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Myanmar

(a) JUA 16/10/2014 Case No. MMR 6/2014 State Reply: None to date Allegations of arbitrary detention of seven farmers in Chin State and allegations of ill-treatment and torture by Myanmar Army soldiers.

  1. The Special Rapporteur regrets that the Government of Myanmar has not replied to the present communication, thereby failing to cooperate with the mandate issued by the Human Rights Council in its resolution 25/13, or to comply with its obligation, under international customary law, to investigate, prosecute and punish all acts of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, as codified, inter alia, in the Convention against Torture (CAT).

  2. In the absence of information to the contrary, the Rapporteur concludes that there is substance in the allegations presented in the initial communication, reiterated above, and thus, that the Government of Myanmar has failed to protect the physical and mental integrity of the seven farmers in question, and -- through the acts of its agents -- has violated the farmers' right to be free from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, as provided by articles 1 and 16 of the CAT.

(b) JAL 06/11/2014 Case No. MMR 7/2014 State Reply: 14/01/2015 Allegations concerning the death of Mr. Ko Aung Kyaw Naing, a journalist who died under the custody of the Myanmar Army.

  1. The Special Rapporteur thanks the Government of Myanmar for its reply, dated 14.01.2015, to the present communication.

  2. The Rapporteur regrets that the Government, has not, as of the drafting of this report, submitted any substantive reply, addressing the concerns, legal obligations, and questions raised in the initial communication. The Government thus fails to cooperate fully and expeditiously with the mandate issued by the Human Rights Council in its resolution 25/13, as well as to comply with its obligation, under international customary law, to investigate, prosecute and punish all acts of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, as codified, inter alia, in the Convention against Torture (CAT).

  3. In the absence of any information to the contrary, the Rapporteur concludes that there is substance in the allegations presented in the initial communication, reiterated above, and thus, that the Government of Myanmar has failed to protect the life and the physical and mental integrity of Mr. Ko Aung Kyaw Naing and has violated his right to be free from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, as codified, inter alia in the articles 1 and 16 of the CAT

Nepal

JAL 03/07/2014 Case No. NPL 2/2014 State Reply: 12/12/2014 Allegations concerning the Nepal Act on the Commission on Investigation of Disappeared Persons, Truth and Reconciliation, 2071 (2014).



  1. The Special Rapporteur thanks the Government of Nepal for its reply, dated 12/12/14, to the present communication.

  2. The Rapporteur acknowledges the comprehensive account of the Government in response to the concerns, legal obligations and questions raised in the initial communication. He welcomes the efforts by the Government to ensure that the Nepal Act on the Commission on Investigation of Disappeared Persons, Truth and Reconciliation, 2071 (2014) is compatible with the country’s international obligations.

  3. The Special Rapporteur will continue to monitor the situation in Nepal and would like to encourage the Government of Nepal to provide more information and details on the implementation of the Act and the competences of the Commission.

Nicaragua

JAL 27/10/2014 Case No. NIC 1/2014 State Reply: 25/11/2014 Alegaciones de la emisión del Decreto Presidencial No. 42-2014 que establece el Reglamento a la Ley No. 779, Ley Integral contra la violencia hacia las mujeres y de reformas a la Ley No. 641 “Código Penal”, el cual limitaría el ámbito de aplicación y alcance de la mencionada ley en detrimento del derecho de las mujeres a vivir libres de violencia o de amenaza de violencia de género.



  1. El Relator Especial agradece al Gobierno de Nicaragua por su respuesta, de fecha 25 de octubre del 2014, acusando recibo de la presente comunicación.

  2. El Relator Especial da cuenta del esfuerzo del Gobierno en responder a las inquietudes, obligaciones y preguntas presentadas en la comunicación inicial sobre la emisión del decreto presidencial Nro.42-2014 que establece el Reglamento a la Ley No. 779, Ley Integral contra la violencia hacia las mujeres, y de reformas a la Ley No. 641 “Código Penal” que limitaría el ámbito de aplicación y alcance de la mencionada ley en detrimento del derecho de las mujeres a vivir libres de violencia o de amenaza de violencia de género.

