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1 David Crystal echoes Jim Erickson’s story (1998), heard from Al Gore, about the eight-year-old son of Kyrgyzstan’s President Akayev, who told his father that he had to learn English. When asked why, the boy replied: “Because the computer speaks English.” (Crystal 2001: 216) Indeed, out of the mouths of babes comes truth.

2 The term ‘foreign’ is currently avoided in linguistics and intercultural studies due to its negative connotation (‘alien,’ ‘odd’, ‘frightening’)

3 In its original sense, the term lingua franca referred to the jargon of the maritime contacts of Arabs with Europeans. Then it meant the language of commerce in the Adriatic sea. It was a primitive language without much individual variation. Today the term is redefined and it lacks its original connotations (Kachru 1996: 906-907)

4 Ambilingual means ‘with equal competence in two languages’

5 The terms are actually synonymous, though the Routledge Dictionary of language and Linguistics tends to differentiate them: linguistic norms are social expectations, which determine the forms of suitable linguistic interaction within the boundaries of the linguistic system; and standard is the historically legitimated, panreginal, oral and written language form of the social middle or upper class (Bussman 1996: 283,451) (highlighted by Z.P.).

6 See the discussion in more detail in Lovtsevich (2007)

7 See the description of Mongolian English in (Cohen 2005: 203-216)

8 See http:// www.asia2000.com.hk ; http://www.dimsum.com.hk

9 The distinction of Russia English - Russian English – Ruslish relates to the cline of bilingualism with its acrolectal – mesolectal – basilectal levels. (See Chapter 6 and 9 East Asian Englishes)

10 In detail see (Прошина 2007)

11 This word is not Mandarin, as well as Uigur, it should be transliterated like an English word.

12 This word is not Mandarin, so it should be transliterated like an English word

13 This word is not Mandarin, so it should be transliterated like an English word, ending in non-palatalized -н

14 The apostrophe helps to divide the syllables in the word.

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