Introduction This is a supplement to the text showing tables. Light Need of light

Alga or flora Structure/ Stimulatory Reference

process induced chemical

Cyanophyceae
Anabaena iyengarii Akinete Nitrogen and Agrawal and

phosphorus Misra 2002

compounds
Anabaena spp. Akinete Nitrate,sulfate, Canabaeus 1929;

sodium chloride Kanta and Sarma

1980
Anabaena Akinete Ammonium Sarma and Garg

torulosa carbonate, 1985, Sarma et al.

bicarbonate, 2004

nitrate
Calothrix parietina Hormogonium Excess phosphate Wood et al.1986
Calothrix sp. Hormogonium Iron Douglas et al. 1986
Cylindrospermopsis Akinete Phosphorus Moore et al. 2003,

raciborskii (22- 75 μg/L) 2005
Gloeotrichia Akinete Iron, magnesium, Sinclair and

echinulata calcium, sulfate Whitton 1977
Nodularia Akinete Ammonium Pandey and

spumigena carbonate, nitrogen Talpasayi 1980;

and carbon Pandey 1989;

compounds Myers et al. 2011

(higher irradiance,

low and high salinities)

Nostoc PCC Akinete Presence of Sutherland et al. 1979;

7524 nitrogen source Ahluwalia and

Kumar 1983
Nostochopsis Akinete Nitrate, Agrawal and

lobatus phosphate, Misra 2002

other nutrients

of BG 11 medium
Scytonema Akinete Ammonium nitrate Sarma and Ghai

fritschii 1998
Westiellopsis Akinete Sodium chloride, Agrawal and

prolifica magnesium sulfate, Sharma 1994;

nitrate, phosphate, Agrawal and

other nutrients of Misra 2002

Bold’s basal medium

nitrogen Whitton 1987

agglutination

Jahn 1955;

Trainor 1959

Chlorella Autospore Calcium Carroll and Stiller

pyrenoidosa release 1975

(at low pH)

zoosporogenesis other nutrients

conjugation

sp. nitrogen Whitton 1987

magnesium

(> 1.0 mmol/L)


Micrasterias Zygote Carbon dioxide Imaizumi and

thomasiana in nitrogen- free Doida 1990

Waris medium

of NaHCO₃ Pickett- Heaps 1973

1968
Pandorina Mating, Calcium chloride, Rayburn 1974

strains 105- 106

Zoospore Sulfate and Nitrate O’Kelley and

formation, (for zoospore Herndon 1959,

release formation), 1961; O’Kelley

Calcium (for and Deason

zoospore release) 1962

formation, other nutrients Gupta and

zoospore release of Bold’ s basal Agrawal 2004 b

medium
Staurastrum sp. Conjugation Carbon dioxide Winter and Biebel

1967
Stigeoclonium Akinete Magnesium sulfate, Agrawal and

pascheri nitrate, phosphate Sarma 1982 b
Stigeoclonium sp. Zoospore Phosphorus, Gibson and Whitton

nitrogen 1987

Godward 1963

(7.5 mg/ 10 mL)

levels
Dictyota Reproduction Boron Nasr and Bekheet

(=F. edentatus) development

(=L. saccharina)

Dinoflagellates waters

Organic carbon compounds like acetate, citrate, fumarate; monosaccharides, oligosaccharides or polysaccharides (glucose, fructose, glucuronate or sugar); organic acids and alcohol at limited levels can act as a source of carbon and energy to induce reproduction in some algae (Table 8). Amino acids (tryptophan, tyrosine, aspartic acid, arginine, glutamic acid) at some low levels can be a source of carbon and nitrogen to some algae and induced reproduction in them (Table 8). Amino acid analogues like canavanine (an arginine analogue) and mixture of amino acids analogues (methionine- dl sulfoximine, hydroxylsine, thienyl- dl- alanine, azatryptophan) favored reproduction in some algae at low levels (Table 8) but amino acid serine at 100- 600 ppm inhibited akinete formation in Stigeoclonium pascheri (Agrawal 1988a). Thus some amino acids at suitable low levels were helpful to reproduction of some algae. Drugs (aminophylline and theophylline), cAMP and dibutyryl cAMP promote flagella agglutinability and mating in Chlamydomonas (Table 8).