  3. El Relator Especial toma nota de la información ofrecida por el Gobierno de Nicaragua sobre las aclaraciones que formula para entender de forma acabada el contenido del Reglamento a la Ley Integral contra la violencia hacia las mujeres y lo que ello implica para evitar la violencia o amenaza de violencia de género.

  4. El Relator Especial puso de resalto que a partir de esta nuevo reglamento se cambiaba el enfoque de la ley, que eran los derechos e intereses de la mujer, por el de la protección, desarrollo y fortalecimiento de la familia. Atento a ello, el Gobierno de Nicaragua respondió que el objetivo del Reglamento es modificar los patrones socio-culturales de conducta de hombres y mujeres para lograr la eliminación de los prejuicios y prácticas basadas en la idea de la inferioridad o superioridad de cualquiera de los dos sexos.

  5. Sobre el punto que el Relator Especial resalta respecto del ámbito de aplicación de la ley que queda, a partir de esta modificación, circunscripto a la esfera privada, el Gobierno de Nicaragua sostiene que esta modificación se debe a que el mayor número de casos de violencia de género se suceden dentro de la esfera privada. El Relator Especial considera pertinente extender la protección al ámbito público también.

  6. Respecto de los nuevos mecanismos como la Consejería Familiar en la Comunidad y la Consejería Familiar Institucional, el Relator Especial los entiende como una instancia adicional que funcionaría como un obstáculo para las víctimas a su derecho de acceder a la justicia, aumentando la estigmatización de la víctima y arrogándose competencias de mediación que según la ley Nro. 779 sólo tiene el juez o fiscal de la causa. Ante esto, el Gobierno de Nicaragua afirma que las Consejerías funcionan como instancias voluntarias pudiendo la víctima acceder directamente a los canales de justicia ordinarios, y en modo alguno eliminan las funciones propias que tiene la policía, el Ministerio Público y el Poder Judicial de investigar, acusar y juzgar respectivamente.

  7. En cuanto a la pretendida modificación del delito de feminicidio al restringirlo a la esfera privada, el Relator Especial resalta que de esta forma se elimina del tipo penal la muerte de una mujer bajo otras circunstancias, como por ejemplo como resultado de ritos grupales o actos cometidos por pandillas. A esto, el Gobierno de Nicaragua responde que el Código Penal y la Ley Nro. 779 garantizan que, sin importar la nomenclatura, la muerte de una mujer será siempre castigada.

  8. En relación a las medidas precautelares, el Relator Especial considera que si las víctimas deben primero recurrir a las Consejerías se pierde un tiempo que resulta vital para la protección de la víctima. El Gobierno sostiene que el rol de la Consejería es funcionar como instancia de información para que la policía pueda tomar una decisión respecto de las medidas precautelares objetiva y con suficiente contexto. Sin embargo, la única instancia en donde se puede obviar la consulta comunitaria es cuando la víctima o sus hijos se encuentran en riesgo, criterio que resulta demasiado vago y puede verse sujeto a manipulación que ponga eventualmente en peligro la vida de la víctima. En cuanto a las medidas cautelares, el Gobierno responde que siguen en manos del juez y no se debe consultar a las expresiones comunitarias.

  9. El Relator Especial concluye que si bien las respuestas del Gobierno permiten rodear de mayor certeza la aplicación del nuevo Reglamento, no puede dejar de resaltar que el requisito de urgencia para poder obviar la consulta comunitaria en las medidas precautelares genera un riesgo innecesario en la víctima que impediría proteger efectivamente a las mujeres y a su derecho de vivir libres de violencia o de amenaza de violencia de género, que inclusive pudiera conllevar su muerte.

Nigeria

(a) JAL 28/03/2014 Case No. NGA 2/2014 State Reply: None to date Allegations concerning attacks against a group of men on grounds of their actual or perceived sexual orientation, and police inaction with regards to these attacks, on 12 and 13 February 2014 in Gishiri village, Abuja.

  1. The Special Rapporteur regrets that the Government of Nigeria has not replied to the present communication, thereby failing to cooperate with the mandate issued by the Human Rights Council in its resolution 25/13, and to comply with its obligation, under international customary law, to investigate, prosecute and punish all acts of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, as codified, inter alia, in the Convention against Torture (CAT).

