Use of 2n Gametes for Inducing Intergenomic Recombination in Lily Hybrids
|
|  Yüklə 107.5 Kb.
|
Presentation for the International Symposium on Flower bulbs April 2004, Japan / Use of 2n Gametes for Inducing Intergenomic Recombination in Lily HybridsRodrigo Barba-Gonzalez1, Ki-Byung Lim2, M.S. Ramanna1 and Jaap M. van Tuyl1 1Plant research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre,P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands 2Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology (NIAB), RDA, Suwon, 441-707 Korea Keywords: Lilium, unreduced gametes, hybridisation, interspecific hybrids, genomic in situ hybridisation, GISH. AbstractGenetic recombination is an important pre-requisite for transferring specific genetic traits across distantly related plant species. With a view to transfer some of the desirable characters like resistances against viruses, Fusarium and Botrytis, besides many horticultural traits, we have made interspecific hybrids between different species of lilies (Lilium, 2n=2x=24). The F1 hybrids in all these cases are totally sterile because of the lack of chromosome pairing. Traditional method of somatic chromosome doubling (mitotic polyploidization) can produce fertile allotetraploids. But, because of strict autosyndetic pairing in allotetraploids, no genetic recombination occurs in the progenies. In order to overcome this difficulty, we have selected 2n gamete producing F1 hybrids of different Lilium species and used them successfully for sexual polyploidization (meiotic polyploidization). An important feature of meiosis in the F1 hybrids is that certain amount of homoeologous chromosome pairing does occur in them. When 2n gametes originate from such F1 hybrids through first division restitution (FDR) they are expected to possess recombinant chromosomes. Cytological analyses, using genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), of the sexual polyploid progenies have proved that considerable amount of intergenomic recombinant chromosomes can be recovered in the chromosome complements. One example of the sexual polyploid progenies from Oriental x Asiatic hybrid lilies possessing intergenomic recombinant chromosomes will be illustrated and discussed. INTRODUCTIONLily (Lilium L., 2n=2x=24) is one of the most important ornamental bulbs worldwide. The taxonomic classification divides the group into seven sections (Comber, 1949; De Jong, 1974) that comprises over 80 species. Lilies of ornamental importance are the result of crosses within three sections. The Asiatic hybrids (Sinomartagon section) are the most important group. They posses a wide variety of flower colours and some of them carry resistance to some viruses and Fusarium; characteristics which are not present in the Oriental hybrids (Archelirion section). Similarly, Oriental hybrids have white and pink flowers and in some cases resistance to Botrytis that are not present in the Asiatic hybrids. The third group is the Longiflorum hybrids (Leucolirium section) with white trumpet-shaped flowers. The generation of new lily cultivars, with a combination of desirable characteristics, is only possible by intersectional species hybridisation, which is the most important feature in the actual Lilium breeding. In recent years, it has been possible to make such intersectional hybrids with the development of methods to overcome pre- and post-fertilisation barriers. Some of these methods to overcome pre-fertilisation barriers include intrastylar pollination in cut-style (Myodo et al., 1977), in vitro grafted style pollination and mentor pollen (Van Tuyl and De Jeu, 1997). To overcome post-fertilisation barriers ovule, ovary and embryo culture has been performed (Van Creij et al., 1993). Examples are L. longiflorum x Asiatic hybrids (LA-hybrids), L. longiflorum x L. rubellum, L. longiflorum x Oriental hybrids (LO-hybrids) and Oriental x Asiatic hybrids (OA-hybrids) (Van Tuyl et al., 2002a) among others. However, as in many other taxa the F1 hybrids are sterile. To restore fertility, oryzalin has been applied as a spindle inhibitor to produce allopolyploid lilies (Van Tuyl et al., 1992). A mayor drawback of this technique is that due to strict autosyndetic pairing, intergenomic recombination is absent. The use of unreduced (2n) gametes that occurs commonly angiosperms (Ramanna and Jacobsen, 2003) is an alternative to overcome the sterility of the F1 hybrids. The mechanisms of 2n gamete formation are generally classified into two groups because of their genetic consequences, Viz., the first division restitution (FDR) gametes which comprise the non-sister chromatids of each homologous chromosome and the second division restitution (SDR) gametes which comprises the sister chromatids of each homologous chromosome. A third mechanism, indeterminate meiotic restitution (IMR) has also been recently described in lily, its genetics