Zoya Proshina The abc and Controversies of World Englishes ббк 81

Conclusion

The awareness of a new linguistic paradigm, the paradigm of World Englishes that has emerged in the second half of the 20^th century, has given rise to a great number of old philosophical questions about the interrelations of language and community, language and speech, language and mind, and language and culture. This book has discussed ten major problems: 1) the good and the bad of the English language becoming a global language; 2) English being one language or a number of new entities called varieties; 3) relevance of endonorms and exonorms for speakers of English; 4) existence of one standard or diversity of local norms; 5) dependence on native speakers and the role of non-native speakers; 6) correlation between static stages of one’s interlanguage and dynamic lectal cline of a speech community; 7) contrasts and similarities of the concepts ‘innovation / deviation’ and “error”; 8) contradiction between the desire to express one’s ethnic identity through English and intercultural pragmatic interpretability; 9) description of some varieties and challenges in their acceptance, and 10) influence of English on translation tendencies. Many of the ideas expressed here are provocative enough and continue to be debated heatedly for many decades on end. However, the line of the proponents of the paradigm is just getting more and more firmly established in these discussions. This line consists in the following theses:

1. 
   The spread of English is a natural linguistic phenomenon caused by a number of reasons. Knowledge of English is essentially beneficial for people who have a tool for global communication but it may be dangerous in case of promoting political and lingocentrical dominance, which results in ignoring the rights of other than Anglophone peoples and their cultures.
   
2. 
   English has become a pluricentric language actualized in diverse varieties enriched by localized cultures. These varieties are categorized into three main types schematized by Kachru’s Three Circles – Inner, Outer, and Expanding Circles.
   
3. 
   The pluricentric character of modern English reveals flexibility and continuum of its normative status: from the endonorms of Inner Circle Englishes through developing norms of Outer Circle Englishes, deviating from the norms of the Inner Circle varieties and geared to become endonorms on their own, to exonorms of the Expanding Circle Englishes dependent on British and American norms, usually mixed.
   
4. 
   The concepts of World Englishes and International English, though close, differ in their approach to the pluricentricity. While the EIL conceptualization focuses on the single core common for all Englishes, the WE theory lays emphasis on diversity and plurality of varieties, with all localized Englishes being equal.
   
5. 
   Today English is everybody’s ownership. It equally belongs to its native speakers and non-native speakers. Traditionally understood as non-native speakers, English-knowing bilinguals are now considered to be native speakers of their local variety of English. Thus the edge between native and non-native speakers has become blurred.
   
6. 
   A variety of English, used by a speech community, is a lectal continuum, or cline, the lower point of which is basilect and the upper point is acrolect, the middle of the continuum called mesolect. Any description of a variety as a world English is based on the part of the continuum between mesolectal and acrolectal levels typical of educated users. The term “interlanguage” is rejected by the WE paradigm because it is a psycholinguistic concept characteristic of individual speech with its fossilized acrolectal, mesolectal, and basilectal stages.
   
7. 
   Every variety of world Englishes differs from another variety by its innovations and deviations observed on all levels of the language structure. These deviations are systematic and typical of the variety of educated users. In norm-developing Englishes of the Outer Circle they tend to be standardized and codified.
   
8. 
   Being acculturized and nativised, world Englishes express a language identity of their users, which is most manifest in creative writing of the so called contact literature. To be well interpreted internationally, the pragmatics of a world English needs to be studied by would-be communicators. Intelligibility and comprehensibility of local Englishes, with their innovations and deviations, also require studying to establish successful communication.
   
9. 
   Local Englishes, being in proximity to each other and referring to the same geographical area, prove to have many linguistic features in common, though they can belong to different language families, which makes it possible to include them into larger entitites – regional varieties, such as South Asian, East Asian, European, a.o. Englishes. The acceptance of local Englishes varies in the Outer and Expanding Circles and within the Circles. In the Outer Circle, most Englishes are considered to be a means of linguacultural identity, whereas the attitude towards the Expanding Circle Englishes, Russia English in particular, is often negative as it is regarded as a hybridized erroneous entity characteristic of low level of the language command.
   
10. 
    Wider use of world Englishes for intercultural communication, especially with non-native speakers, has an impact on the ways of translating local words borrowed into other languages through Englishes. Though today the tendency towards a direct translation still prevails, there are evident traces of the influence of English on loanwords through intermediary translation. Thus a translator dealing with English as a link language has to take into account a balance between trends of direct and indirect translations.
    

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