Хайнц Хекхаузен Психология мотивации достижения

Количественное измерение мотивации достижения посредством метода ТАТ не переродилось в типологию. Напротив, оно объединило грандиозную сеть исследований. Возможно, о мотивации достижения мы знаем сегодня больше, чем о других мотивах человеческого поведения, хотя Ах и Левин начали свои исследования в этой области только около четырех десятилетий назад.

Данное изложение не оканчивается разделительной чертой, как это принято при завершении одной из глав учебника по психологии. Сопоставимые друг с другом феномены в различных исследовательских областях предполагают множество пересечений на теоретическом уровне. Специалисты могут справедливо усомниться в целесообразности этого, поскольку затрагиваются их области интересов, однако они не могут отрицать возможности интеграции результатов исследований для заложения основы теории мотивации. С этой точки зрения психометрика должна только сожалеть об упущенных возможностях использования тестовых характеристик метода ТАТ. Он не отвечает требованиям хорошего теста для индивидуальной диагностики и, возможно, никогда не будет им отвечать. Его чувствительность к ситуационным переменным, к счастью, не позволяет ему быть включенным в категорию диагностических тестов. Его недостатки, однако, обернулись достоинствами уже в самых первых исследованиях. Они привели к неожиданным результатам и стимулировали экспериментаторов продолжать поиски. Впоследствии это привело к ясному пониманию того, сколь тесно связана мотивация с взаимодействием устойчивых и ситуационных факторов.

Бесплодность большинства современных методологических подходов больше не вызывает сомнений. Анализ мотивации достижений в настоящее время охватил весь мир, а не только Соединенные Штаты; она исследуется в Японии, Австралии, Бразилии, Германии, Англии, Италии и Голландии. Все еще кажется весьма вероятным, что результаты ближайшего будущего останутся достойными вложенного труда. Более того, эта область исследований всегда благодатна для тех, кто склонен сомневаться в результатах, полученных коллегами. Для достижения данной цели нам стоит только объединить неявный макет эксперимента со слегка измененным методом измерения, и нам обеспечен полный провал в контрольном эксперименте. "Игра" с интерпретацией все еще предоставляет столько возможностей, что и в ней нельзя быть уверенным. Будущим исследованиям еще только предстоит отсекать лишние.

Ach, N. Uber den Willensakt und das Temperament. Leipzig: Quelle and Meyer, 1910. Allport, G.W. Personality. New York: Holt, 1937.

Alper, Thelma G. Memory for completed and incompleted tasks as a function of personality: an analysis of group data. J. abnorm. soc. Psycho!., 1946, 41, 403-420.

Alper, Thelma G. The interrupted task method m studies of selective recall: a revaluation of some recent experiments. Psycho!.. Rev, 1952, 59, 71-88.

Alper, Thelma G. Predicting the direction of selective recall: its relation to ego strength and n Achievement. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1957,55,149-165.

Alpert, R., and Haber, R.N. Anxiety in academic achievement situations. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1960, 61, 207-215.

Amtsblatt der Evangelischen Kirche in Deutschland: 1954, 8, Statistische Beilage No 13. Religionszugehorigkeit und Berufsziele der Studierenden an den wissenschaftlichen Hochschulen in Westdeutschland und in West-Berlin im Wintersemester 1953/1954.

Anderson, R. G. Failure imagery in the fantasy of eighth graders as a function of three conditions of induced arousal. J. educ. Psycho!., 1962, 53,293-298.

Angelini, A.L. Studies in projective measurement of achievement motivation of Brazilian students, males and females. Proc. 15 intern. Congr., Brussels 1957. Ada Psycho!., 1959, XV, 359-360.

Argyle, M., and Robinson, P. Two origins of achievement motivation. Brit. J. soc. din. Psycho!., 1962, 1, 107-120.

Aronson, E. The need for achievement as measured by graphic expression. 1958. In J. VV. Atkinson, 1958e. Pp. 249-265.

Atkinson, J. W. The achievement motive and recall of interrupted and completed tasks. J. exp. Psycho!., 1953, 46, 381-390.