consequences does not fit to either of the above two mechanisms. In this case, each parent contributes with a disproportionate number of chromosomes to the daughter cell (Lim et al., 2001). Genomic in situ hybridisation (GISH) techniques has been applied for the identification of parental chromosomes in interspecific hybrids of Alstroemeria aurea x A. inodora (Kamstra et al., 1999), L. longiflorum x Asiatic hybrids (Karlov et al., 1999), L. longiflorum x L. rubellum (Lim et al., 2000) among others. The aim of this work is to illustrate and describe one example of the sexual polyploid progenies from Oriental x Asiatic hybrid lilies possessing intergenomic recombinant chromosomes. MATERIAL AND METHODSPlant materialThe Asiatic cultivar “Connecticut king” was used as the male parent in an intersectional cross with the Oriental cultivar “Pesaro”. Pollination was performed by the cut-style method. Embryo rescue methods were needed to obtain some hybrids (Van Tuyl et al., 2000, 2002b). One of the resulting Oriental-Asiatic (OA) hybrids, which produced 2n gametes, was subsequently used as the male parent in a cross with the Asiatic cultivar “Gironde” to produce AOA offspring. In both cases, six to eight weeks after pollination, embryo, embryo sac and ovule culture methods were used in order to overcome post-fertilisation barriers. Flow cytometry and chromosome preparationYoung leaves tips of the AOA offspring were collected and the ploidy level was determined according to Van Tuyl and Boon (1997). Complementary, root were collected early in the morning, pretreated in 0.7 mM cyclohexamide solution at room temperature for 4 h, fixated in Carnoy’s solution (alcohol:acetic acid, 3:1) for at least 12 h and stored at -20C util use. The root tips were incubated at 37C for about 1-1.5 h in a pectyolitic enzyme mixture containing 0.3% (w/v) of each: pectyolase Y23, cellulase RS and cytohelicase in 10 mM citrate buffer (pH 4.5). Squash preparations were made in a drop of 45% acetic acid and frozen in liquid nitrogen; the coverslips were removed with a razor blade. Slides were dehydrated in absolute ethanol and air-dried.Genomic in situ hybridizationSonicated genomic DNA from the Oriental cultivar “Sorbonne” of a size ranging 1-10 kb was labelled with biotin using the Biotin-Nick translation Mix (Boehringer Mannheim, Germany) and used as probe. Autoclaved genomic DNA of the Asiatic cultivar “Connecticut king” of a size of 100-500bp was used as block. The GISH procedure was described previously (Lim et al., 2000). The hybridization mix consisted in 20x SSC, 50% formamide, 10% sodium dextran sulphate, 10% SDS, 25-50 ng/ml of probe DNA, 5-10 g/ml of block DNA and water. It was denatured at 70C for 10 min and directly placed on ice for at least 10 min. Hybridization of the chromosomal DNA was performed by adding 40 l of the hybridization mix at 80C for 10 min followed by overnight hybridization at 37C in a humid chamber. The hybridized probes were detected with Cy3 labelled with streptavidin (Amersham Biosciences, UK) and amplified biotynilated goat-antistreptavidin (Vector laboratories, CA). Chromosomes were counterstained with DAPI (4,6-diamino-2-phenylindole). The hybridization signals were visualised and recorded in a chilled CCD camera (Sensys 1400, Photometrics) and pseudocolor images were made using the software Cytovision, Genus (Applied imaging). RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONAmong a large number of OA hybrids that were screened for the production of 2n pollen grains, one genotype: 951502-1 (“Pesaro” x “Connecticut king”) was found to produce a reasonably high frequency (0-100%). This was used as a male parent in cross with “Gironde” as the female parent. Following this, the embryos were cultured in vitro. A large number of embryos germinated and the progenies were obtained (Table 1). The OA hybrid 951502-1 produced functional 2n gametes and were expected to have originated through FDR because this was the most likely mechanism in a hybrid that had disturbed chromosome pairing. In order to establish whether the FDR gametes had indeed originated in the OA hybrid, the progenies of the above cross (AOA) were tested for ploidy level through flow cytometry. With the exception two plants (Table 1), all were triploids (2n=3x=36). Obviously, this confirmed that all these plants had originated through the functioning of euploid (2n) gametes. The two exceptional plants were tetraploid (2n=4x=48) (Fig. 1). The tetraploid plants probably had originated through the functioning of 2n eggs from “Gironde”. The chromosome composition of the progenies was determined through GISH confirmed that the OA hybrid had contributed 12 +12 parental chromosomes from Oriental and Asiatic hybrid parents respectively through 2n pollen to AOA as well as to AAOA progeny. A remarkable feature was that both 3x and 4x progenies possessed