Objectives
The program was developed
to provide intense training, support, and follow-up for male participants with the goal of increasing their reproductive health knowledge and ability to make healthy lifestyle choices.
Audience
Male high school students between the ages of 14 and 17 residing in urban Chicago participate in the program. Initially recruited through physician referrals, school contacts, and flyers, prospective participants must pass a drug test after applying for admission. Virtually no participants are teenage fathers, and the cohort of participants typically represents a mixture of life experiences.
Implementation
Program staff screen applications submitted on an annual basis from prospective participants. Typically, 75 applications are received and a maximum of 25 youth are chosen to participate in the program. High attrition rates account for a loss of approximately 50 percent of participants throughout the year.
Training consists of basic peer advocacy at different intensities throughout the year. During the summer months, the adolescents meet three days a week for eight weeks. The intensity decreases to two- to three-hour sessions once a week, in addition to one or two sessions on Saturdays each month during the academic year.
Staff conduct community outreach activities (including gender-relations content) and present creative “Let’s Talk About It” sessions to participants and their parents. Female peer educators who train participants provide the boys with an opportunity to interact with the opposite sex in a positive and nonsexual manner. The project coordinator,
a former basketball player, develops a personal relationship with each participant and describes the particulars of the program to participants’ parents at the outset of the program. After training, alumni are hired as peer advocates and are compensated on a graded wage system for attending training sessions and for working in the field distributing condoms and sharing the lessons they learned from the program.
Evaluation and Outcomes
Data for evaluation will be gathered from both participants and their parents. Intake, three-month, six-month, and year-end data are available for the first three participant groups. Data are collected according to curriculum topic and include the following information: demographics, attitudinal changes, communication abilities, and levels of condom use. Qualitative data are gathered through interviews with participants and their families.
Funding Sources
This demonstration project is supported by an annual budget of $125,000 provided by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services/Public Health Service Region V Office of Family Planning.
Contact Information
Pat W. Mosena, Ph.D.,
Project Director
5646 South Kimbark Avenue
Chicago, IL 60637
Tel: (773) 288-1682
E-mail:
mosena@aol.com
Sources
Mosena, Pat. 2003.
Peer Advocates for Health: A community-based program to improve reproductive health and lifestyle choices among adolescent males in Chicago (oral and PowerPoint presentation). Presented to Reaching Men to Improve Reproductive Health for All Conference, Dulles, Virginia.
Documents provided by Pat Mosena.
Title
|
Site
|
Audience & Scale
|
Objectives
|
Methods
|
Evaluation Type & Scale
|
Main Successes
|
Main Problems
|
Dates
|
CANTERA
|
Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua
|
250 adult men
|
Analyze social attitudes, values, behaviors, and masculinity as social construction
|
Theme-centered workshops (one with women); empathy exercises; films; training manual
|
Quantitative and qualitative data from 112 men; baseline; women's input
|
Less “macho” attitudes and sexist discrimination; greater solidarity with women
|
Participants not representative of general population; funding inadequate
|
1994–1997
|
New Visions
|
Egypt
|
1,900 men aged 14–20 years
|
Change gender norms related to the reproductive health
|
65 educational sessions implemented through NGOs and youth councils
|
KAP* surveys in three rural villages, one as control; baseline and follow-ups [T0 and T0 + T1 ]
|
Increased sense of gender equity, belief in shared responsibilities, and opposition to genital mutilation
|
Post-intervention (T0 + T2) data unavailable; “entrenched norms” little changed.
|
2002–2004
|
Better Life Options
|
India
|
Nearly 8,500 boys aged 10–19 in 11 states
|
Challenge gender inequities and broaden life options
|
Training module to empower youth in three settings with different facilitators
|
Pre-/post-intervention precoded interviews with 2,379 boys; anecdotal evidence from female peers+F7
|
Increased knowledge of peaceful conflict resolution, sexual harassment, and requirements for healthy pregnancy. Increased belief in appropriateness of education for boys and girls.
