Alagappa university karaikudi syllabus under cbcs
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Plant Physiology and Biophysical Chemistry
Demonstrations
Plant Bio-Technology
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣ II YEAR – III SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1MBO3E1 ELECTIVE COURSE III (A) – BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY Unit I Natural resources – Classification. Air resources; chemistry of the atmosphere, effects in the biosphere, sinks of atmospheric constituents, oceans, vegetation, renewable energy and conservation – Agroforestry, Generation of biomass, Direct solar energy – Indirect solar energy – other renewable energy sources, conservation and efficiency. Unit II Sources and classification – Solar energy – conversion to heat – conversion to electricity – solar cells – efficiency – geothermal energy – wind energy – Kayatar – Muppanthal, Sulthanpet – tidal energy. Unit III Forest fuels – origin and development of coals – ranking and analysis of coal, liquefied coal – cleaner coal combustion – coal gasification – origin and resources of petroleum and natural gas – composition and classification of petroleum – petroleum refining – environmenttal problems associated with petroleum products. Atomic Energy nuclear reactors, safety measures. Environmental problems related to radioactive materials – radioactive waste disposable methods – gas hydrates. Unit IV Sources, classification and characterization of biomass and other solid wastes, combustion or biomass – pyrolysis of biomass, gasification of biomass – Biodiesel. Unit V Biochemical and chemical methods of energy production from biomass – methane fermentation / anaerobic bio gasification of biomass, alcoholic fermentation, bioenergy from wastes, hydrogen gas production, biofuel cells. References
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣ II YEAR – III SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1MBO3E2 ELECTIVE COURSE III (B) – HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPING Unit I Importance of scope of horticulture – Divisions of horticulture – Climate, soil and nutritional needs – Water irrigation – Plant propagation method – Cutting, layering, grafting, budding. Stock – scion relationship, micropropagation by induction of rooting. Unit II Principles and methods of designing outdoor garden – hedges, edges, fences, trees, climbers, rockeries, arches, terrace garden – Lawn making and maintenance – Water garden – cultivation of water plants. Layout for a model college garden. Unit III Indoor gardening – Foliage plants, flowering plants, hanging basket, Bonsai plants – Training and pruning. Floriculture – Cultivation of commercial flower crops – Rose, Jasmine and chrysanthemum, Flower decoration – Dry and wet decoration. Unit IV Classification of vegetables, cultivation of important vegetable – Tomato, potato, onion, cabbage and snake guard. Layout for a model kitchen garden. Unit V Fruit crops – Induction of flowering, flower thinning, fruit setting, fruit development. Cultivation of important fruit crops – Mango, Grapes and Guava. Cultivation of tree species – Eucalyptus and Teak. References
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣ II YEAR – III SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1MBO3E3 ELECTIVE COURSE IV (A) – PLANT TISSUE CULTURE Unit I Introduction – History, Scope and Concepts of basic techniques in plant tissue culture. Laboratory requirements and organization. Sterilization – filter, heat and chemical. Media preparation – inorganic nutrients, organic supplements, carbon source, gelling agents, growth regulators and composition of important culture media (MS, Whites and Gamborg’s media). Unit II Cell, tissue and organ culture – Isolation of single cells, selection and types of cells, tissue explants and organs for culture – Paper, raft nurse technique, Plating method, Microchamber techniques, cell suspension cultures – batch, continuous, chemostat culture – Synchronization of suspension culture, cellular totipotency, Cytological, cytochemical and vascular differentiations – Totipotency of epidermal and crown – gall cells. Unit III Micropropagation – Clonal propagation of elite germplasm, factors affecting morphogenesis and proliferation rate, technical problems in micropropagation. Organogenesis – formation of shoots and roots – Role of growth regulators and other factors, somaclonal and gametoclonal variations. Somatic embryogenesis – Process of somatic embryogenesis, structure, stages of embryo development, factors affecting embryogenesis, synthetic seeds. Unit IV Haploid production – Androgenesis, gynogenesis – Techniques of anther culture – segmentation pattern in microspore – isolated pollen culture – plantlets from haploids – diploidisation – factors influencing androgenesis, haploidy through gynogenesis, haploid mutants, utilization of haploids in plant breeding. In vitro pollination – ovule and ovary culture, importance, techniques overcoming incompatibility barriers, embryo rescue. Protoplast culture: Isolation of protoplasts – mechanical and enzymatic sources, culture of protoplasts, viability. Protoplast fusion – Spontaneous, mechanical, induced electrofusion, selection of somatic hybrids, cybrids, importance. Unit V In vitro production of secondary metabolites – Classification of secondary metabolites, biosynthetic pathways, cell suspension cultures, immobilized cell cultures and biotransformation, elicitors and hairy root culture. Cryopreservation and gene bank – Modes of preservation, preparation of materials for deep freezing, cryoprotectans, storage strategies, assessment of successful cryopreservation, application and limitations. Application of tissue culture in forestry, horticulture, agriculture and pharmaceutical industry. References