  2. In the absence of information to the contrary, the Rapporteur concludes that there is substance in the allegations presented in the initial communication, reiterated above, and thus, that the Government of Nigeria failed to protect the physical and psychological integrity of the men in question, thereby paving the way for sexual violence. By its failure to investigate, prosecute and punish the perpetrators, the State has violated the right of the former to be free from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, as provided by articles 1 and 16 of the CAT. The State must conduct a fair and impartial investigation into the episode and prosecute and punish those responsible for the assault on these persons, as well as the policemen who failed to protect them from the violence.

(b) JAL 22/08/2014 Case No. NGA 5/2014 State Reply: None to date Allegations of acts of torture and summary executions committed by members of the Nigerian military and the Civilian Joint Task Force (CJTF) in February, March and July 2014.

  1. 1. The Special Rapporteur regrets that the Government of Nigeria has not replied to the present communication, thereby failing to cooperate with the mandate issued by the Human Rights Council in its resolution 25/13, and to comply with its obligation, under international customary law, to investigate, prosecute and punish all acts of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, as codified, inter alia, in the Convention against Torture (CAT).

  2. 2. In the absence of information to the contrary, the Rapporteur concludes that there is substance in the allegations presented in the initial communication, reiterated above, and thus, that the Government of Nigeria failed to protect the lives and the physical and mental integrity of detainees under control of its agents, and has thereby violated the right of these individuals to be free from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, as provided by articles 1 and 16 of the CAT.

Pakistan

(a) Case No JUA 14/02/2014. PAK 2/2014 State Reply: 18/02/2014 Allegations concerning the case of Mr. Mohammad Asghar, sentenced to death in Rawalpindi on charges of blasphemy, despite being diagnosed with psychosocial disabilities and whose execution is to take place in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.



  1. The Special Rapporteur thanks the Government of Pakistan for its reply, dated 18.02.2014, acknowledign receipt of the present communication.

  2. The Rapporteur regrets that the Government has not, as of the drafting of this report, submitted any substantive reply.

  3. The Rapporteur hence finds that the Government has not addressed the legal concerns raised in the communication; the Government fails to cooperate fully and expeditiously with the mandate issued by the Human Rights Council in its resolution 25/13 as well as to comply with its obligation, under international and national law.

  4. In particular, Pakistan violated the rights of Mr. Asghar in that it applied the death penalty to a person with mental disabilities; that it imposed it for a non-violent crime that in addition may have been protected speech; and that in doing so it inflicted severe pain and suffering through the death row phenomenon and the method of execution.

  5. As observed by the Special Rapporteur in his 2012-report to the General Assembly (A/67/279), there is evidence of an evolving standard within international bodies and a robust State practice to frame the debate about the legality of the death penalty within the context of the fundamental concepts of human dignity and the prohibition of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. This evolving standard, along with the resulting illegality of the death penalty under such prohibition, is developing into a norm of customary law, if it has not already done so (para. 74). The Special Rapporteur calls upon all States to reconsider whether the use of the death penalty per se respects the inherent dignity of the human person, causes severe mental and physical pain or suffering and constitutes a violation of the prohibition of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (para. 79).

  6. In the absence of information to the contrary, the Rapporteur concludes that there is substance in the allegations presented in the initial communication, reiterated above, and thus, that the Government of Pakistan, by not taking steps to prevent the execution of Mr. Asghar, has violated his right to be free from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, as described in articles 1 and 16 of the CAT.

(b) JUA 03/04/2014 Case No. PAK 4/2014 State Reply: 04/04/2014 Allegations concerning the situation of Mr. Nasrullah Baloch and his family. Mr. Nasrullah Baloch is the Chairman of Voice for Baloch Missing Persons (VBMP), a non-governmental organization which was founded in 2009 by families of victims of enforced disappearances. The organization voices concerns on behalf of families of disappeared persons and campaigns for their safe return.

  1. The Special Rapporteur thanks the Government of Pakistan for its reply, dated 04.04.2014, acknowledging receipt of the present communication.