|
Low percentage changes in KAP suggest need to revise project design
|
2002–Present
|
Conscientizing Male Adolescents
|
Nigeria
|
More than 2,000 adolescents boys in secondary school
|
Foster critical thinking and communication skills to ultimately challenge sexist behavior, gender oppression and norms
|
Dialogue technique in bilevel curriculum
|
Systematic evaluation plan developed in 2002; informal in-depth interviews
|
Anecdotal reports of positive behavior changes; increased critical analysis of social problems and mobilization of small advocacy campaigns
|
Need to institute evaluation technique with uniform methodology to conduct to chart impact
|
1995–Present
|
MYMTC
|
South Africa
|
More than 2,000 adolescent boys in secondary school
|
Create an enabling environment, improve communication skills, encourage healthy lifestyle choices
|
Drama techniques (e.g., stop start and forum theater; performances and focus groups)
|
Qualitative data gathered in focus groups with 60 participants (both male and female)
|
Increased openness to ideas of gender equity
|
Most noticeable results among female participants and unclear evaluation methods
|
1991 for one month
|
Men as Partners
|
South Africa
|
200 men in 8 provinces (and 50 female partners)
|
Confront patriarchal beliefs and mobilize men to be active in the fight against GBV† and HIV
|
Workshops in various settings based on three core elements using interactive activities to stimulate discussion in context of the country's history
|
Longitudinal evaluation with control group comparison
|
Increased belief in equal rights for men and women; decreased acceptability of sexual and physical violence against women
|
Funding issues to sustain support for former participants
|
1998–Present
|
Talking
Man-To-Man
|
Brazil
|
67 men referred by the Justice Department, mostly 32–45 years of age
|
Create an enabling environment and prevent GBV† through male responsibility
|
Male-only reflexive groups on theme-centered schedule with small numbers of men
|
Focus groups conducted after reflexive groups
|
Improved communication in intimacy; increased empathy for victims of violence; heightened realization that masculinity norm can adversely affect men
|
Lack of data for control group
|
2000–2002
|
Program H
|
Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Jamaica, Mexico, Peru
|
Adolescent boys 15–24 years old
|
Promote reproductive health and gender equity
|
Male-only group workshops to analyze health costs of traditionally defined masculinity, redefine this construct, use educational materials developed by program
|
Gender Equity Evaluation project will be used to collect and quantitative data relative to normative change
|
Responses to 18 out of 24 GEM‡ Scale items indicate increased gender equitable attitudes
|
Lack of availability of detailed evaluation data
|
Ongoing
|
Puntos de Encuentro
|
Nicaragua
|
Men 20–39 years old
|
Promote male responsibility for GBV† and capacity to avoid it; have men recognize GBV consequences outside the family
|
Multimedia campaign with magazine, television, and radio and promote campaign products
|
Pre-/post-intervention focus groups and interviews
|
Acknowledgment that GBV is a disaster tantamount to Hurricane Mitch; increased perceived ability to avoid GBV
|
|
1999
|
Stepping Stones
|
Various continents
|
Communities
|
Transform gender relations, curb GBV,† increase understanding of how stigma and social constraints limit lives and health
|
Community-based program with theme-based workshops (male and female groups combine at end of session series)
|
Group discussions, structured interviews, and anecdotal evidence
|
More equitable distribution of home resources, greater commitment to healthy marriages, shared decision-making and communication
|
Lack of uniform evaluation module employed by all projects that use the materials
|
Varies by project
|
Soul City
|
South Africa
|
More than 14 million persons
|
Encourage introspective critical thinking to prompt changes in social norms
|
13 television episodes broadcast annually, complemented by print and radio
|
Multivariate analyses of national and sentinel site data; rural and urban; date-scaled and compared to control group, as possible
|
Demonstrated amplification effect if opinion leader changed; exposure showed significant dose effect for positive attitudes
|
|
1994
|
Strength Campaign
|
USA
|
Approximately 13,000 male adolescents in 18 secondary schools
|
Challenge constructions of masculinity: decrease incidence of date rape; foster solidarity among young men and women; create equitable and safe environments
|
Mass media and youth education (including workshops) organized around the theme line “My Strength is Not for Hurting”
|
Pre- and post-intervention surveys
|
Increased exposure to information about dating violence and increased perception of confidence to prevent date rape
|
Self-reported need to modify materials to more accurately depict gender equitable relationships
|
2001 (for one month)
|
Respect Campaign
|
United Kingdom
|
General population
|
Highlight issues of consent in personal relationships and promote gender equity and anti-discrimination
|
Mass media campaign involving print materials, convenience advertising, and paraphernalia with campaign’s messages
|
Qualitative and qualitative data collected from respondents affiliated with the Trust
|
Perception that campaign provided useful information and opinion on gender role changes for the better
|
Expand scope of evaluation; extend term of campaign
|
1998
|
Peer Advocates for Health
|
USA
|
Adolescent boys in secondary school
|
Increase knowledge of reproductive health and ability to make healthy lifestyle choices
|
Intensive peer advocacy training complimented by community outreach activities
|
Qualitative data from interviews with participants and their parents; quantitative data at baseline, three months, six months, and one year into the program
|
Currently analyzing the results of the project
|
High attrition rates and need to expand to other sites; lack of availability of post-intervention data
|
1999–2004
|
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