Atkinson, J. W. Motivational determinants of risk-taking behavior. Psycho!. Rev., 1957, 64, 359-372. (Also in Atkinson, 1958c.)

Atkinson, J. W. Towards experimental analysis of human motivation in terms of motives, expectancies, and incentives. 1958. In J. W. Atkinson, 1958e. Pp. 288-305. (a)

Atkinson, J. W. Thematic apperceptive measurement of motives within the context of a theory of motivation. 1958. In J. W. Atkinson, 1958e. Pp. 596-616. (b)

Atkinson, J.W. (Ed.). Motives in fantasy action, and society. Princeton: Van Nostrand, 1958.

Atkinson, J. W. Discussion of Dr. Lazarus' paper. In J. Kagan and G. S. Lesser (Eds.), Contemporary issues in thematic apperceptive methods. Springfield, 111.: Charles С Thomas, 1961. Pp. 72-82.

Atkinson, J. W. An introduction to motivation. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1964.

Atkinson, J. W., and Cartwright, D. Some neglected variables in contemporary conceptions of decision and performance. Psycho!. Rep., 1964, 14, 575-590.

Atkinson, J. W., and Litwin, G. H. Achievement motive and test anxiety conceived as motive to approach success and motive to avoid failure. J. abnorm. soc. Psycho!., 1960, 60, 52-63.

Atkinson, J. W.. and Miller, D. R. Parental experiences in child training. Univer. of Michigan, 1956.

Atkinson, J. W., and Raphelson, A. C. Individual differences in motivation and behavior in particular situations. J. Pers., 1956, 24, 349-363.

Atkinson, J. W., and Reitman, \V. R. Performance as a function of motive strength and expectancy of goal attainment. J. abnorm. soc. Psycho!., 1956, 53, 361-366. (Also in Atkinson, 1958c).

Atkinson, J. W., Bastian, J. R., Earl, R. W., and Litwin, G. H. The achievement motive, goal-setting, and probability preferences. J. abnorm. soc. Psycho!., 1960,60,27-36.

Bandura, A. Social learning through imitation. In M. R. Jones (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation, 1962. Lincoln, Neb.: Univer. of Nebraska Press, 1962. Pp. 211-269.

Bandura, A., and Mischel, W. Modification on self-imposed delay of reward through exposure to live and symbolic models. J. Pers. soc. Psycho!., 1965,2,698-705.

Barnette, W. L. A structured and semi-structured achievement measure applied to a college sample. Educ. psycho!. Measmt, 1961, 21, 647-656.

Barry, H., Bacon, M. K., and Child, I. L. A cross-cultural survey of some sex differences in socialization. J. abnorm. soc. Psycho!., 1957, 55, 327-332.

Bartenwerfer, H. Pulsrhythmikmerkmale als Indikatoren der psychischen Anspannung. Psycho!. Beitr, I960, 4, 7-25.

Bartmann, T. Der Einfluss von Zeitdruck auf die Leistung und das Denkverhalten bei Volksschiilem. Psycho!. Forsck, 1963, 27, 1-61.

Bartmann, T. Denkerziehung im progratnmierten Unterricht. Miinchen: Manz, 1965.

Beller, E. K. Dependency and autonomous achievement striving related to orality and anality in early childhood. ChildDeve!pm., 1957, 28, 287-315.

Bendig, A. W. Predictive and postdictive validity of need achievement measures. J. educ. Res., 1958, 52, 119-120.

Bendig. A. W. Comparative validity of objective and projective measures of need achievement in predicting students' achievement in introductory psychology. J. gen. Psycho]., 1959, 60, 237-243.

Berkowitz, L. The effects of observing violence. Scientific Amen, 1964, 210,35-41.

Berkowitz, L., and Rowlings, Edna. Effects of film violence on inhibitions against subsequent aggression. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1963, 66,405-412.

Berlew, D. E. Interpersonal sensitivity and motive strength. J. abnorm. soc. Psycho!., 1961, 63, 390-394.

Berlew, D. E., and Williams, A. F. Interpersonal sensitivity under motive arousing conditions. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1964, 68,150-159.

Berlyne, D. E. Conflict, arousal, and curiosity. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1960.