  2. The Rapporteur welcomes the Government’s intent to consider his communication; however, he regrets that the Government has not, as of the drafting of this report, submitted, as announced in its initial reply, any substantive reply.

  3. The Rapporteur finds that the Government, in its reply, does not sufficiently address the legal concerns raised regarding threats and intimidation of Mr. Baloch and his family in connection with his advocacy of the rights of relatives of persons who have disappeared in Balochistan. The Government thereby fails to cooperate fully and expeditiously with the mandate issued by the Human Rights Council in its resolution 25/13, as well as to comply with its obligation, under international customary law, to investigate, prosecute and punish all acts of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, as codified, inter alia, in the Convention against Torture (CAT).

  4. In the absence of information to the contrary, the Rapporteur concludes that there is substance in the allegations presented in the initial communication, reiterated above, and thus, that the Government of Pakistan, by failing to assure the safety of Mr. Nasrullah Baloch and his family, and investigate any allegations of harassment and threats for his work on behalf of the victims of enforced disappearances, has violated the right of Mr. Nasrullah Baloch to be free from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, as described in articles 1 and 16 of the CAT.

(c) JUA 05/06/2014 Case No. PAK 9/2014 State Reply: None to date. Allegations concerning the case of Ms. Farzana Parveen, who was brutally murdered by members of her own family in what they call an “honour killing” for marrying a man of her choice.

  1. The Special Rapporteur regrets that the Government of Pakistan has not replied to the present communication, thereby failing to cooperate with the mandate issued by the Human Rights Council in its resolution 25/13, and to comply with its obligation, under international customary law, to investigate, prosecute and punish all acts of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, as codified, inter alia, in the Convention against Torture (CAT).

  2. In the absence of information to the contrary, the Rapporteur concludes that there is substance in the allegations that Ms. Parveen, who was three months pregnant, was beaten and killed by family members, and thus, that the Government of Pakistan, failing to protect the physical and psychological integrity of Ms. Parveen, has violated her right to be free from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, as provided by articles 1 and 16 of the CAT.

  3. The Special Rapporteur requests the Government of Pakistan to provide information on any criminal investigations arising out of this incident, and an explanation of measures taken to prevent similar crimes to be perpetrated in the future.

Panama

(a) JUA 11/07/2014 Case No. PAN 1/2014 State Replies: 28/10/2014 and 14/11/2014 Alegaciones de tratos crueles, inhumanos y degradantes que habría sufrido la Sra. Mayte Pellegrini.

  1. El Relator Especial agradece al Gobierno de Panamá por su respuesta, de fecha 18 de noviembre del 2014, acusando recibo de la presente comunicación.

  2. El Relator Especial da cuenta del esfuerzo del Gobierno en responder a las inquietudes, obligaciones y preguntas presentadas en la comunicación inicial sobre las alegaciones de tratos crueles, inhumanos y degradantes que habría sufrido la Sra. Mayte Pellegrini.

  3. El Relator Especial toma nota de la información ofrecida por el Gobierno de Panamá sobre el relato de los hechos; las investigaciones que se están llevando a cabo para esclarecer el presente caso y sobre las medidas otorgadas para garantizar la seguridad física y psicológica de la Sra. Pellegrini; y aprecia su voluntad de esclarecer las alegaciones y establecer las modificaciones institucionales y legales que hagan falta para que esta situación no se repita. Sin embargo, el Relator Especial desea resaltar que la Convención contra la Tortura establece la obligación de los Estados parte de tomar medidas legislativas, administrativas, judiciales o de otra índole eficaces para impedir todo acto "por el cual se inflija intencionalmente a una persona dolores o sufrimientos graves, ya sean físicos o mentales, con el fin de obtener de ella o de un tercero información o una confesión, de castigarla por un acto que haya cometido, o se sospeche que ha cometido, o de intimidar o coaccionar a esa persona o a otras, o por cualquier razón basada en cualquier tipo de discriminación, cuando dichos dolores o sufrimientos sean infligidos por un funcionario público u otra persona en el ejercicio de funciones públicas, a instigación suya, o con su consentimiento o aquiescencia¨. La falta de información en el expediente sobre las requisas a la celda de la Sra. Pellegrini, y el trato que recibió mientras se realizaban evidencia el incumplimiento con sus obligaciones por parte de las autoridades del penal.

