Men and Reproductive Health Programs: Influencing Gender Norms Prepared by

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Evaluation and Outcomes

Initial results are promising and indicate high levels of brand recognition of the Hora H condom, increased condom use with both stable and occasional partners, and positive gains on 18 out of 24 items on the Gender-Equitable Men (GEM) Scale. Improved performance on the GEM Scale confirms attitudinal changes related to gender-based violence, fatherhood, and gender equity. This normed scale is a Leichert-derivative scale comprised of two subscales that measure traditional and egalitarian norms with 17 and seven items, respectively. The following are examples of the norms measured by the scale: “There are times when a woman deserves to be beaten” (traditional) and “It is important that a father is present in the lives of his children, even if he is no longer with the mother” (egalitarian).

Funding Sources

Instituto PROMUNDO receives financial support from the Ford Foundation for its work in Brazil, from UNFPA for work in Central America, and from SSL International plc. The Gender Equity Promotion Evaluation Project receives technical and financial support from The Population Council/Horizons Project.

Contact Information

Instituto PROMUNDO

Rua México, 31

Bloco D, Sala 1502—Centro

Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 20031-144

Brazil

Tel: 55 21 2544-3114/3115

E-mail: promundo@promundo.org.br

www.promundo.org.br

Sources

Instituto PROMUNDO home page available at the following Web address: www.promundo.org.br. Accessed October 13, 2003.
Nascimento, Marcos. 2003. The Program H: Promoting condom use, health seeking behavior, and changes in gender norms among young men (oral and PowerPoint presentation). Presented at the Reaching Men to Improve Reproductive Health for All Conference, Dulles, Virginia.
Pulerwitz, Julie. 2003. Measuring gender-equitable norms: Applications of the GEM scale (oral and PowerPoint presentation). Presented at the Reaching Men to Improve Reproductive Health for All Conference, Dulles, Virginia.

Puntos de Encuentro

(Nicaragua)

Overview

This program was initiated in late July 1999 in response to background research that indicated that domestic violence increases in the aftermath of natural disasters. The implementation of Puntos de Encuentro was hastened by the occurrence of Hurricane Mitch in 2000, and the subsequent opportunity to ameliorate conjugal relations during the reconstruction period. The organization strives to foster linkages between Nicaraguan institutions in order to engender a more gender-equitable society.

Scope

Areas of Nicaragua that were affected by Hurricane Mitch in 2000.

Objectives

Activities guided by the principle of “Violence Against Women: A Disaster Men Can Avoid” and these two objectives:

Promote the idea that men possess both the responsibility and capacity to avoid violence toward their mates.
Recognize domestic violence as an issue with extensive repercussions. Not only does it adversely affect the familial unit, it also deteriorates the fabric and social reconstruction of the nation.

Audience

Two target audiences, one for each objective above. The first consisted of men who met the following criteria:

Between the ages of 20 and 39.
Residents of areas affected by Hurricane Mitch.
Ascribe to traditional beliefs about gender norms and a belief that violence is an acceptable way to resolve interpersonal conflict with their partner.
Attained at least a third-grade education and no more than a high school diploma.

Community leaders who influenced pubic opinion in the social contexts of the first group comprised the second target audience.

Implementation

A multimedia campaign was carried out in collaboration with local radio broadcasters, television channels, and print media to disseminate antiviolent models of gender relations. Mass media on a daily basis were used to suffuse the target communities with positive and quality messages that did not approach gender relations in an accusatory manner. The multimedia campaign included a television program titled “El Sexto Sentido,” articles featured in the La Boletina magazine with inserts, a nationally syndicated radio program, and paraphernalia such as caps and calendars touting the campaign’s themes.

Evaluation and Outcomes

Pretests were conducted July 1999 and posttests were conducted in February 2000. A quasi-experimental analysis of the program’s effect using quantitative and qualitative data included both control and target regions categorized by exposure status, as well as subsampled cultural profiles. The control and intervention groups were further stratified by exposure to any violence campaign, Encuentro’s or others’. Focus groups and individual interviews revealed the following:

After the campaign more men in the target regions considered conjugal violence and Hurricane Mitch to be commensurate disasters/calamities.
Similarly, in both the target and control areas, more men reported an increased perceived ability to avoid conjugal violence if they were exposed to the campaign (87 percent versus 73 percent in the target areas, and 72 percent versus 59 percent in the control areas). Generally, the men attributed this to respect for women’s rights, communication abilities, and their capacity to reason through a situation.
The campaign affected men regardless of their perceived degree of equitable behavior. Surprisingly, the greatest effect was reported among men categorized as “very controlling,” given their responses to four questions measuring gender equity in intimate relationships, but this may be due to underreporting by men grouped in other categories.

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