Bialer, I. Conceptualization of success and failure in mentally retarded and normal children. J. Pers., 1961, 29, 303-320.

Birney, R. C. Thematic content and the cue characteristics of pictures. In J. W. Atkinson (Ed.), Motives in fantasy, action, and society. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1958. Pp. 630-643. (a)

Birney, R. C. The achievement motive and task performance: a replication. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1958, 56, 133-135. (b)

Birney, R. C. The reliability of the achievement motive. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1959, 58, 266-267.

Birney, R. C. Research on the achievement motive. In E. F. Borgatta and W. F. Lambert (Eds.), Handbook of personality theory and research. Chicago, 111.: Rand McNally (in press).

Birney, R. C, Burdick, H., and Teevan, R. С Analysis of TAT stones for hostile press thema. Paper read at EPA, April, 1961.

Bottcher, Helga. Uber das Zeiterleben junger und alter Erzahler von TAT-Geschichten, Unpublished manuscript. Psychol. Inst. Univer. Munster, 1963.

Botha, Elize, and Close, Anne. Achievement motivation and speed of perception in relation to reading skill. Percept, mot. Skills, 1964, 19, 74.

Bradbum, N. M. n Achievement and father dominance in Turkey. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1963, 67,464-468.

Brody, N. n Achievement, test anxiety' and subjective probability of success in risk taking behavior. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1963, 66, 413- 418.

Brovennan, D. M., Jordan, E. J., and Phillips, Leslie. Achievement motivation in fantasy and behavior. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1960, 60, 374-378.

Brown, J. F. Liber die dynamischen Eigenschaften der Realitats und Irrealitatsschichten. Psychol. Forsch, 1933, 18,2-26.

Brown, J. S. Problems presented by the concept of acquired drives. In M. R. Jones (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation 1953. Lincoln, Neb.: Univer. Nebraska Press, 1953. Pp. 1-21.

Brown, R. W. A determinant of the relationship between rigidity and authoritarianism. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1953, 48, 469-476.

Biihler, Charlotte. Der menschliche Lebenslauf als psychologisches Problem. Gottingen: Hogrefe, 1959.

Biihler, K. Abriss der geistigen Entwicklung des Kindes. Leipzig: Quelle and Meyer, 1919.

Burdick, H. A. Need for achievement and schedules of variable reinforcement. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1964, 68, 302-306.

Burnstein, E. Fear of failure, achievement motivation, and aspiring to prestigeful occupations. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1963, 67, 189-193.

Burnstein, E., Moulton, R., and Liberty, P. Prestige vs. excellence as determinants of role attractiveness. Amer. sociol Rev., 1963,28,212-219.

Butterneid, E. C. The interruption of tasks: methodological, factual, and theoretical issues. Psychol. Bull, 1964, 62, 309-322.

Cameron, Ann, and Storm, T. Achievement motivation in Canadian Indian middle- and working-class children. Psychol. Rep., 1965,16,459-463.

Carney, R. E. The effect of situational variables on the measurement of achievement motivation. (Prelim, draft). Indiana Univ., 1964. (a)

Carney, R. E. Validation of an objective measure of achievement motivation. (Preliminary draft). Indiana Univer., 1964. (b)

Carney, R. E. Research with a recently developed measure of achievement motivation. Percept, mot. Skills, 1965,21,438.

Carney, R. E., and McKeachie, W. J. Religion, sex, social class, probability of success, and student personality. J. sci. Stud. Religion, 1963, 3, 32-42.

Caron, A. J. Curiosity, achievement, and avoidant motivation as determinants of epistemic behavior. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1963, 67, 535-549.

Caron, A. J., and Wallach, M. A. Recall of interrupted tasks under stress: A phenomenon of memory or learning? J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1957,55,372-381.

Caron, A. J., and Wallach, M. A. Personality determinants of repressive and obsessive reactions to failure-stress. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1959, 59, 236-345.

Cartwright, D. The effect of interruption, completion, and failure upon the attractiveness of activities. J. exp. Psychol, 1942,31, 1-16.

Chance, June E. Independence training and first graders' achievement. J. consult. Psychol, 1961,25, 149-154.