recombinant chromosomes varying from one to five in different plants. These recombinant events were obviously the result of homoeologous recombination that occurred during microsporogenesis in the OA hybrid (data not shown). In the traditional method of breeding an allopolyploid crop such as the one described here is to double the chromosome number of the sterile F1 hybrid (e.g., OA) either through treatment with colchicine or oryzalin. This can only give rise to the so-called permanent hybrid that is not suitable for inducing intergenomic recombination. In contrast, however, as this study demonstrates, induction of sexual polyploids through the use of 2n gametes can be undoubtedly successful in inducing intergenomic recombination. Recombination occurs in this case because the homoeologous chromosomes of the alien genomes, viz., O and A, are “forced” to pair in the diploid hybrid in the absence of a homologous partner. The only way of recovering such relatively rare events of homoeologous recombination events is through making use of 2n gametes. In view of this, however rare and difficult it might be to select 2n gamete-producing genotypes, the labour is worth the effort. CONCLUSIONS There are two reasons why intergenomic recombination is important in breeding allopolyploids. A) When the breeding objective is to transfer only one or a few genes into a cultivar, but not the entire alien genome, obviously, transfer of only a recombinant segment is required. B) In a typical allopolyploid, genetic segregation for any of the parental characteristics is almost impossible. This is because of the autosyndetic pairing. However, the presence of recombinant chromosomes in an allopolyploid can lead to multivalent formation and chromosome segregation (Ramanna et al., 2003). This type of segregation can be most useful to create genetic variation that can facilitate selection. The occurrence of 2n gametes in plants has been recognised for a very long time (Harlan and De Wet, 1975) and it is wide spread. However, the use of 2n gametes in crop breeding has been very limited and mostly confined to autopolyploids (Ramanna and Jacobsen, 2003). Some examples are: potato (Mendiburu et al., 1974), alfalfa (Bingham, 1980; Veronesi et al., 1986), among others. Only recently, the potential of using 2n gametes in breeding allopolyploids has received attention in the case of Alstroemeria (Ramanna, 1992; Ramanna et al., 2003). As is evident in the case of lilies, there is a considerable potential for using 2n gametes for breeding cultivars as has been demonstrated in the case of L. longiflorum x Asiatic hybrids (Karlov et al., 1999; Lim et al., 2003), L. longiflorum x L. rubellum (Lim et al., 2000) L. auratum x L. henryi (Van Tuyl et al., 2002). In all these cases, besides making use of 2n gametes, the application of GISH for the determination of restitution mechanisms in the F1 hybrids, genomic composition of the progenies and the extent of intergenomic recombination have greatly increased the knowledge on sexual polyploidisation in lilies. This might lead to the development of more systematic approaches for breeding lilies.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors would like to thank the Dutch lily breeding companies and the CONACyT (México) (Reg: 153138), who supported this research. Literature citedBingham, E.T. 1980. Maximizing heterozygosity in autopolyploids. In: Lweis, W.H. (Ed.), Polyploidy, Biological Relevance, pp. 147–190. Plenum Press, NY. Comber, H.F. 1947. A new classification of the Lilium. Lily Yearbook, Royal Hortic Soc 15:86-105 De Jong, P.C. 1974. Some notes on the evolution of lilies. Lily yearbook North Am Lily Soc 27:23-28 Harlan, J.R. and De Wet, J.M.J. 1975. An Ö Winge and a prayer. Bot Rev 41: 361–390. Kamstra, S.A., Kuipers, A.G.J., De Jeu, M.J., Ramanna and M.S., Jacobsen, E. 1999. The extent and position of homoeologous recombination in a distant hybrid of Alstroemeria: A molecular cytogenetic assessment of first generation backcross progenies Chromosoma 108:52-63 Karlov, G.I., Khrustaleva, L.I., Lim, K-B. and Van Tuyl, J.M. 1999. Homoeologous recombination in 2n-gametes producing interspecific hybrids of Lilium (Liliaceae) studied by genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). Genome 42:681-686 Lim, K-B., Chung, J-D., Van Kronenburg, B.C.E., Ramanna, M.S., De Jong, J.H. and Van Tuyl, J.M. 2000. Introgression of Lilium rubellum Baker chromosomes into L. longiflorum Thunb.: a genome painting study of the F1 hybrid, BC1 and BC2 progenies. Chromosome Research 8:119-125 Lim, K.B., Ramanna, M.S., De Jong, J.H., Jacobsen, E. and Van Tuyl, J.M. 2001. Indeterminate meiotic restitution (IMR): a novel type of meiotic nuclear restitution mechanism detected in interspecific lily hybrids by GISH. Theor Appl Genet. 103:219-230 Lim, K-B., Ramanna, M.S., De Jong, J.H., Jacobsen, E. and Van Tuyl, J.M. 2003.
