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Vertebrates- have a backbone
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Mammalia
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General characteristics
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Body hair
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Nurse their young with milk
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Three subclasses
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Marsupials
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Monotremes
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Placental Mammals
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Question: What is the difference between a marsupial and placental mammals?
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Amphibia
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General characteristics
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large bony endoskeleton
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split time between land and water
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four legs
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Three subclasses
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Caudata- Newts and salamanders (urodeles)
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Salientia- Frogs and toads (anurans)
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Gymnophiona- Caecilians
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Question: What determines when an amphibian reaches adulthood?
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Reptilia
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General characteristics
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They usually lay eggs but some can actually give birth to their young
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They are cold blooded
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Question: What types of animals did reptiles descend from?
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Aves
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General characteristics
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They have horney beaks and no teeth
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They are feathered
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They lay large yolked, hard-shelled eggs, and the parents take care of thier offspring until they are grown
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Question: Why do birds have different beak shapes?
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Pisces
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General characteristics
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Breathe through gills
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Three subclasses
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Agnantha- lack of jaw and paired fins
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Chondrichthyes- lack true bone but have skeleton made of cartilage
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Osteichthyes- bony fish with a stiffer skeleton reinforced by calcium salts
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Question: How do some fish remain buoyant in water?
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Invertebrates- do not have a backbone
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Arthropods
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General characteristics
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Exoskeleton
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Bilaterally symmetrical
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Segmented bodies (head, thorax, and abdomen)
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Question: What are three common arthropods?
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Echinoderms
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General characteristics
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Radial symmetry
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All sea dwelling
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Larva are free swimming bilaterally symmetrical but adults live on the sea floor and have radial symmetry
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Endoskeleton
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Question: How do echinoderms move?
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Lophophorata
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General characteristics
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Aquatic invertebrates
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U-shaped digestive tract
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Posess a ring of ciliated, hollow tenticles called a lophophore
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Three subphyla
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Phoronida
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Ectoprocta
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Brachiopoda
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Question: What is the lophophore used for?
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Worm Phyla
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General characteristics
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Bilaterally symmetrical
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Three phyla
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Nematoda - round worms (microscopic soil worms)
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Annelida - segmented worms (earthworms, leaches)
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Platyhelminthes - flat worms (parasitic worms)
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Question: How many round worms can there be in a cubic meter?
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Molluscus
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General characteristics
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Unsegmented soft body
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Most have internal or external shell
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Have a mantle (fold in the body wall that lines the shell)
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Muscular foot and/or tentacles
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Question: How do all mollusks appear similar?
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Ecology
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Animals interact in a variety of ways
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Food web, trophic structure, energy pyramids
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Primary consumers, secondary consumers, top predators all interact with one another
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Question: What will happen to the top predators if a species of primary consumers dies off?
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Evolution
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All animals evolved from an ancient common ancestor
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Cladograms
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Used to divide animals
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Each level of the cladogram divides the animals into the major phyla
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Question: Draw a cladogram with at least six animals and write the characteristics that divide each level.
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