Child, I. L., Storm, Т., and Veroff, J. Achievement themes in folk tales related to socialization practice. 1958. In J. W. Atkinson, 1958c. Pp. 479-492.

Clark, R. A., and McClelland, D. C. A factor analytic integration of imaginative and performance measures of the need for achievement. J. gen. Psychol., 1956,55,73-83.

Clark, R. A., and Sensibar, Minda R. The relationship between symbolic and manifest projections of sexuality with some incidental correlates. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1955, 50, 327-334. (Also in J. W. Atkinson, 1958c).

Clark, R. A., Teevan, R., and Ricciuti, H. N. Hope of success and fear of failure as aspects of need for achievement. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1956, 53, 182-186. (Also in J. W. Atkinson, 1958c).

Cohen, J., and Hansel, M. Experimental risk-taking. Jb. Psychol. Psychother, 1955,3,382-388.

Cohen, J., and Hansel, С E. M. Gluck und Risiko. Frankfurt a.M.: Europ. Verlagsanstalt, 1961.

Cohen, A. R., and Zimbardo, P. G. An experiment on avoidance motivation. In J. W. Brehm and A. R. Cohen (Eds.), Explorations in cognitive dissonance. New York: Wiley, 1962. Pp. 143-151.

Cole, D., Jacobs, S., Zubok, Bea, Fagot, В., and Hunter, I. The relation of achievement imagery scores to academic performance. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1962,65,208-211.

Cooper, L. M, and Howell, R. J. A reformulation of the "fear of failure" and "hope of success" concepts, as measured on McClelland's need achievement test. J. soc. Psychol, 1961, 53, 81-85.

Coopersmith, S. A method for determining types of self-esteem. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1959, 59, 87-94.

Coopersmith, S. Self-esteem and need achievement as determinants of selective recall and repetition. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1960,60,310-317.

Crandall, V. J., and Rabson, Alice. Children's repetition choices in an intellectual achievement situation following success and failure. J. genet. Psychol, 1960,97,161-168.

Crandall, V. J., and Sinkeldam, С Children's dependent and achievement behaviors in social situations and their perceptual field dependence. J.Pers., 1964,32,1-22.

Crandall, V. J., Solomon, D., and Kellaway, R. Expectancy statements and decision times as functions of objective probabilities and reinforcement values/ Pers., 1955,24, 192-203.

Crandall, V. J., Katkovsky, W., and Preston, Anne. A conceptual formulation for some research on children's achievement development. Child Develpm., 1960, 31, 787-797. (a)

Crandall, V. J., Preston, Anne, and Rabson, Alice. Maternal reactions and the development of independence and achievement behavior in young children. Child Develpm., 1960, 31, 243-251. (b)

Crandall, V. J., Dewey, Rachel, Katkovsky, W., and Preston, Anne. Parents' attitudes and behaviors and grade-school children's academic achievement J. genet. Psychol., 1964,104,53-66.

Crockett, H. J. The achievement motive and differential occupational mobility in the united States. Amer. sociol. Rev., 1962, 27, 191-204.

Davids, A., and Sidman, J. A. A pilot study-impulsivity, time orientation, and delayed gratification in future scientists and in underachieving high school students. Except. Children, 1962, 29, 170-174.

DeCharms, R., and Moeller, G. H. Values expressed in American children's readers: 1800-1950. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1962, 64, 136-142.

DeCharms, R., and Dave, PrafulachandraN. Hope of success, fear of failure, subjective probability, and risk-taking behavior. J. Pers. soc. Psychol, 1965,1,558-568.

DeCharms, R., Morrison, W., Reitman, W., and McClelland, D. C. Behavioral correlates of directly and indirectly measured achievement motivation. In D. С McClelland (Ed.), Studies in motivation. New York: Appleton, 1955. Pp. 414-423.

Dember, W. N., Naime, R, and Miller, F. J. Further validation of the Alpert-Haber Achievement Anxiety Test. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1962, 65, 427-428.

Dembo, Tamara. Arger als dynamisches Problem. Psychol Forsch., 1931,15, 1-114.