Mendiburu, A.O., Peloquin, S.J. and Mok, D.W.S. 1974. Potato breeding with haploids and 2n gametes. In: K. Kasha (Ed.), Haploids in Higher Plants, pp. 249–258. University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Myodo H. and Asano Y. 1977. Lily hybrids newly obtained by the technique combining cut-style pollinations with embryo culture. Lily yearbook of the North American Lily Society, Inc: 7-17 Ramanna, M.S., 1992. The use of 2n-gametes in breeding polysomic polyploid species: some achievements and perspectives. In: Mariani, A. and Tavoletti, S. (Eds.), Gametes with Somatic Chromosome Number in the Evolution and Breeding of Polyploid Polysomic Species: Achievements and Perspectives, pp. 91–99. Perugia, Italy. Ramanna, M.S. and Jacobsen, E. 2003. Relevance of sexual polyploidization for crop improvement. Euphytica 133:3-18. Ramanna, M.S., Kuipers, A.G.J. and Jacobsen E. 2003. Occurrence of numerically unreduced (2n) gametes in Alstroemeria interspecific hybrids and their significance for sexual polyploidisation. Euphytica 133:95-106 Van Creij, M.G.M., Van Raamsdonk, L.W.D. and Van Tuyl, J.M. 1993. Wide interspecific hybridization of Lilium: preliminary results of the application of pollination and embryo-rescue methods. Lily Yearbook N Am Lily Soc 43:28-37 Van Tuyl, J.M., Meijer, H. and Van Diën, M.P. 1992. The use of oryzalin as an alternative for colchicine in in-vitro chromosome doubling of Lilium and Nerine. Acta Hortic 325: 625-630 Van Tuyl, J.M. and Boon, E. 1997. Variation in DNA-content in the genus Lilium. Acta Hort 430:829-835 Van Tuyl, J.M. and De Jeu, M.J. 1997. Methods for overcoming interspecific crossing barriers. In: Shivanna, K-R. and Sawhney, V-K. (eds) Pollen biotechnology for crop production and improvement. Cambridge University Press, pp 273-293 Van Tuyl, J.M., Van Dijken, A. Chi, H-S., Lim, K-B., Villemoes, S. and Van Kronenburg, B.C.E. 2000. Breakthroughs in interspecific hybridization of lily. Acta Hortic 508: 83-88 Van Tuyl, J.M., Chung, M-Y., Chung, J-D. and Lim, K-B. 2002a. Introgression with Lilium hybrids: Introgression studies with the GISH method on L. Longiflorum x Asiatic, L. longiflorum x L. rubellum and L. auratum x L. henryi The lily yearbook of the NALS 55: 17-22, 70-72. Van Tuyl, J. M., Maas, I.W.G.M. and Lim, K-B. 2002b. Introgression in interspecific hybrids of lily. Acta Hortic 570: 213-218. Veronesi, F., Mariani A. and Bingham, E.T. 1986. Unreduced gametes in diploid Medicago and their importance in alfalfa breeding. Theor Appl Genet 72: 17–41 TABLES
FIGURES
Figure 1. Chromosome complements showing a triploid and a tetraploid chromosome number. (a) 36 chromosomes of 022604-7, plant with four recombinant chromosomes (arrows). The biotin-labeled Oriental DNA was detected with the Cy3-streptavidin system (pink fluorescence) and Asiatic chromosomes were counter stained with DAPI (blue fluorescence) (b) A tetraploid chromosome complement of 022604-4, showing five recombinant chromosomes. The probe DNA used and detection were the same as for (a). Bar represents 10 µm. | ||||||||||||||||