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣ II YEAR – III SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1MBO3E4 ELECTIVE COURSE IV (B) – HERBAL BOTANY Unit I History of Medicinal plants. Traditional Medicinal systems: Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Naturopathy. Definition of Drug – Classification of natural drugs (Alphabetical, Morphological, Pharmacological, Chemical and Chemotaxonomical). Traditional and Folklore medicines – Native medicine. Unit II Pharmacognosy – Definition and Scope. Drug adulteration, Drug evaluation, Chemical evaluation, Physical evaluation and Biological evaluation. Phytochemical investigations, standardization and quality control of herbal drugs. Unit III Cultivation, collection and preparation of natural drugs – Macroscopic characters (Physical and Organoleptic characters), therapeutical and pharmaceutical uses of the following medicinal plants: Adadhoda, Aloe, Centella, Eugenia, Datura, Piper nigrum, Allium sativum, Azadirachta indica, Ocimum and Vinca Unit IV Cultivation and utilization of selected medicinal plants – Bacopa monnieri, Cassia senna, Gloriosa superba, Phyllanthus amarus and Rauwolfia serpentina. National Medicinal Plants Board of India. Unit V A brief account of the following drugs: Drugs containing carbohydrates – Plantago (Isapgol) Drugs containing glycosides – Cassia anqustifolia (Indian senna) Drugs containing tannins – Terminalia chebula (Myrobalan) Drugs containing lipids – Arachis oil Drugs containing resin and resin combination – Cannabis Drugs containing alkaloids – Cinchona
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣ II YEAR – IV SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1MBO4C1 CORE COURSE XV – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Unit I Choosing the problem for research – Review of Literature – Primary, Secondary and Tertiary sources – Bibliographs – Indexing and abstracting – Reporting the results of research in conference – Oral and Poster presentation. Unit II Planning and preparation of thesis – Research journals – National and International monographs – Reprints – Proof correction – Full paper – Shoot Communication – Review Paper. Unit III Biostatistics – Scope – Collection – Tabulation and classification of data – Probability analysis – Graphical diagrammatic representation – Mean, Median, Mode. Unit IV Scientific data collection, source and methods – Web browsing and searching. Tabulation – Graphical and diagrammatic representation – Histograms – Literature and reference collection– Thesis format – Journal format – Citation, proof correction and editing. Unit V Organisation to computer – CPU – Input and output devices – Memory – Internal and external storage memory – Knowledge about windows and its scientific applications (MS Office, Power Point, Excel) – Retrieval of information from internet. References
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣ II YEAR – IV SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1MBO4C2 CORE COURSE XVI – METHODS IN BIOLOGY Unit I Molecular Biology and Recombinant DNA methods: Isolation and purification of RNA, DNA (genomic and plasmid) and proteins, different separation methods – Analysis of RNA, DNA and proteins by one and two dimensional gel electrophoresis, Isolation of specific nucleic acid sequences – Generation of genomic and cDNA libraries – Protein sequencing methods, detection of post translation modification of proteins. DNA sequencing methods, strategies for genome sequencing. Methods for analysis of gene expression at RNA and protein level, large scale expression, such as micro array based techniques – Isolation, separation and analysis of carbohydrate and lipid molecules RFLP, RAPD and AFLP techniques Unit II Histochemical and Immunotechniques – Antibody generation, Detection of molecules using ELISA, RIA, western blot, immunoprecipitation, fluocytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy, detection of molecules in living cells, in situ localization by techniques such as FISH and GISH. Chemical analysis of plant parts. Muffle furnace – ash analysis. Energy estimation by Bomb calorimeter. Titrimetry (DO of water samples) – Isotope methodology – Radio activity and half life – G.M. counter and Scintillation counter – Autoradiography. Unit III Biophysical Method: Molecular analysis using UV/visible, fluorescence, circular dichroism, NMR and ESR spectroscopy Molecular structure determination using X-ray diffraction and NMR, Molecular analysis using light scattering, different types of mass spectrometry and surface plasma resonance methods. Unit IV Biological database: Sequence database and Structure database, Sequence retrieval, Sequence analysis: Pair wise alignment tools, Multiple sequence alignment tools, Genome Analysis tools, Application of bioinformatics in plant genotypic, breeding and improvement. Unit V Microscopic techniques: Visualization of cells and sub cellular components by light microscopy, resolving powers of different microscopes, microscopy of living cells, scanning and transmission microscopes, different fixation and staining techniques for EM, freeze-etch and freeze fracture methods for EM, image processing methods in microscopy. References
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣ II YEAR – IV SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1MBO4PR CORE COURSE XVII – PROJECT WORK ♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣ M.Sc., Botany |