biosphere Reserves, National Parks, Sanctuaries, Sacred Groves and Sthalavrikshas) and ex situ conservation (Cryopreservation, Gene Banks, Seed Banks, Pollen Banks, Sperm Banks, DNA Banks, Tissue Culture and Biotechnological strategies) – Environmental Education. References
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣ II YEAR – III SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1MBO3C2 CORE COURSE XII – PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOPHYSICAL CHEMISTRY Unit I Water and Plant relations; Absorption of water and its mechanism – Apoplast – symplast transports. Mechanism of ascent of sap. Mineral nutrition: Role of micro and macro elements. Mechanism of mineral absorption and phloem transportation. Hydroponics. Environmental stress: Types of stress. Effect of water and salt stress on crop plants. Unit II Photosynthesis: Pigment system I & II – Emerson's enhancement effect. Photochemical reactions. Cyclic and Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation. C3 and C4 pathways. Photorespiration, CAM pathway. Respiration – Mechanism of Respiration – Glycolysis – Oxidation of Pyruvic acid – Kreb’s cycle – Electron transport System – Hexose Monophosphate shunt. Unit III Nitrogen Metabolism – Nitrogen cycle – Asymbiotic and symbiotic Nitrogen fixation. Leg haemoglobin, nod and nif genes. Nitrate reduction. NR and NIR – Assimilatation of Ammonia. GDH, GS and GOGAT pathway. Unit IV Physiological effects and mode of action of plant growth regulators – Auxins, Gibberellins. Cytokinins, Ethylene and Abscissic acid. Phytochrome – role and mode of action. Photoperiodism and mechanism of flowering. Vernalaization – Senescence – Dormancy. Unit V Basic concepts of atoms and molecules – chemical bonds – covalent bonds, hydrogen bond, electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, Vander Waals forces. Five types of chemical transformations in cells (oxidation – reduction, rearrangement, group transfer, cleavage, and condensation). Optical isomerism. pH and its significance, Isoelectric point. Buffer systems. Redox potential. Bioenergetics – Laws of thermodynamics. Enthalpy, Entropy and free energy. Mitochondrial bioenergetics, Chloroplast bioenergetics, ATP bioenergetics NADP / NADHP redox couple bioenergetics. Photobiology – Light characterization of solar radiation. Absorption spectrum, action spectrum and emission spectrum in molecules. Fluorescence and Phosphores cence. Bioluminescence. References
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣ II YEAR – III SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1MBO3C3 CORE COURSE XIII – PLANT BIO-TECHNOLOGY Unit I Biotechnology – scope and potentialities. Genetic engineering – enzymes – nucleases, polymerases, ligases, alkaline phosphatase, reverse transcriptase – Sl nucleases – vectors – use of plasmids, cosmids, phage and transposons as vectors – gene cloning – cloning in eukaryotes. Amplification of genes by PCR. cDNA and construction of cDNA libraries. Unit II Recombinant DNA technology – gene transfer in plants – aims, strategies for development of transgenic plants – specific and non-specific methods of gene transfer – organization of Ti plasmid in Agrobacterium tumefaciens – Ti plasmid mediated gene transfer. DNA transfer by particle bombardment, micro and macro injection methods – lipofection – electroporation. Unit III Plant tissue culture – concept of totipotency – organization of tissue culture laboratory. Sterilization methods – callus induction, subculture and maintenance. Organogenesis – anther culture and production of haploids – somatic embryogenesis – isolation, culture and fusion of protoplast – cybrids – micro-propagation – encapsulated seeds. Application of plant tissue culture in agriculture and crop improvement. Unit IV Application of biotechnology – useful products from microbes. Production of organic acids (Acetic acid and Citric acid), enzymes (Amylase) Alcohol (Ethanol). Biogas technology in India – benefits – feed stock materials and biogas production. Bio-diesel and Bio-hydrogen. Unit V Different types of intellectual property rights (IPR) – Patents, Trade mark, Trade secret, and Copy right. Biotechnological examples of patents, trademark, trade secret and copy right. Biopiracy and case studies on patents (Basmati rice, Turmeric, and Neem). Different levels of biosafety. Guidelines for rDNA research activities. General guidelines for research in transgenic plants. General issues related to environmental release of transgenic plants into environment. References
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣ II YEAR – III SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1MBO3P1 CORE COURSE XIV – PRACTICAL – III (Covering the Core Courses XI, XII & XIII) Ecology, Biogeography and Conservation Biology
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