Exam Review Modified True/False
|
|  Yüklə 416.5 Kb.
|
Completion Complete each sentence or statement. 176. ____________________ is a measure of an atom's ability to attract a shared electron pair when it is participating in a covalent bond with another atom. The ____________________ (larger/smaller) this number, the stronger the atom attracts the electrons of a covalent bond. These numbers are given the symbol ____________________. For all noble gases, the value of these numbers is ____________________. When an electron pair is unequally shared, the atom that attracts the pair more strongly takes on a partial ____________________ charge and the atom that attracts the pair more weakly takes on a partial ____________________ charge. This forms a ____________________ bond. 177. The ____________________ ion has been characterized as a substance that gives rise to the properties of acidic solutions. The ____________________ ion has been identified as having the properties of a base. Whenever an acid and a base mix a ____________________ reaction occurs. An acid that ionizes completely is aqueous solution is called a ____________________ acid while an acid tat partially ionizes in aqueous solution is called a ____________________ acid. According to the Brønsted-Lowry concept an acid is a proton donor. According to this theory, if acetic acid ( 178. Carbohydrates are the most common organic materials of Earth. They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a _________________________ ratio. Carbohydrates are classified into three groups. The monosaccharides are partly classified by the number of carbons in their backbone. For example five-carbon sugars are called _________________________ while six-carbon sugars are called _________________________. When two or three monosaccharides join together they are called _________________________. The bond that links them together is called a(n) _________________________ linkage. When only two sugars bond together they are called a _________________________. When several hundred to several thousand sugars link together they are called a(n) _________________________. These substances are important either for energy storage such as _________________________ or structural support such as _________________________. 179. Lipids are a large group of hydrophobic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They are divided into four families: fats, phospholipids, steroids and waxes. Fats are the most common _________________________ molecules in living things. The most common fats in plants and animals are the _________________________. These contain _________________________ fatty acids and _________________________ molecule of glycerol. Fatty acids are long hydrocarbon chains with a single _________________________ group at one end. Fatty acids can be either saturated, if all the carbons have _________________________ single bonds, or unsaturated if they have one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. When glycerol reacts with a fatty acid a(n) _________________________ linkage is formed along with the production of _________________________. The membranes of cells are composed of phospholipids, molecules in which one of the fatty acids has been replaced by a(n) _________________________ group which is _________________________ polar and therefore very _________________________ with respect to water. The sterols contain four fused hydrocarbon rings and several different functional groups. One of the most well known sterols is _________________________, which is important in cell membrane structure, but has been linked to atherosclerosis. Waxes contain long-chain fatty acids linked to alcohols or carbon rings. They are good water-proofing substances. An example in plants would be _________________________, which forms a water-resistant coating on leaves. 180. The process of glycolysis occurs in the ____________________ and begins with a molecule of ____________________. Glycolysis is a(n) ____________________ process, as it does not require oxygen. Glycolysis is a ten step process the highlights of which involve ____________________ molecules of ATP being used to "prime" the beginning portion of the pathway. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is split into ____________________ carbon units. Each of these units reacts in the same way and ____________________ NADH are produced in total. ATP production involves a total of ____________________ molecules from substrate level phosphorylation for a net production from glycolysis of ____________________ ATP. 181. Cyanobacteria, formerly known as ______________________________, make up the largest group of photosynthesizing ______________________________. Cyanobacteria were probably the first organisms to use sunlight in the production of ______________________________ compounds from ______________________________ and ______________________________. Being the first to produce ______________________________ on a large scale, they paved the way for ______________________________ life on Earth.Cyanobacteria are closely related to the ______________________________ of higher plants and the ______________________________ theory gives an explanation as to how this association could have arisen. 182. Two ways in which plants have evolved to reduce the amount of photorespiration that can occur are the C4 and CAM pathways of photosynthesis. Both of these make use of the enzyme _________________________, which fixes carbon dioxide into a four carbon molecule. In the case of C4 plants, these molecules are made during the day in the _________________________ cells of the plant and then transferred to the _________________________ cells where it is decarboxylated to release _________________________, which then enters the Calvin cycle. The C4 mode of photosynthesis represents a _________________________ separation of the main events of photosynthesis. In CAM photosynthesis carbon dioxide is fixed during the _________________________ and stored as an organic acid in the _________________________. During the day, when the stomata are _________________________, the organic acids are decarboxylated and the Calvin cycle continues. The CAM mode of photosynthesis represents a _________________________ separation of the main events of photosynthesis. 183. After transcription, the first-formed mRNA is modified in eukaryotic cells. A ____________________ is added at the 5' end and a _____________________ made up of many ____________________ nucleotides is added at the 3' end. 184. At the end of translation, a ______________________________ protein causes the dismantling of the ______________________________ complex. 185. Pronociceptive _____________________ are signal molecules that amplify ____________________ sensation. 186. Sticky ends are short _________________________ lengths of DNA sticking out from double-stranded DNA that has been cut using certain restriction _________________________. 187. Blood vessel constriction and the release of aldosterone are controlled by the activated enzyme ____________________. 188. The scientist ____________________ organized a system still used today to classify organisms. 189. ____________________ is the process by which the remains or traces of an organism or its activity become part of sedimentary rock. 190. The theory that the same geological forces occurring in the present also occurred in the past is called ____________________ and was proposed by the scientist ____________________. 191. Individuals that have two copies of each type of chromosome are referred to as diploid. Those with more than two copies are ____________________. 192. Although physical separations are thought to be the most important form of ____________________ among populations, behaviour and habitat preferences may be important in some groups of organisms. 193. Darwin’s finches have a similar body plan, but increasingly different traits. These are examples of ______________________________ evolution. 194. The maximum rate at which a population can increase under ideal conditions is known as _________________________. 195. The most accurate method of estimating the number of fish in a large school in the ocean would be ___________________________________. 196. When two members of the same species rely on the same resources, ____________________ competition results. 197. If the human population of the planet can decrease its growth rate to 1.5%, the population will double in approximately ____________________ years. 198. The amount of energy lost between each level of an energy pyramid is ____________________, which means that we could support more people if we consumed more food from the ____________________ level of the pyramid. 199. Much of our agricultural land in Southern Ontario has been lost to housing in order to support the large, industrial and economic cities. This growth of low-density development is known as ____________________. 200. The slogan, "Act Locally, Think Globally" is an application of a way of thinking proposed by David Suzuki and others in which the implications for the whole environment and not just part of it are considered. This is known as _________________________. Matching Match each item with the correct statement below.