Many algae required vitamins for survival and growth (auxotrophy). A limited levels of vitamin B₁ (thiamine) and B₁₂ (cyanocobalamine) induced zoosporogenesis in Cladophora glomerata, and of vitamine C (ascorbic acid) the auxospore formation in Melosira nummuloides. In Dinobryon cylindricum, encystment was induced by vitamin B_1, but sexual reproduction was inhibited by vitamin B₁, B₇ (biotin) and B₁₂ (Sandgren 1981). Vitamin B₁, B₂ and C at high levels inhibited akinete formation in Pithophora oedogonia (Agrawal 1988b) and vitamin C at high levels the akinete formation in Stigeoclonium pascheri (Agrawal 1988a). Only low levels of some vitamins may be helpful to reproduction of some algae.

Plant growth hormones IAA, GA₃ and kinetin at suitable low concentrations induced reproduction in some algae (Table 8). IAA and GA₃ at 0.01- 500 ppm decreased akinete formation in Pithophora oedogonia (Agrawal 1984). Only limited levels of some plant hormones can be useful to reproduction in algae. Exact role of plant hormones on algal reproduction is not known.

Alga or flora Structure/ Organic substance Reference

process induced responsible

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fumarate, citrate,

acetate
Anabaena Akinete Canavanine (an Wolk 1965;

cylindrica arginine analog), Nichols et al.

Neo- peptone, 1980; Sharma

some polypeptides, 1984; Hori

sodium acetate, et al. 2003

calcium glucuronate
Anabaena Akinete Glucose Tyagi 1974

doliolum
Anabaena Akinete Tryptophan, tyrosine Ahluwalia 1985

oscillarioides aspartic acid
Anabaena spp. Akinete Acetate, citrate Canabaeus 1929;

Kanta and Sarma

1980
Anabaena Akinete Acetate, citrate, Sarma and Garg

torulosa fructose 1985; Sarma

et al. 2004

(a mutant strain)

(at lower levels) Driessche 1984

formation aminophylline, Kooijman et al.

theophylline 1990
Chlamydomonas Agglutinability Dibutyryl- cAMP Greenwood 1973;

reinhardtii of gametes Goodenough 1989

Chlamydomonas Sexuality Kinetin, abscisic Ishiura 1976

sp. in dark acid (at lower levels)

zoosporogenesis

sulfoximine (MSO),

Ō- hydroxylsine (Hyl),

B- 2- thienyl- dl- alanine,

dl- 7- azatryptophan
Oedogonium hatei Oogonia IAA, GA₃ at lower Singh and

levels Chaudhary 1988

GA₃

(10- 500 ppm)
Trebouxia sp. Aplanospore IAA at lower levels Giles 1970
Trentepohlia Reproduction Auxins Jose and

effusa Chowdhary 1978
Ulothrix sp. Zoospore IAA, GA₃ at Conrad et al. 1959

lower levels

(45 μg/ 50 mL), Zeuthen 1967

(37.5 μg/ 50 mL),

Thiamine- HCl

(25 μg/ 50 mL),

Biotine

(0.05 μg/ 50 mL),

(22.5 μg/ 50 mL),

Dithioctic acid

( 0.5 μg/ 50 ml),

Pyridoxamine 2HCl

(2.5 μg/ 50 mL),

Pyridoxal- HCl

2.5 μg/ 50 mL)

L- tryptophan Starr et al. 1980;

Miller and Starr

1981; Jaenicke

1982

Xanthophyceae
Vaucheria sessilis Zoospore IAA at suitable von Denffer and

concentration Hustede 1955;

Hustede 1957

Bacillariophyceae
Coscinodiscus Spermatogenesis Methanol (40 mg/L) Werner 1971

asteromphalus
Melosira Auxospore Ascorbic acid Bruckmayer-

nummuloides Berkenbusch 1954

Rhodophyceae
Porphyra sp. Asexual Purines Teramoto and

reproduction Kinoshita 1960

(=L. japonica) sori Mizuta 2002

members sori

In some blue-green algae like Anabaena circinalis, A. torulosa, Cylindrospermum licheniforme, Nodularia spumigena and Westiellopsis prolifica, culture filtrates from sporulating cultures hasten the sporulation in the vegetative cells of the same alga (Table 9). But such was not the case in Anabaena cylindrica (Whitton 1965), Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (Rother and Fay 1979), Nostoc ellipsosporum (Ahluwalia and Kumar 1983) and Nostoc PCC 7524 (Sutherland et al. 1979). In many green and brown algae, female gametes or eggs released volatile secretions (pheromones/ gamones) which induced synchronous spermatozoid release and chemotaxis (Table 9).

flora process induced

from the centrifugal and Wolk 1979

supernatant fluid of a, b; Lang 1980;

sporulating cultures Van De Water and

Simon 1982
Nodularia Akinete Culture filtrate from Pandey and

spumigena sporulating culture Talpasayi 1980

of the alga

alga

by female strains Starr 1996

gametes
Chlamydomonas Agglutination Gamone (glycoprotein) Moewus 1933;

eugametos of gametes liberated by female Förster et al.

gametes 1956; Lens et al.