  4. El Relator Especial reconoce el cumplimiento del Gobierno de Panama con su deber de investigar las alegaciones de tortura y tratos crueles, inhumanos y degradantes como establecen los artículos 7 y 12 de la Convención contra la Tortura (CAT) y el párrafo 7 (b) de la Resolución 16/23 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos. Sin embargo, ante la falta de información suficiente que indique lo contrario y atento al reconocimiento de ello por el Gobierno de Panamá, el Relator concluye que hay sustancia en las alegaciones presentadas en la comunicación inicial, reiteradas arriba, y por lo tanto, que el Gobierno de Panamá, al no tomar medidas para prevenir la violación a la integridad física y psicológica de la Sra. Pellegrini, derivada de los tratos crueles, inhumanos y degradantes, ha violado sus derechos a no ser torturada ni sometida a tratos crueles, inhumanos o degradantes como afirman los artículos 1 y 16 del CAT.

(b) JUA 21/11/2014 Case No. PAN 2/2014 State Reply: 19/01/2015 Alegaciones de la privación de libertad de naturaleza presuntamente arbitraria del Embajador Arthur Porter, y fallas en asegurar el pronto y adecuado tratamiento médico requerido con urgencia.

  1. El Relator Especial agradece al Gobierno de Panamá por su respuesta, de fecha 19 de enero del 2015, acusando recibo de la presente comunicación.

  2. El Relator Especial toma nota de la respuesta ofrecida por el Gobierno de Panamá y da cuenta de que, al momento de la redacción de este informe el Gobierno de Panamá no había remitido ninguna información como fuera prometido en la respuesta de fecha 19 de enero de 2015.

  3. En vista de la especial gravedad de los hechos que se alegan –privación de la libertad del embajador Arthur Porter sin orden judicial de detención; encontrarse detenido en una celda en condiciones inhumanas y degradantes en una prisión superpoblada y con escasas condiciones sanitarias sin supervisión judicial hace más de un año y medio; presentación de recursos de amparo que no son tramitados y habiéndosele negado la posibilidad de tratamiento médico para el cáncer de pulmón que padece-, y teniendo en cuenta la urgencia de la situación, el Relator Especial afirma que el Gobierno de Panamá no ha cooperado plena y rápidamente con el mandato establecido por el Consejo de Derechos Humanos en la resolución 25/13. Asimismo, el Relator Especial considera que el Gobierno no ha cumplido con la obligación emanada de la norma consuetudinaria internacional de investigar, juzgar y sancionar todos los actos de tortura y tratos crueles, inhumanos o degradantes, como establece, inter alia, la Convención contra la Tortura (CAT).

  4. Ante la falta de información suficiente que indique lo contrario, el Relator concluye que hay sustancia en las alegaciones presentadas en la comunicación inicial, reiteradas arriba, y por lo tanto, que el Gobierno de Panamá, al mantener al Embajador Arthur Porter en condiciones de detención inhumanas y degradantes, negándole tratamiento médico para su padecimiento de cáncer de pulmón ha violado su derecho a no ser torturado ni sometido a tratos crueles, inhumanos o degradantes como afirman los artículos 1 y 16 del CAT.

Papua New Guinea

(a) JAL 27/03/2014 Case No. PNG 2/2014 State Reply: None to date Allegations concerning the circumstances and conditions of detention of asylum seekers at the Manus Island Regional Processing Centre and the recent violence that erupted in Manus Island.

  1. The Special Rapporteur regrets that the Government of Papua New Guinea has not replied to the present communication, thereby failing to cooperate with the mandate issued by the Human Rights Council in Resolution 25/13, and to comply with its obligation, under international customary law, to investigate, prosecute and punish all acts of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, as codified, inter alia, in the Convention against Torture (CAT).

  2. In the absence of information to the contrary, the Rapporteur concludes that the allegations presented in the initial communication are substantially proven; by failing to take all the necessary measures to guarantee the rights and freedoms of migrants and asylum seekers, the Government of Papua New Guinea, has violated their right to be free from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, as provided by articles 1 and 16 of the CAT.
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