Dennis, W. Are Hopi children noncompetitive? J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1955,50,99-100.

Diggory, J. C, and Morlock, H. C. Level of aspiration, or probability of success? J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1964,69, 282-289.

Diller, L. Conscious and unconscious self-attitudes after success and failure. J. Pers., 1954,23,1-12.

Douvan, Elizabeth. Social status and success strivings. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1956,52,219-223.

Douvan, Elizabeth, and Adelson, J. The psychodynamics of social mobility in adolescent boys. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1958, 56, 31-44.

Duffy, Elizabeth. The psychological significance of the concept of "arousal" or "activation." Psychol Rev., 1957, 64, 265-275.

Duker, H. Psychologische Untersuchiingen iiber freie und zwangslaufige Arbeit. Leipzig: Barth, 1931.

Duker, H. Uber ein Verfahren zur Untersuchung der psychischen Leistungsfahigkeit. Psychol. Forsch. 1949,23, 10-24.

du Preez, P. D. Judgment of time and aspects of personality, J. abnorm. soc. Psychology, 1964,69,228-233.

Easter, L. V., and Murstein, B. I. Achievement fantasy as a function of probability of success. J. consult. Psychol, 1964,28, 154-159.

Edwards, A. L. Edwards Personal Preference Schedule. New York: Psychol. Corp., 1954.

Edwards, W. The theory of decision-making. Psychol. Bull, 1954, 51,380-417.

Epstein, S. The measurement of drive and conflict in humans: theory and experiment. In M. R. Jones (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation 1962. Lincoln, Neb.: Univer. Nebraska Press, 1962. Pp. 127-209.

Eriksen, C. W. Psychological defenses and "ego strength" in the recall of completed and incompleted tasks. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1954, 49, 45-50.

Ertel, S. Die emotionale Natur des "semantischen Raumes." Psychol Forsch, 1964,28, 1-32.

Escalona, Sybille. The effect of success and failure upon the level of aspiration and behavior in manic-depressive psychoses. Univer. Iowa Stud. Child Welfare, 1940, 16, 199-302.

Eysenck, H. J. Dimensions of personality. London: Routledge, 1947.

Eysenck, H. J. The structure of human personality. (2nd ed.). London: Methuen. 1960.

Eysenck, H. J. The measurement of motivation. Scientific Amer, 1963, 208, 130-137.

Eysenck, H. J., and Maxwell, A. E. Reminiscence as a function of drive. Brit. J. Psychol, 1961, 52, 43-52.

Eysenck, H. J., and Willett, R. A. Performance and reminiscence in a symbol substitution task as a function of drive. Percept, mot. Skills, 1962, 15,389-390.

Fajans, Sara. Erfolg, Ausdauer und Aktivitat beim Saugling und Kleinkind. Psychol. Forsch, 1933, 17,268-305.

Feather, N. Т. Success probability and choice behavior. J. exp. Psychol, 1959, 58, 257-266. (a)

Feather, N. T. Subjective probability and decision under uncertainty. Psychol Rev., 1959, 66, 150-164 (b)

Feather, N. T. The relationship of persistence at a task to expectation of success and achievement-related motives. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1961, 63,552-561.

Feather, N. T. The study of persistence. Psychol Bull. 1962 59 94-115.

Feather, N. T. The relationship of expectation of success to reported probability, task structure, and achievement related motivation. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1963, 66, 231-238. (a)

Feather, N. T. Persistence at a difficult task with alternative task of intermediate difficulty. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol. 1963, 66, 604-609. (b)

Feather, N. T. Mowrer's revised two-factor theory and the motive-expectancy-value model. Psychol. Rev., 1963, 70, 500-515. (c)

Feather, N. T. The effect of differential failure' on expectation of success, reported anxiety, and response uncertainty. J. Pets., 1963, 31, 289-312. (d)

Feather, N. T. The relationship of expectation of success to need achievement and test anxiety. J. Pers. soc. Psychol, 1965,1,118-126. (a)

Feather, N. T. Performance at a difficult task in relation to initial expectancies of success, test anxiety, and need achievement. J. Pers., 1965, 33, 200-217. (b)

Feld, Sheila С Studies m the origins of achievement strivings. Dissertation Abstr. (Univer. Michigan), 1960, 20, 4707.