____ 201. What are bonds between molecules called? ____ 202. What dipole-dipole force results between H and either N, O or F? ____ 203. What is a property of polar molecules? Match each item with the correct statement below.
____ 204. What organisms use light energy to build organic compounds? ____ 205. What organisms consume other organisms for chemical energy? ____ 206. What organisms build organic compounds without using light? ____ 207. What process releases energy from organic compounds using oxygen? ____ 208. What lowers the activation energy in cellular reactions? ____ 209. What type are most of the reactions that occur in cellular respiration? ____ 210. What increases during cellular respiration? ____ 211. What decreases during cellular respiration?
____ 212. What molecule, derived from glycolysis, is at the start of the cycle? ____ 213. At how many sites does decarboxylation occur? ____ 214. How many NADH are produced in each turn of the cycle? ____ 215. How many FADH2 are produced in each turn of the cycle? ____ 216. How many carbons are in a molecule of malate at the end of the cycle? ____ 217. How many carbons are in oxaloacetate at the beginning of the cycle?
____ 218. Another name for light intensity. ____ 219. The quantum yield of a typical C4 plant... ____ 220. As ambient oxygen concentration increases, photorespiration... Match each item with the correct statement below.
____ 221. process which results in each new DNA molecule consisting of one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand ____ 222. unwinds DNA ____ 223. new DNA strand synthesized in fragments ____ 224. division of a nucleus to form two daughter nuclei ____ 225. short lengths of DNA produced during synthesis of lagging strand ____ 226. keep newly separated strands of DNA apart ____ 227. new DNA strand which is synthesized continuously ____ 228. links sugars and phosphates together ____ 229. area where DNA polymerase is bound to unwound DNA ____ 230. DNA strand which directs synthesis of a complementary strand ____ 231. builds RNA primers ____ 232. relieves tension in DNA during unwinding ____ 233. pairing of complementary strands of DNA due to hydrogen bonding ____ 234. responsible for building new DNA strands during replication
____ 235. a fragment of DNA, many copies of which have been produced ____ 236. a circular piece of DNA that is able to enter and leave bacterial cells ____ 237. a cell that has taken up a plasmid or virus ____ 238. joins cut ends of DNA together ____ 239. containing sequences from more than one source ____ 240. number of copies of a plasmid in a bacterial cell ____ 241. vehicle by which DNA may be introduced into bacterial cells Match the word or phrase with its best definition.
____ 242. potential of a species to produce large number of offspring in a lifetime ____ 243. intrinsic rate of natural increase ____ 244. maximum number of organisms that can be sustained by the available resources ____ 245. number of individuals that move away from an existing population ____ 246. number of individuals that move into an existing population Population dynamics applies models in an attempt to understand the growth of populations. Match each of the models below with the description that best applies.
____ 247. organisms reproduce continually at a constant rate ____ 248. growth rate declines as the carrying capacity is approached ____ 249. the amount of growth is constant ____ 250. organisms reproduce at fixed intervals with a constant rate Below is a question you may find on your exam. Prepare for this question before the exam to show all that you have learned in this course. This question will be marked based on K/U, M/C and Communication (therefore the structure of your answer is important). Eukaryotic cells in our body divide by mitosis, which is essentially the same method that prokaryotic cells use to replicate. The outcome is two identical cells. Some scientists believe that prokaryotic cells are inferior to eukaryotic cells and that eukaryotic cells are more advanced. However, there is evidence to suggest that we are in fact vehicles for prokaryotic nourishment and reproduction. Using evidence from all four units in this course, comment on prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells/organisms with regards to the strategies that each uses for success. Is one more successful than the other? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
) were to lose a proton it would leave the acetate ion (
), which can also be referred to as a ____________________. Acid-base pairs in equilibrium can act as ____________________ to resist significant changes in pH.