1980
Chlamydomonas Mating Gamone produced by Tsubo 1961;

moewusii female gametes McLean et al.

1974
Chlamydomonas Sperm Extracellular sperm- Pascher 1931

of the alga

lysis of factor from gametes, Adair 1985;

gametes, agglutinins (extrinsic Asamizu et al.

agglutination glycoproteins rich in 2000; Shrager

hydroxyproline and et al. 2003

serine)
Closterium Diffentiation Sexual pheromone Kato and Sasaki

towards mt^- cells, 2003; Akatsuka

sexual fusion et al. 2006;

Yuki et al. 2010

conjugation by cells

(=Monostroma

sperm and diffusible substance Hoffman 1960;

androspore secreted by oogonia Rawitscher- Kunkel

to oogonia or oogonial mother cell and Machlis 1962;

(named circein in Machlis 1962;

Oe. donnelli) Machlis and

Rawitscher- Kunkel

1967; Machlis et al.

1974; Hill 1980;

Hill et al. 1989;

Maier 1993

attraction substance by eggs

male and female

gametes
Volvox spp. Development Culture filtrates from Darden 1966, 1970,

of sexual sexual population 1971, 1973, 1974;

coenobia having species- Kochert 1968;

specific pheromones Starr 1968, 1969,

1970 a, b, 1971,

1972; McCracken

1970; McCracken

and Starr 1970;

Van De Berg and

Starr 1971; Pall

1973; Starr and

Jaenicke 1974;

Karn et al. 1974;

Kochert and Yates

1974; Meredith and

Starr 1975; Starr

et al. 1980;

Weisshaar et al.

1984; Wenzl and

Sumper 1986;

Balshüsemann and

Jaenicke 1990;

Hallmann et al. 1998;

Hallmann 2003

to eggs

to source

release of

pheromone

release of

pheromone
Dictyota Attraction of Sex pheromone Müller et al. 1981

dichotoma spermatozoids (dictyopterene c’)

to eggs secreted by eggs

spp. male gametes (ectocarpene) secreted Müller et al. 1971;

to female by female gametes Pohnert and Boland

gametes 2002

of sperms (fucoserratene) 1951; Raper 1952;

secreted Müller and Jaenicke

by eggs 1973; Müller and

Seferiadis 1977
Laminariales Sperm release, Lamoxirene (cis- 2- Maier 1982;

(Laminariaceae, chemotactic cyclohepta-2´,5´- Maier and Müller

Examples: luring eggs pheromone 1988, 2001

(=Laminaria),

eggs
Syringoderma Male Male- attractant (viridiene) Müller et al. 1982 a

Many algae formed physiological resting stages, resting cells, palmelloid condition, aplanospore, akinete, cyst or thick- walled cyst when subjected to desiccation (physical water stress) or increased osmolarity (physiological water stress, Table 10).

Zoospore (or gamete) formation in algae required presence of liquid water or liquid medium (Table 11) and the process was inhibited when algae were exposed to solid substratum or drought.


Table 10 Physical water stress (desiccation) or physiological water stress (increased salinity) induced the formation of aplanospore, akinete or cyst in many algae

Alga or flora Structure/ Type of water Reference

process induced stess

Cyanophyceae

Chroococcidiopsis Resting forms Desiccation Caiola et al. 1996

sp. of isolated cells

(obtained from

a lagoon)

Chlorophyceae
Boergesenia Aplanospore Concentrated Enomoto and

forbesii sea water (× 2.0) Hirose 1972
Chlorococcum Aplanospore Drought Bold 1930

infusionum
Chlorophyceae Thick wall Desiccation Coleman 1983

members (many) resting cells

Borowitzka and

Huisman 1993


Eudorina sp. Palmelloid Progressive Schreiber 1925

condition desiccation

condition desiccation

sp. 1978
Protosiphon Coenocyst Drying of Oltmanns 1922;

(intense sunlight, 1935

increasing

temperature)

Diatoms