Ferdinand, W. Experimented Untersuchungen liber den Einfluss der personlichen Wichtigkeit des Materials auf das Behalten. Psychol Forsch, 1959,25,455-517.

Ferguson, Eva D. Ego involvement: a critical examination of some methodological issues. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1962, 64, 407-417.

Feshbach, S. The drive-reducing function of fantasy behavior. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1955, 50, 3-11.

Feshbach, S. The stimulating versus cathartic effects of a vicarious aggressive activity. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1961, 63, 381-385.

Festinger, L. A theoretical interpretation of shirts in level of aspiration. Psychol Rev., 1942, 49, 235-250.

Festinger, L. Theory of cognitive dissonance. Evanston, 111.: Row-Peterson, 1957.

Fisher, S. Achievement themes and directionality of autokinetic movement. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1961,63, 64-68.

Frank, J. D. Some psychological determinants of the level of aspiration. Amer. J. Psychol, 1935, 47, 285-293.

Frank, J. D. Level of aspiration test. In H. A. Murray (Ed.), Explorations in personality. New York: Oxford Univer. Press, 1938. Pp. 461-471.

Frank, L. K. Time perspectives. J. soc. Phil, 1939, 4, 293-312.

French, Elizabeth G. Interrelation among some measures of rigidity under stress and nonstress conditions. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1955, 51, 114-118. (a)

French, Elizabeth G. Some characteristics of achievement motivation. J. exp. Psychol, 1955, 50, 232-236. (Also m Atkinson, 1958c). (b)

French, Elizabeth G. Motivation as a variable in work-partner selection. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1956, 53, 96-99.

French, Elizabeth G. Development of a measure of complex motivation, 1958. In J. W. Atkinson, 1958e. Pp. 242-248. (a)

French, Elizabeth G. The interaction of achievement motivation and ability in problem-solving success. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1958, 57, 306-309. (b)

French, Elizabeth G., and Lesser, G. S. Some characteristics of the achievement motivation in women. J. abnorm soc. Psychol, 1964, 68, 119-128.

French, Elizabeth G., and Thomas F. H. The relation of achievement motivation to problem-solving effectiveness. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1958,56,45-48.

Freud, S. Die Traumdenhtng. (1900). Ges.Werke, ИЛИ. London: Imago, 1942.

Freud, S. DerDicker unddas Phcmtasieren. (1908). Ges. Werke, VII. London: Imago, 1941.

Fuchs, R. Cewissheit, Motivation und bedingter Reflex. MeisenheimJGlan: Hain, 1954.

Fuchs, R. Funktionsanalyse der Motivation. (Tiibinger Symposion iiber Motivation). Z exp. angew. PsychoL, 1963, X, 626-645.

Gardner, J. W. The relation of certain personality variables to level of aspiration. J. PsychoL, 1940, 9, 191-206.

Glixman, A. F. An analysis of the use of the interruption-technique in experimental studies of "repression." PsychoL Bull., 1948, 45, 491-506.

Gotzl, H. Beziehungen zwischen Leistungsmotivation, Zeitperspektive und Zeigarnik-Effekt. Unpublished manuscript, Psychol. Inst. Univer. Miinster, 1960.

Goldin, R G. Experimental investigation of selective memory and the concept of repression and defense: a theoretical synthesis. J. abnorm. soc. PsychoL, 1964,69,365-380.

Gordon, J. E. Relationships among mothers' n achievement, independence training attitudes, and handicapped children's performance. J. consult. PsychoL, 1959, 23, 207-212.

Gottschaldt,K. Der Auftau des kindlichenHandelns. Leipzig: Barth, 1933.

Gottschaldt, K. Diskussionsbeitrag zur Entwicklung des Leistungsverhaltens. Z PsychoL, 1961,165, 281-283.

Gough, H. G. California Psychological Inventory. Palo Alto, Calif.: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1957.

Gough, H. G. Achievement in the first course in psychology as predicted from the California Psychological Inventory. J. PsychoL, 1964, 57,419-430.